SUPPORTING INFORMATION. Target-or-Clear Zirconium-89 Labeled Silica Nanoparticles for. Enhanced Cancer-Directed Uptake in Melanoma: A Comparison

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1 SUPPORTING INFORMATION Target-or-Clear Zirconium-89 Labeled Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cancer-Directed Uptake in Melanoma: A Comparison of Radiolabeling Strategies Feng Chen 1, Kai Ma 2, Li Zhang 1, Brian Madajewski 1, Pat Zanzonico 4, Sonia Sequeira 5, Mithat Gonen 6, Ulrich Wiesner 2,*, Michelle S. Bradbury 1,3,* 1 Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 165, USA 2 Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 3 Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 165, USA 4 Department of Medical Physics, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 165, USA 5 Research and Technology Management, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 165, USA 6 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 165, USA FC and KM contributed equally to the work. * MB and UW contributed equally to the work. Page 1 of 13

2 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES AND FIGURES Table S1. Summary of in vivo tumor (active / passive) targeting of sub-1 nm renally excreted nanoparticles Ultrasmall nanoparticles HD size Blood circulation half-time (t 1/2) Liver uptake (%ID/g) Kidney Uptake (%ID/g) Tumor uptake (%ID/g) Active / passive targeting Tumorto-liver ratio 99m Tc-QDs-GPI [a] min 6-7 ~3 - Active - - Clinical trials Reference 1 99m Tc-QDs-cRGD [b] min 6-7 ~4 - Active [ 198 Au]Au-GSH [c] h ~5 ~ Au-PEG [d] 1k ± 3.9 h ~5 ~1 4-8 (MCF-7) 124 I-cRGDY-PEG-C dot [e] ±.2 h (M21) [ 64 Cu]CuS-PVP [f] ± 3.5 h ~5 ~ (4T1) Passive ~1 - Active <1 Phase 1 Passive <1-64 Cu-NOTA-Au [g] 2-3 <1 min <.5 < crgdy-peg-[ 89 Zr]C dots h ~ (M21) 89 Zr-DFO-cRGDY-PEG-C dots h ~ (M21) Active ~2 - - Active >2 - - [a] Core-shell type QDs or CdSe/ZnS-Cys-based nanoparticles were conjugated with GPI, a small molecular ligand that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen-positive prostate cancer cells. 1 Nanoparticles were radiolabeled with 99m Tc for ex vivo biodistribution studies. Uptake in liver and kidney are presented as %ID/g. For 6-8 week old nude mice having a body weight of ~25 g, the weights of livers and kidneys are on the order of 1.5 and.17 g, respectively. No PEGylation was utilized for surface protection. Liver and kidney uptake was measured at 4 h post-injection; tumor uptake data was not available. Page 2 of 13

3 [b] QDs are core-shell structured CdSe/ZnS-Cys nanoparticles that are conjugated with crgd peptides and radiolabeled with 99m Tc. 1 Liver and kidney uptake are presented as %ID/g. For 6-8 week old nude mice having a body weight of ~25 g, the weights of livers and kidneys are on the order of 1.5 and.17 g, respectively. No PEGylation was utilized for surface protection. Liver and kidney uptake was measured at 4 h post-injection; tumor uptake data was not available. [c] [ 198 Au]Au-GSH ( 198 Au: T 1/2 ~ 2.7 d) is an intrinsically radiolabeled nanoparticle used for SPECT-CT imaging, and which emits near-infrared light (~8 nm). 2 In vivo tumor targeting data is not shown. [d] Au-PEG 1k is synthesized by thermally reducing HAuCl 4 in the presence of thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a molecular weight of 1 kda. 3 Maximal tumor uptake was estimated on the basis of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to be about 8 %ID/g at 12 h post-injection, which decreased by 5% 48 h post-injection. [e] 124 I-cRGDY-PEG-C dot is radiolabeled and conjugated with targeting ligands (crgdy) for in vivo dual-modality tumor-targeted imaging. 4 It is a first-in-kind inorganic particle receiving FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) approval for Phase 1 first-in-human 7 and subsequent intraoperative Phase 1 clinical trials one using the particle as an intravenously administered PET tracer (NCT126696) and the second using the particle as a locally-injected, image-guided optical platform (NCT216598) for mapping metastatic lymph nodes. [f] [ 64 Cu]CuS-PVP is an intrinsically 64 Cu-labeled and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-capped CuS nanoparticle. 5 The nanoparticle can be used for PET imaging and photothermal therapy. Tumor uptake peaked at 3.6 %ID/g 2 h post-injection in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. However, ~95% of the tumor accumulation was eliminated by 24 h post-injection, resulting in ~.2 %ID/g tumor uptake. [g] 64 Cu-NOTA-Au is synthesized by conjugating NOTA chelator to Au-GSH nanoparticles, followed by labeling with 64 Cu for dynamic PET imaging. 6 Surprisingly, blood circulation half-time was estimated to be less than 1 min, significantly shorter than Au- GSH nanoparticles (>1 h). 2-3 Page 3 of 13

4 Table S2. Summary of decay properties of widely used PET isotopes (information acquired from NuDat 2.7β: Radioisotope Decay half-life (h) Mean β + energy (kev) Branching ratio Gallium-68 ( 68 Ga) % Fluorine-18 ( 18 F) % Copper-64 ( 64 Cu) % Zirconium-89 ( 89 Zr) % Iodine-124 ( 124 I) % Table S3. Estimation of number of 89 Zr per C dot for the chelator-free radiolabeling method. Chelator-free method C' dots to 89 Zr ratio (nmol/mci) Specific activity of crgdy-peg-[ 89 Zr]C' dot- (Ci/mmol) Average specific activity of 89 Zr-oxalate (Ci/mmol) Number of 89 Zr per C' dot Table S4. Estimation of number of 89 Zr per C dot for the chelator-based radiolabeling method. Chelator-based method C' dots to 89 Zr ratio (nmol/mci) Specific activity of 89 Zr-DFO-cRGDY-PEG-C dot (Ci/mmol) Average specific activity of 89 Zr-oxalate (Ci/mmol) Number of 89 Zr per C' dot Page 4 of 13

5 Table S5. Organ uptake of mice injected with crgdy-peg-[ 89 Zr]C dots at varied postinjection time points. Chelator-free (n=3, %ID/g ± SD) Organ 5 h 24 h 72 h Blood 16.5 ± ±.9.7 ±.1 Heart 2.3 ± ± ±.1 Lungs 2.8 ± ±.6.8 ±.4 Liver 1.8 ± ± ±.6 Spleen 1.4 ± ± ±.2 Stomach 1.1 ±.4.9 ±.3.6 ±.1 Sm. Int..9 ± ±.6.5 ±.1 Lg. Int..6 ±.4 1. ±.4.4 ±. Kidneys 3.4 ± ± ±.3 Muscle.3 ±.1.5 ±.2.3 ±.1 Bone.9 ± ± ± 1.7 Table S6. Organ uptake of mice injected with 89 Zr-DFO-cRGDY-PEG-C dots at varied postinjection time points. Chelator-based (n=3, %ID/g ± SD) Organ 5 h 24 h 72 h Blood 1.6 ± ±.6.6 ±.2 Heart 2.1 ±.3 2. ±.1 1. ±.2 Lungs 2.5 ± ± ±. Liver 3.2 ± ±.5 4. ±.9 Spleen 2.1 ± ± ±.2 Stomach.9 ±.1.8 ±.2.3 ±.1 Sm. Int..8 ±.2.8 ±.1.3 ±. Lg. Int. 1.1 ±.3.6 ±.1.4 ±.1 Kidneys 2.9 ± ± ±. Muscle.4 ±.1.4 ±.1.3 ±. Bone 1.4 ± ± ± 1.1 Page 5 of 13

6 Table S7. Radiation dosimetry of 89 Zr-labeld crgdy-peg-c dots in a 7-kg standard man estimated by using OLINDA dosimetry program. Chelator-free Chelator-based Tissue Absorbed Dose Absorbed Dose (msv/mbq) (msv/mbq) Adrenals.11.8 Brain Breasts Gallbladder Wall Lower Large Intestine Wall Small Intestine Stomach Wall Upper Large Intestine Wall.99.1 Heart Wall Kidneys Liver.1.73 Lungs Muscle.6.51 Ovaries Pancreas Red Marrow Bone Skin Spleen Testes Thymus Thyroid Urinary Bladder Wall Uterus Total Body Effective Dose Page 6 of 13

7 SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES Chelator-free nat Zr labeling Number of nat Zr per particle mal-crgdy-peg-c dot to nat Zr ratio Figure S1. Estimation of the number of nat Zr per mal-crgdy-peg-c dot using MP-AES. Page 7 of 13

8 a) 4 h 24 h 89 Zr-DFO-cRGDY-PEG-C dot (with GSH linker) 3 %ID/g b) 89 Zr-DFO-cRGDY-PEG-C dot (with APTES linker).5 h 24 h 48 h %ID/g Figure S2. (a) PET imaging of 89 Zr-DFO-cRGDY-PEG-C dots (using a GSH linker) at 4 and 24 h post-injection time points. Intestinal uptake is marked by red arrows. (b) PET imaging of 89 Zr- DFO-cRGDY-PEG-C dots (using APTES as the linker) at.5, 24 and 48 h post-injection time points. GSH: glutathione, APTES: (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. Page 8 of 13

9 a) Percent 89 Zr activity (%) Chelator-free Strategy b) Fractions from the PD-1 column Percent 89 Zr activity (%) Chelator-based Strategy Fractions from the PD-1 column Figure S3. Representative PD-1 elution profiles of (a) chelator-free 89 Zr-labeled crgdy-peg- C dots and (b) chelator-based 89 Zr-labeled DFO-cRGDY-PEG-C dots. Page 9 of 13

10 Plasma uptake (%ID/g) Chelator-free Chelator-based Post-injection time Figure S4. Uptake of 89 Zr-labeled crgdy-peg-c dots in mouse plasma at various postinjection time points (n=3). Free 89 Zr-oxalate 2 h 24 h High Heart Spine Kidney Joint Low Figure S5. MIP images of free 89 Zr-oxalate in a representative healthy mouse showing the fast and retained isotope uptake in mouse bone and joints. Page 1 of 13

11 a) Without EDTA Challenge 1 m 24 h 72 h Heart Spine Spine Bladder Joint Joint b) Low High 1 m 24 h 72 h Heart Spine Bladder Joint Joint c) 1 without EDTA challenge With EDTA Challenge ~2% reduced bone uptake 7.5 with EDTA challenge %ID/g Figure S6. PET screening study showing differences in bone uptake in mice injected with crgdy-peg-[ 89 Zr]C dots (a) without EDTA challenge and (b) with overnight EDTA challenge. (c) Biodistributions results for representative mice. Only ~2% bone uptake reduction was observed. EDTA challenge conditions were 1 mm EDTA, 37 ºC, and overnight shaking at 65 rpm. Page 11 of 13

12 Chelator-free Day 3 Day 7 %ID/g Figure S7. Biodistribution results showing time-dependent changes in chelator-free 89 Zr-labeled crgdy-peg-c dots on days 3 and 7 post-injection, along with marked retained uptake in bone as well as reduced uptake in liver, spleen and kidney (n=3). a) M21 2 h 24 h 48 h 72 h MIP Chelator-free High b) Chelator-based Chelator-based M21 M21L MIP MIP Low Figure S8. Coronal MIP PET images of tumor-bearing mice injected with (a) chelator-free and (b) chelator-based 89 Zr-labeled crgdy-peg-c dots at various post-injection time points. Tumors are marked with yellow arrows. Bone and joint uptake are marked with white arrows. Page 12 of 13

13 2 15 Chelator-based in 24 h Chelator-based in M21L@ 24 h Chelator-free in M21@24 h %ID/g 1 5 Figure S9. Ex vivo biodistribution studies of 89 Zr-labeled crgdy-peg-c dots in M21 and M21-L tumor-bearing mice 24 h post-injection (n=3). REFERENCES 1. Choi, H. S.; Liu, W.; Liu, F.; Nasr, K.; Misra, P.; Bawendi, M. G.; Frangioni, J. V., Design Considerations for Tumour-Targeted Nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 21, 5, Zhou, C.; Hao, G.; Thomas, P.; Liu, J.; Yu, M.; Sun, S.; Oz, O. K.; Sun, X.; Zheng, J., Near-infrared Emitting Radioactive Gold Nanoparticles with Molecular Pharmacokinetics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 212, 51, Liu, J.; Yu, M.; Ning, X.; Zhou, C.; Yang, S.; Zheng, J., PEGylation and Zwitterionization: Pros and Cons in the Renal Clearance and Tumor Targeting of Near-IR- Emitting Gold Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 213, 52, Benezra, M.; Penate-Medina, O.; Zanzonico, P. B.; Schaer, D.; Ow, H.; Burns, A.; DeStanchina, E.; Longo, V.; Herz, E.; Iyer, S.; Wolchok, J.; Larson, S. M.; Wiesner, U.; Bradbury, M. S., Multimodal Silica Nanoparticles are Effective Cancer-Targeted Probes in a Model of Human Melanoma. J. Clin. Invest. 211, 121, Zhou, M.; Li, J.; Liang, S.; Sood, A. K.; Liang, D.; Li, C., CuS Nanodots with Ultrahigh Efficient Renal Clearance for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging and Image-Guided Photothermal Therapy. ACS Nano 215, 9, Chen, F.; Goel, S.; Hernandez, R.; Graves, S. A.; Shi, S.; Nickles, R. J.; Cai, W., Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Renal Clearable Gold Nanoparticles. Small 216, 12, Phillips, E.; Penate-Medina, O.; Zanzonico, P. B.; Carvajal, R. D.; Mohan, P.; Ye, Y.; Humm, J.; Gonen, M.; Kalaigian, H.; Schoder, H.; Strauss, H. W.; Larson, S. M.; Wiesner, U.; Bradbury, M. S., Clinical Translation of an Ultrasmall Inorganic Optical-PET Imaging Nanoparticle Probe. Sci. Transl. Med. 214, 6, 26ra149. Page 13 of 13