HypoSens Project: Nano-confined photonic system for detection of breast cancer spread to the lymph nodes

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1 _ HypoSens Project: Nano-confined photonic system for detection of breast cancer spread to the lymph nodes Stanislav Baluschev 1,2 1 Sofia University St. Kliment Ochridski 5 James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia Bulgaria 2 Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz Germany * balouche@mpip-mainz.mpg.de

2 _ Ambition: combining the all-optical nanoconfined sensors for local oxygen concentration & local temperature with the technology of wavefront shaping (allowing image formation even in strongly scattering media) to create an minimally invasive alternative to the sentinel lymph node biopsy of the breast. Background: K. Landfester, et al., Long-term stable photoactive composition, such as phosphorescent composition or TTA - photon upconversion composition, 2015, EP A1; WO 2015/ A1 A. Svagan, et al., Capsule, namely nanocapsule, microcapsule or macrocapsule, having very low oxygen permeability, WO 2015/ A1; EP A1 K. Landfester, et al., Single all-optical nano-sensor device probing simultaneously the local temperature and local oxygen concentration in softmatter in non-invasive manner, 2016, WO/2016/150677/А1.

3 Participants _ Leitat Technological Center (Coordinator) Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Fundación Rioja Salud University of Sofia Tecnologías Avanzadas Inspiralia, S.L. Technion Israel Institute of Technology BCB Informática y Control Obelis SA Knowledge Innovation Market S.L.

4 _ Motivation & Possible Solution Motivation: All bio-chemical reactions, responsible for cellular functions occur either exothermically or endothermically at particular locations within a cell s organelles exposed on different oxygen conditions, are fundamentally co-regulated by intracellular temperature distribution. In ideal case, the (i) non-invasive (ii) intracellular thermometry and oximetry could be used to probe many functional characteristics of the biological specimens. Proposed Solution: The process of (iii) triplet-triplet annihilation (iv) upconversion relays on (v) optically created (vi) densely populated organic triplet ensembles. Importantly, the excitation lifetimes of the triplet states are relatively large and therefore pronounced interaction of those triplet ensembles with the environment is expected.

5 Motivation & Possible Solution _ (i) non-invasive (1) Csensor C studied object (2) excitation is not absorbed tissuetransperancy window ( 3) is low ~ Sun light intensity I excitation (ii) intracellular thermometry and oximetry (iii) triplet-triplet annihilation (iv) upconversion (4) E h excitation E ~ h emission excitation emission (v) optically created (5) Intersystem Crossing - ISC & Heavy atom effect (vi) dense populated organic triplet ensembles (6) Concentrat ion of molecules in tiplet state ~ Total molecular concentration

6 Materials: Sensitizer _ S 2 S 1 ISC T 1 h 2 sensitizer h 1 Normalized Absorption, au 1,0 0,5 0,0 Soret-band heavy atom effect ISC I phosphorescence Absorption PdOEP Luminescence PdOEP Q-band Phosphorescence Fluorescence I fluorescence Wavelength, nm ; ~ 1 Q. Y. phosphorescence ~ ,0 0,5 0,0 Normalized Luminescence, au

7 T-sensing based on phosphorescence _ Intensity, a.u. 4x10 4 2x ºC λ exc 75ºC Wavelength, nm Normalised phosphorescence 1 0 Phosphorescence decay at different temperatures, ºC Time, s SOG singlet oxygen generation f = Ph (T, O 2 )

8 Materials: Emitter _ x T 1 S 1 h 2 Normalized absorbtion, au 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, ,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 Normalized fluorescence, au emitter 0, Wavelength, nm ISC 1 0,0 Q. Y. fluorescen ce ~

9 TTA UC in Oxygen-free Environment _ S 2 IC S 1 S 1 S 1 ISC TTT TTA T 1 T 1 sensitizer emitter I emitter II

10 _ 1,0 TTA UC: Sunlight Excitation Sunlight excitation DPA up-converted fluorescence 0,8 Intensity, au 0,6 0,4 0,2 0, Diffusion controlled Annihilation: Wavelength, nm Sun Intensity (focused): 10Wcm -2 inherent independence of the coherent properties of the pump ultra-low pump intensity energy conversion ~ 1% S. Baluschev*, T. Miteva*, V. Yakutkin, G. Nelles, A. Yasuda, and G. Wegner, Phys.Rev.Lett., 97, , 2006.

11 TTA UC in Oxygen-rich Environment _ S 2 IC S 1 S 1 S 1 ISC 1 g ET TTT 1 g TTA T 1 T 1 oxidation sensitizer 3 g oxygen emitter I emitter II

12 Nanoconfined: Micelles _ 1,6x10 4 PdTBP/ Perylene/ 5%PTS / water 1x10-5 M / 2x10-4 M Luminescence, cps 1,2x10 4 8,0x10 3 4,0x10 3 E - dfluorescence = 635 nm S - rphosphorescence 0, Wavelength, nm

13 _ Biocompatible & Ratiometric: T-Sensing Luminescence, cps 5x10 3 PdTBP/ Perylene/ 5%PTS / water, 1x10-5 M / 2x10-4 M 2x C 20 C 23 C 26 C 29 C 1x C 35 C 38 C 41 C 20 C exc 41 C 20 C Wavelength, nm

14 _ Biocompatible & Ratiometric: T-Sensing Integral Luminescence, cps 6x10 4 4x10 4 2x Temperature, C UC - up Phosphorescence - up UC - down Phosphorescence - down Ratio UC-Fluorescence / Phosphorescence 0,6 0,3 up down 0, Temperature, C

15 Oxygen Quenching: Nanoconfined Solutions _ (i) (ii) armouring of the nanocontainer shell encapsulation shell materials with low oxygen permeability (iii) incorporation of crystalline materials into the nanocontainer shell (iv) sacrificial oxygen scavengers at the hydrophilic phase of the nanocontainer suspension (v) chemical decoration of the used sensitizer molecules with specially designed singlet oxygen traps (vi) complete exchange of the core-matrix of the hydrophobic nanocontainer with a solvent, demonstrating singlet oxygen scavenging properties

16 _ Thank you!

17 _ What is rational is real; and what is real is rational Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 1821

18 Parameters for Optimization _ I TTAUC f ( C S a, C local E a, r, C C O2 res S / C, E, I O2 local exc, d, T exc local,, S, E, solvent, S, E, solvent ) where, C C r I C T C d E a S a E exc local local O2 res O2 local exc / C S S, E, solvent S, E, solvent absolute absolute relative excitation local local residual oxygen pump steric energy molar molar molar sample viscosity intensity oxygen permeability spot diameter alighment levels concentration concentration concentration temperature concentration structure of of of Emitter Sensitizer S / E Classical

19 TTA - UC: Requirements _ S n S 1 S * 1 S 1 ISC TTA 1) c ISC sensitizer c ISC emitter T 1 TTT T 1 2) E triplet sensitizer E triplet emitter sensitizer emitter 3) 2 4) E triplet singlet E emitter Eemitter Soret band sensitizer E singlet emitter E Qband sensitizer Absorption / Fluorescence, au 1,0 0,5 0,0 Transparency window Wavelength, nm S Absorption E Fluorescence

20 TTA-UC: Background _ ISC: M. Kasha, Discuss. Faraday Soc. (9): (1950). R. L. Fulton, M. Gouterman, J. Chem. Phys. 35 (3): 1059 (1961). S n S * 1 S 1 ISC TTA S 1 T 1 TTT T 1 TTT: A. Terenin, V. Ermolaev, Trans. Faraday Soc. 52 (8): (1956). TTA: G. Porter, M.W. Windsor, Discuss. Faraday Soc. (17): 178 (1954). C. A. Parker, C. G. Hatchard, T. A. Joyce, Nature 205: (1965). P. Avakian, R. E. Merrifie, Molecular Crystals 5 (1): (1968).

21 Two-photon versus Two-particles _ * TTT ISC ISC TTT ** TTA ETU-effect Two-steps absorption Cooperative sensitization Cooperative luminescence SHG Two-photon absorption emitter I sensitizer emitter II coherent excitation required (except ETU /Two-steps absorption? ) very high excitation light intensity ~ kwcm -2 (actually MWcm -2 ) extremely high spectral power density ~ Wnm -1 strongly restricted width of the absorption/energy bands ~ GHz up to nm (in the case of ETU) *F. Auzel, Chem. Rev. 104, , non-coherent excitation low excitation intensity ~100 mwcm -2 low spectral power density ~ 100 µwnm -1 broad absorption band ~ 10nm up to 120 nm **S. Baluschev, V. Yakutkin, T. Miteva, G. Wegner, T. Roberts, G. Nelles, A. Yasuda, S. Chernov, S. Aleshchenkov, A. Cheprakov, NJP , 2008.

22 Granted TTA UC Patents _