PATIENT-DERIVED ORTHOTOPIC XENOGRAFTS

Transcription

1 PATIENT-DERIVED ORTHOTOPIC ENOGRAFTS THE ONLY CLINICALLY-RELEVANT MOUSE TUMOR MODEL CRYOPRESERVATION OF PDO TUMORS DRUG DISCOVERY FOR PHARMA, BIOTECH & ACADEMIA FLUORESCENCE IMAGING & CELL LINES PRE-CLINICAL ONCOLOGY PRODUCTS, SERVICES AND CONTRACT RESEARCH PERSONALIZED MEDICAL SOLUTIONS FOR CANCER THERAPY

2 WHAT IS? AntiCancer PDO offers the world s only mouse model that replicates clinical cancer. PDO stands for Patient-Derived Orthotopic enografts. In the PDO model, the tumor from the human patient is transplanted into the corresponding, or orthotopic location (pancreas, liver, bone, etc.) in immunodeficient mice. With PDO, mouse tumor growth and metastasis replicates the tumor behavior in the patient in contrast to sub-cutaneous and tumor transplant models. Human pancreas tumor location Our pioneering technique, Surgical Orthotopic Implantation (SOI), which is the basis of PDO, was invented by AntiCancer. The SOI process enables the concurrent testing of multiple drugs in multiple mice against metastasis, which is the lethal aspect of cancers, as well as against the primary tumor. Today, AntiCancer PDO employs its PDO technique to provide personalized precision therapy for patients, as well as providing a unique drug discovery platform for pharma, biotech and academia. AntiCancer PDO was formed in 2016 as a spinout of AntiCancer, Inc. AntiCancer was incorporated and founded in 1984 and is the oldest free-standing biotechnology company in San Diego. AntiCancer has been providing PDO-based preclinical research for decades and has been awarded more than 600 contracts. Mouse pancreas tumor location validated by more than 500 scientific publications. PDO increases the accuracy, effectiveness and timeliness of treatment of the patient s cancer and the opportunity to discover and develop more effective cancer drugs. SOI has been AntiCancer PDO comprises a team of world-renowned physicians and scientists. We are affiliated with leading cancer physicians from UCLA and UCSD.

3 WHAT CAN DO FOR YOU? 1. PDO RESEARCH SERVICES AntiCancer PDO provides customized contract services for in vivo drug evaluation, including developing cancer models, design of individual protocols, and performing entire research programs. We make sure you obtain high-quality, meaningful and publishable data from every study. Our pre-clinical services include: Guidance in selecting models: orthotopic or subcutaneous, xenograft or syngeneic Execution of drug screening and efficacy studies with imageable endpoints of tumor growth, metastasis and survival Individual patient drug-efficacy information Assistance applying for individual-patient compassionate-use INDs for investigational drugs based on PDO results Data analysis and reporting Assistance writing and publishing papers Assistance writing grant applications Grant sub-contracting; we have received more than 40 grants ourselves. CRYOPRESERVATION OF IMMORTALIZED PDO TUMORS A patient tumor is established in mice as a PDO model Established tumors are immortalized by transfer (passage) to other mice Immortalized tumors are characterized for drug response and genetic profiling Immortalized tumors are cryopreserved in special solution Cryopreserved tumors are stored indefinitely at -180 C in liquid nitrogen (N 2 ) ONCOLOGY STUDY ENDPOINTS Tumor size reduction and regression (data are available in real-time with imaging with resolution of a single cancer cell in vivo) Tumor growth delay or regression Decrease or elimination of metastasis (data are available with real-time imaging) Drug effects on host as well as tumors Increase in overall survival and disease-free survival Changes in biomarkers Tumor histology Tumor immunohistochemistry

4 PDO CANCER TYPES CURRENTLY AVAILABLE CONTROL CPT-11 Cervical cancer Colon cancer Esophageal cancer Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma Liver metastasis Melanoma Ovarian cancer Pancreatic cancer Sarcoma GEMCITABINE DAYS AFTER SOI NOVEL DRUGS EVALUATED IN PDO Cobmetinib Dactolisib Entinostat Lapatinib Linsitinib Nab-paclitaxel Palbociclib Pazopanib Sorafenib Trametinib Trastuzumab Vemurafenib Yondelis Imaging the efficacy of drugs on an orthotopic mouse model of human pancreatic cancer expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) CPT-11: 40 mg/kg/dose Ineffective-tumor growth Gemcitabine: 150 mg/kg/dose Effective-tumor regressed Katz, M.H., et al. J. Surg. Res. 113, , HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES FOR IN VIVO MODELS Effective drugs can be rapidly discovered and evaluated in models utilizing human cancer cell lines and patient tumors: Cancer cell-line orthotopic models of all major tumor types Selection of hundreds of human cancer-cell-line mouse models Cell lines for in vivo and in vitro studies, including patient derived cell lines All cell lines are engineered to express fluorescent proteins Includes orthotopic human and murine cancer 3. IN VIVO MOUSE MODELS Models of every cancer type are available for your in vivo studies: Models metastasize in the clinical pattern for each tumor type Syngeneic models, including mouse B16 melanoma, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), 4T1 breast cancer, CT26 colon cancer and PAN02 pancreatic cancer in immunocompetent mice Combined with GFP imaging, primary tumor growth and metastases can be tracked with real-time non-invasive whole body imaging 4. IMAGEABLE ENDPOINT ORTHOTOPIC CELL LINE TUMOR MODELS Expression of fluorescent protein genes allows real-time in vivo imaging of tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and gene expression. Orthotopic imageable models have been proven to be highly valuable in drug discovery and evaluation on primary and metastatic tumors.

5 PDO BEHAVIOR MATCHES THE PATIENT COMPARISON OF METASTASES IN PDO MODELS AND THEIR PATIENT DONORS STOMACH CANCER METASTATIC SITE IN PATIENTS 1 IN NUDE MICE 2 (NUMBER OF CASES) (+) (-) Lymph node (+) 11 9 (-) 0 0 NS Liver (+) 5 0 (-) 1 14* Peritoneum (+) 5 1 (-) 0 14* NS, not significant; *p <0.01 by chi-squared test. 1 (+) and (-) indicate that metastases were positive or negative in patients. 2 (+) and (-) indicate that metastases were positive or negative in nude mice. Conclusions: Only PDO models metastasize similar to clinical cancer. In PDO models, the primary tumor develops in the organ corresponding to its origin and metastasizes to mimic the complexity of tumor behavior in patients. PDO models are therefore the most clinically relevant for drug discovery and evaluation. Furukawa, T., Kubota, T., Watanabe, M., Kitajima, M., Fu,. and Hoffman, R.M. Orthotopic transplantation of histologically intact clinical specimens of stomach cancer to nude mice: correlation of metastatic sites in mouse and individual patient donors. Int. J. Cancer 53, , 1993.

6 PDO RESULTS IMPACT OF PRE-OPERATIVE THERAPY AND TUMOR GRADE ON FREQUENCY AND TIME OF SARCOMA PDO ESTABLISHMENT THERAPY PDO IDENTIFIES EFFECTIVE DRUGS BETTER THAN GENE PROFILING PERCENT ESTABLISHED (%) NO TREATMENT CHEMO ONLY CHEMO+ RAY THERAPY RT ONLY n=42 n=5 n=6 n=19 DAYS This graph shows a very high frequency and rapid PDO establishment of high-grade non-pre-treated sarcoma. RELATIVE TUMOR VOLUME CONTROL TRAMETINIB TEMOZOLOMIDE VEMURAFENIB COBIMETINIB O DAY Gene profiling identified vemurafenib as an active drug, but the BRAF- V600E mutant melanomal PDO tumor was resistant to vemurafenib. Cobimetinib and trametinib have similar molecular targets, but the PDO identified trametinib as the active drug. Russell, T.A., Eckardt, M., Murakami, T., Eilliot, I., Kawaguchi, K., Kiyuna, T., Igarashi, K., Li, Y., Crompton, J., Graham, D.S., Dry, S.M., Bernthal, N., Yanagawa, J., Kalbasi, A., Federman, M., Chmielowski, B., Singh, A., Hoffman, R.M., Eilber, F.C. Clinical factors impacting the establishment of soft tissue sarcoma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDO): A UCLA sarcoma program prospective clinical trial. JCO Precision Oncology, DOI: /PO , Kawaguchi, K., Murakami, T., Chmielowski, B., Igarashi, K., Kiyuna, T., Unno, M., Nelson, S.D., Russell, T.A., Dry, S.M., Li, Y., Eilber, F.C., and Hoffman, R.M. Vemurafenib-resistant BRAF-V600E mutated melanoma is regressed by MEK targeting drug trametinib, but not cobimetinib in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDO) mouse model. Oncotarget 7, , 2016.

7 3 PDO RESULTS FOR THE PATIENT 1ST PDO STUDY IDENTIFIES IGF-R INHIBITOR FOR DOORUCIBIN-RESISTANT EWING S SARCOMA FOR 2ND ROUND OF CHEMOTHERAPY 2ND PDO IDENTIFIES IRINOTECAN-TEMOZOLOMIDE COMBINATION FOR 3RD ROUND OF EWING S SARCOMA PATIENT CHEMOTHERAPY AFTER BONE MARROW IS CLEARED OF TUMOR BY 1ST PDO EFFECTIVE DRUG VOLUME (mm ) G1, CONTROL G2, DOORUBICIN G3, PALBOCICLIB G4, LINSITINIB RELATIVE TUMOR VOLUME Control Yonderis Pazopanib Gemcitabine+Docetaxel p= Irinotecan+Temozolomide O DAY The PDO identified an IGF-R inhibitor as active and the patient responded well to an IGF-R inhibitor drug administered with a compassionate-use IND obtained from the FDA, based on the PDO results. O 4 7 DAY Irinotecan and temozolomide combination is now being used to treat the patient. 11 Murakami, T., Singh, A.S., Kiyuna, T., Dry, S.M., Li, Y., James, A.W., Igarashi, K., Kawaguchi, K., DeLong, J.C., Zhang, Y., Hiroshima, Y., Russell, T., Eckardt, M.A., Yanagawa, J., Federman, N., Matsuyama, R., Chishima, T., Tanaka, K., Bouvet, M., Endo, I., Eilber, F.C., and Hoffman, R.M. Effective molecular targeting of CDK4/6 and IGF-1R in a rare FUS-ERG fusion CDKN2A-deletion doxorubicin-resistant Ewing s sarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDO) nude-mouse model. Oncotarget 7, , Miyake, K., Murakami, T., Kiyuna, T., Igarashi, K., Kawaguchi, K., Miyake, M., Li, Y., Nelson, S.D., Dry, S.M., Bouvet, M., Elliot, I.A., Russell, T.A., Singh, A.S., Eckardt, M.A., Hiroshima, Y., Momiyama, M., Matsuyama, R., Chishima, T., Endo, I., Eilber, F.C., and Hoffman, R.M. The combination of temozolomide-irinotecan regresses a doxorubicin-resistant patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDO) nude mouse model of recurrent Ewing s sarcoma with a FUS- ERG fusion and CDKN2A deletion. Direction for third-line patient therapy. Oncotarget in press.

8 PDO RESULTS ON PRIMARY & METASTATIC TUMORS Differential efficacy of therapeutics on primary tumor and metastases of a cervical cancer PDO. 6 PRIMARY TUMOR 160 (mg) METASTASIS RELATIVE TUMOR VOLUME METASTASIS TUMOR WEIGHT O Vehicle Carboplatin Trastuzumab Lapatinib Trastuzumab Lapatinib Entinostat Entinostat O Vehicle Carboplatin Trastuzumab Lapatinib Trastuzumab Lapatinib Entinostat Entinostat The drug entinostat was inactive against the primary tumor, but active against metastasis in a PDO model of cervical cancer. Hiroshima, Y., Maawy, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, N., Murakami, T., Chishima, T., Tanaka, K.., Ichikawa, Y., Bouvet, M., Endo, I., Hoffman, R.M. Patient-derived mouse models of cancer need to be orthotopic in order to evaluate targeted anti-metastatic therapy. Oncotarget 7, , 2016.

9 FLUORESCENCE IMAGING WITH PDO Transgenic fluorescent protein-expressing nude and immunocompetent mice for color-coded imaging of the tumor microenvironment. Red fluorescent protein (RFP) transgenic nude and immunocompetent mice (Yang, M., et al. J. Cell. Biochem. 106, , 2009) Green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic nude and immunocompetent mice (Yang, M., et al. Cancer Res. 64, , 2004) Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) transgenic nude and immunocompetent mice (Tran Cao, H.S., et al. J. Cell. Biochem. 107, , 2009)

10 IMAGEABLE PDO AngioMouse FLUORESCENCE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY GFP blood vessels, RFP cancer cells Non-invasive fluorescence imaging of a PDO pancreatic tumor growing in the nude mouse pancreas VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES The PDO solution includes fluorescence-based imaging tools that enable visualization of tumor behavior in the mouse models in real-time. PDO enables visualization of the following: Real-time metastasis, tumor growth and progression Interactions of cancer cells with stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, which control cancer cell growth and metastasis All types of agents, small molecules, proteins can be evaluated for efficacy in the PDO model. Hoffman, R.M., and Yang, M. Nat Protocols 1, , Hoffman, R.M. Nature Reviews Cancer 5, , We have utilized multicolored fluorescent proteins to develop imaging models of tumor angiogenesis. Intra-vital as well as non-invasive imaging can visualize angiogenic vessels at both primary and metastatic sites. Allows visualization of cancer cells expressing onecolor fluorescent protein interacting with its blood vessels expressing a different color fluorescent protein. Highly valuable for discovery and evaluation of antiangiogenesis agents. Hoffman, R.M., and Yang, M. Nat Protocols 1, , StromaMouse FLUORESCENCE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY StromaMouse models express one or more color fluorescent protein in stromal cells and cancer cells express a different color fluorescent protein. Enables study of the tumor microenvironment and is ideal for discovery and evaluation of anti-stromal therapeutics. Suetsugu, A., et al. Anticancer Res. 35, , 2015.

11 FLUORESCENT-PROTEIN EPRESSING CANCER CELLS IN VIVO Non-invasive imaging screen captures showing AntiCancer PDO s fluorescent protein expressing cell line across nine different tumor types. Hoffman, R.M., and Yang, M. Nat Protocols 1, , Hoffman, R.M., and Yang, M. Nat Protocols 1, , Hoffman, R.M., and Yang, M. Nat Protocols 1, , Hoffman, R.M. Nature Reviews Cancer 5, , 2005.

12 NC1-MDR-RES Breast cancer, human (MCF-7) AVAILABLE GFP AND RFP CANCER CELL T47D LINES TUMOR TYPE CELL LINE GFP RFP DUAL COLOR Prostate, Human PC3 DU145 LNCaP Vcap Vcap Prostate, Rat Rat Dunning3327 Melanoma, mouse mouse B16F10 B16F10 (C57BL/6J) B16F0 B16F0 (C67BL/6J) Melanoma, human human LOMIVI Sk-mel-5 FEM FEM I I UACC257 Mel526 Mel526 MV3 MV3 A375 A375 Lung Lung cancer, cancer, human human H460 H460 HOP-62 HOP-62 EKV EKV Anip Anip A549 A549 H69 H69 MSTO-211H NCIH1437 NCIH1975 NCIH1568 Lung Lung cancer cancer, mouse, mouse Lewis Lewis Lung Lung (C57BL/6J) Colon Colon cancer, cancer, human human HCT-116 HCT-116 colo205 colo205 SW620 SW620 Ls180 Ls180 HCT-8 HCT-8 HCT-15 HCT-15 KM-12 KM-12 WiDr WiDr HT29 HT29 SW1116 SW1116 SW480 SW480 Colon Colon cancer, cancer, mouse mouse Colon Colon 38 (BALB/C) 38 SL4 SL4 (BALB/C) Colo26 Colo26 (BALB/C) CT26.WT (BALB/C) Breast Breast cancer, cancer, human human MDA-MB-435 MDA-MB-435 2C5 2C5 MDA-MB-435 4A4 4A4 MDA-MB-231 MDA-MB-468 MDA-MB-453 M-1 M-1 MCF-7 MCF-7 BT BT Breast Breast cancer, cancer, human human NC1-MDR-RES (MCF-7) (MCF-7) T47D T47D Breast Breast cancer, cancer, mouse mouse MMT MMT (C57BL/6) 4T1 4T1 (BALB/C) 4T1.2erB2 (BALB/ (BALB/ C) C) Renal, Renal, human human SN12C SN12C A498 MDA-MB-231 MDA-MB-468 MDA-MB-453 M-1 MCF-7 BT 474 MMT Breast cancer, mouse (C57BL/6) 4T1 (BALB/C) TUMOR TYPE 4T1.2erB2 CELL (BALB/ LINE C) GFP RFP DUAL COLOR Renal, Renal, human human SN12C SN12C A498 A498 Ovarian, Ovarian, human human CHOK1 CHOK1 OVCAR-8 OVCAR-8 RGMI#186 RGMI#186 OVCAR-3 OVCAR-3 SKOV3 SKOV3 TOV21 TOV21 CAOV3 CAOV3 Larynx Larynx Hep2 Hep2 Pharynx Pharynx FaDu FaDu CNS CNS SNB-19 SNB U87 U87 MG MG DAOY DAOY Rat gliosarcoma Rat 9L 9L Tongue Tongue SCC-25 SCC-25 Pancreas Pancreas Bx-PC3 Bx-PC3 Mia-PaCa Mia-PaCa 2 2 ASPC ASPC -1-1 Cfpaca Cfpaca Capan-1 Capan-1 Capan-2 Capan-2 PaCa28 PaCa28 Pancreas, Pancreas, cont d cont d PAI PAI R40LN R40LN R90P R90P R90L R90L FG A-12 FG A-12 Panc-1 Panc-1 Mouse Mouse Pancreas Pancreas Pan02 Pan02 (C57BL/6) (C57BL/6) Bladder Bladder HTB HTB 9 9 UM-UC UM-UC KU-7 KU-7 T24T T24T UM-UC-3 UM-UC-3 Boy Boy Gastric Gastric Cancer Cancer NUGC NUGC 4 4 NUGC4 NUGC4 mdr mdr N87 N87 Barrett s Barrett s Esophageal Flo-1 Flo-1 Osteosarcoma OST OST 143 B 143 B HMMG/HOS SOSN2 SOSN2 L-SLM L-SLM Fibrosarcoma HT 1080 HT 1080 Hepatoma Hepatoma Hep Hep 3B 3B Hep Hep G2 G2 Huh-7 Huh-7 SK-Hep-1 SK-Hep-1 Multiple Multiple Myeloma Myeloma RPMI8226 RPMI8226 Thyroid Thyroid NPA NPA Leukemia Leukemia KAK-1 KAK-1 MOLM13 MOLM13 KM 28 KM BM 28 BM CEM CEM U937 U937 OPM2 OPM2 NALM6 NALM6 Uterus Uterus HEC-1-B HEC-1-B

13 DUAL-COLOR FLUORESCENT-PROTEIN EPRESSING CANCER CELL LINES Cancer cells express GFP in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm. Individual chromosomes can be visualized in real-time. Suetsugu, A., et al. Anticancer Res. 35, , 2015.

14 SELECTED PDO CUSTOMERS & RELATED STUDIES Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Pharmaceutical Development and Technology Research Article ISSN: Paclitaxel Nanosuspensions for Targeted Chemotherapy - Nanosuspension Preparation, Characterization, and Use Cancer Research 49, , April 15, 1989 Minimal Antiproliferative Effect of Recombinant Mullerian Inhibiting Substance on Gynecological Tumor Cell Lines and Tumor Explants Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): Targeting the Lymphotoxin-ß Receptor with Agonist Antibodies as a Potential Cancer Therapy Journal of Surgical Research 171, (2011) doi: /j.jss High Antimetastatic Efficacy of MEN4901/T-0128, a Novel Camptothecin Carboxymethyldextran Conjugate PLOS One Research Article 2015; 10: e Selective Allosteric Inhibition of MMP9 is Efficacious in Preclinical Models of Ulcerative Colitis and Colorectal Cancer Anticancer Research 29: (2009) Efficacy of Dietary Antioxidants Combined with a Chemotherapeutic Agent on Human Colon Cancer Progression in a Fluorescent Orthotopic Mouse Model Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp , October 1991 Medical Sciences Models of Human Metastatic Colon Cancer in Nude Mice Orthotopically Constructed by Using Histologically Intact Patient Specimens Cancer Research 54, September 1, 1994 Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor BB-94 (Batimastat) Inhibits Human Colon Tumor Growth and Spread in a Patient-like Orthotopic Model in Nude Mice

15 ANTICANCER PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS AntiCancer PDO outcomes have been clinically validated with the publication of more than 500 peer-reviewed studies in leading medical journals, such as Cell, Cancer Cell and PNAS. Following are some key publications demonstrating PDO growth and metastasis and imaging breakthroughs. The complete bibliography is available at KEY PUBLICATIONS Fu,.Y., Besterman, J.M., Monosov, A., Hoffman, R.M., Models of human metastatic colon cancer in nude mice orthotopically constructed using histologically intact patient specimens. Proc. Nat l. Acad. Sci. USA 88, , Hoffman, R.M. Orthotopic metastatic mouse models for anticancer drug discovery and evaluation; a bridge to the clinic. Investigational New Drugs 17, , Hoffman, R.M., Patient-derived orthotopic xenografts: better mimic of metastasis than subcutaneous xenografts. Nature Reviews Cancer 15, , Hoffman, R.M. The multiple uses of fluorescent proteins to visualize cancer in vivo. Nature Reviews Cancer 5, , Hoffman, R.M., and Yang, M. Subcellular imaging in the live mouse. Nature Protocols 1, , Hoffman, R.M., and Yang, M. Color-coded fluorescence imaging of tumor-host interactions. Nature Protocols 1, , Hoffman, R.M., and Yang, M. Whole-body imaging with fluorescent proteins. Nature Protocols 1, , AntiCancer PDO has been issued more than 175 patents related to PDO and related imaging techniques. The complete list of patents is available on

16 CONTACT US TODAY FOR YOUR PRE-CLINICAL RESEARCH NEEDS Molecular and Translational Medicine Series Editors: William B. Coleman - Gregory Tsongalis Robert M. Hoffman Editor Patient-Derived Mouse Models of Cancer Patient-Derived Orthotopic enografts (PDO) Presently, there is no single source to provide information on technique and uses of mouse models of human patient tumors. Patient-Derived Mouse Models of Cancer will satisfy this need for cancer researchers, oncologists, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry scientists as well as molecular biologists studying in vivo systems. For more information: In 2017, Humana Press published Patient-Derived Mouse Models of Cancer, edited by Robert M. Hoffman, PhD., the founder of PDO. The book is the most comprehensive, stateof-the-art treatise on mouse models of patient cancer. Hoffman, R.M., ed. In: Patient- Derived Mouse Models of Cancer. Molecular and Translational Medicine, SpringerIntl. Publishing AG, Series eds., Coleman, W.B., Tsongalis, G.J. ISSN: Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA Copyright AntiCancer PDO, Inc All rights reserved.