THE FORAGE AND RANGE RESEARCH LABORATORY
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1 THE FORAGE AND RANGE RESEARCH LABORATORY Forage and Range Research Laboratory CRESTED WHEATGRASS WHERE DID IT COME FROM? WHY IS IT HERE? WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT IT!
2 WHERE DID IT COME FROM? Professor N.E. Hansen Special Agent for the Division of Botany USDA was charged with the mission to secure seeds and plants valuable for a variety of purposes. 706 total collections 70 Forages 5 collections (4) A. desertorum (1) A. cristatum Distributed Alabama, Indiana, Michigan, Colorado, and Washington First introduced into the United States in 1898
3 WHERE DID IT COME FROM? Westover et al., (1932) reported: Small samples of seed (crested wheatgrass) received from Sweden in 1905 and from the Royal Botanical Gardens, Dublin, Ireland, were sown at the Arlington Experiment Farm, Rosslyn, Virginia in 1906, but failed to germinate. Second introduction into the United States in 1905
4 WHERE DID IT COME FROM? The second introduction of crested wheatgrass by N.E. Hansen came from the same source as the original 1898 collections, and was sent in 1906 through the Moscow Botanical Gardens consisting of: S.P.I. Nos A. desertorum S.P.I. No A. cristatum 4 to 5 lbs of seed were distributed to 15 Experiment Stations from 1907 to First known picture of CWG grown in North America Planted 1908 South Dakota Planting of at Mandan North Dakota in 1915 Third introduction into the United States in 1905
5 WHY IS IT HERE? Changes were taking place that would begin to shape the future of our western rangelands: Carey Act of Newlands Act 1902 Enlarged Homestead Act Large tracks of native grasslands/rangelands were being removed and placed under cultivation for wheat and cereal crops.1905 to 1920 Despite being distributed..crested wheatgrass was still not being used to any great extent as a range species.
6 EARLY CONCERNS In addition to increased homesteading in the west, there were other concerns being raised: 1898 H.L. Bentley expressed alarm over range injury resulting from overgrazing in Central Texas Jared Smith reported grazing problems in the Southwest Public lands commission report that 1400 stockmen in 16 states..present range conditions.greater portion of the public grazing land is not supporting the number of stock they formally did.
7 NEED CREATED? Dust Bowl 1930 s Homestead acts, Overgrazing Drought Great depression Brought home to the nation that renewable natural resources (soil and water) were not inexhaustible.. We begin to see the large scale planting of crested wheatgrass
8 NEED CREATED? These events (breaking out native grass and rangelands and subsequent events) have been referred to by some as the greatest ecological disaster in America?
9 Crested wheatgrass Fairway 1927 Distribution of Fairway crested wheatgrass Not officially released until 1932 Agriculture Canada. Selected from the original PI collections made by N.E. Hansen. It is leafier and more procumbent, but less drought tolerant than tetraploid standard types. Diploid type (2n=14). Note: Until ~ 1950 crested wheatgrass was considered one species A. cristatum..in the 1950 s the diploidtype was treated as A. cristatum and the tetraploid-type as A. desertorum.up to 1950 both types were mixed in seed lots.
10 Crested wheatgrass Fairway continue to seed rangeland seedings of Fairway crested wheatgrass Still widely used in rangeland reseeding programs in Canada
11 Crested wheatgrass 1950 s 1950 s.first efforts made to improve crested wheatgrass in North America Release of the cultivar Nordan (A. desertorum) crested wheatgrass USDA-ARS & North Dakota AES Originated from PI selection made from an old 1937 crested wheatgrass planting in Dickinson North Dakota probably from a mixed Fairway planting? Under went 2-cycles of selection for upright growth habit, larger sized seeds, and good seedling establishment.. Nordan continues to be used in many of the rangeland plantings today Release of the cultivar Summit (A. desertorum) crested wheatgrass.agriculture Canada.Originated from western Siberia, USSR.Problems with seed processing
12 Siberian wheatgrass 1950 s First release of Siberian wheatgrass (A. fragile) P-27 by the NRCS & SCS Pullman, WA (1953) Originally collected in Kazakhstan Region. Westover-Enlow expedition Narrow, awnless heads; fine-leafy stems; drought resistence (remains green); good seedling establishment; good seed yields; and adapted to lighter/sandy droughty soils.
13 Crested wheatgrass s Research. Taxonomy/Classification Plant Systematics Species Relationships Genetics
14 Crested wheatgrass Research Taxonomy. A.S. Hitchcock.1935 treatment of Agropyron created an extremely large genus comprised of those grass species that had one spikelet per node. Nevski/Tzvelev.1934/1976 treatment of Agropyron is restricted to the crested and Siberian wheatgrasses. based on morphology and adaptation. Dewey/ A. Love.1984/1986 proposed various treatments of Agropyron based on genome relationships (i.e., fertility in hybrids, seed set, and chromosome pairing). In the narrow sense, the genus Agropyron is restricted to the crested and Siberian wheatgrass complexes..all native to Eurasia.
15 Crested wheatgrass s (standard) A. cristatum A. desertorum A. fragile
16 Crested wheatgrass 2000 Flora North America A. cristatum (crested wheatgrass) A. desertorum A. pectinatum Lemmas usually awned A. fragile (Siberian wheatgrass) A. sibiricum A. mongolicum Lemmas usually awnless Spikes narrow to broadly lanceolate, rectangular, or ovate in outline Spikes linear to narrowly lanceolate in outline
17 What Did We Learn s AGROPYRON Gaertner Type Species Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. Genome P Chromosome no. Fairway-type 2n=14, 28, and 42 (Autopolyploids) Standard-type Distribution & Characteristics: About 10 species, all native to Eurasia. Contains only the crested wheatgrasses. Includes A. cristatum, A. desertorum, and A. fragile (=A. sibiricum). Cross-pollinating
18 Origin of tetraploid CWG Hybridization X A. cristatum (2x) A. mongolicum (2x) F 1 hybrid
19 Origin of tetraploid CWG F1 Hybrid Crossing barriers are low (300 seeds/10 spikelets) Stainable pollen (2 56%) OP seed from 14 F 1 hybrids (3-2,980 seed plant -1 ) Chromosome pairing complete in 25% of cells F 1 hybrid Doubling of the F 1 hybrid Hybrids morphologically intermediate resembling A. desertorum A. desertorum (4x)
20 Origin of tetraploid CWG 20 + morphological characters
21 Crested wheatgrass Cultivars s Parkway (A. cristatum) Direct selection made from Fairway. Agriculture Canada 2-cycles of selection Improved plant vigor (7-10%) increase in dry matter production Increased height Increased leafiness Ruff (A. cristatum) Selection from within 7- seed lots of Fairway. USDA-ARS/Nebraska AES 3-cycles of selection Drought tolerance Recommended rangelands roadsides, parks, playgrounds, and as a component in conservations plantings.
22 Environmental Changes s Cheatgrass can take over a landscape and result in increased wildfires, loss of soil structure, perennial plant cover etc.
23 Trait Enhancement s Rapid seedling establishment selection for individual lines that germinate and emerge from a deep seeding depth (3 inches). Ability to out-compete weedy species
24 Crested wheatgrass Cultivars s Ephraim (A. cristatum-4x) Direct selection made from PI USDA-FS. Collected near Ankara, Turkey (Westover 1935) No plant selection Seed increase and release Noted for its Capacity to produce rhizomes, which with adequate water are present by the 2 nd or 3 rd year. RoadCrest (A. cristatum-4x) Originated from two collections near Ankara (Ezvett).USDA-ARS Spreading crested wheatgrass Perennial Ryegrass RoadCrest Crested Wheatgrass
25 Crested wheatgrass Cultivars s Interploidy- Plant Improvement Based on chromosome pairing at the three ploidy levels (2x, 4x, and 6x), and interploidy hybrids, all species in the crested wheatgrass complex was founded on one basic genome and can be treated as a single gene pool. A. cristatum A. cristatum & A. fragile A. cristatum 2x 4x 6x 3x 5x
26 Crested wheatgrass Cultivars s Hycrest (A. cristatum x A. desertorum-4x hybrid) USDA-ARS.First interploidy (species) crested wheatgrass cultivar released.tends to be larger and more robust than the parental species..increased stand establishment. 2x 4x Natural tetraploid colchicine Nordan Hycrest 4x Induced tetraploid Hycrest 3-cycles of selection for increased seedling establishment under harsh dry environments Fairway Hycrest
27 Crested wheatgrass Cultivars s Kirk (A. cristatum-4x) Agriculture Canada.1968 introduction from Turku, Finland. Allowed to outcross with nine local strains and four European introduction Two cycles of selection for vigor, fertility, reduced seed shattering awn development. Kirk has spike characteristics of A. cristatum, its upright growth habit similar to A. desertorum. Douglas (A. cristatum-6x) USDA-ARS.Derived from hybrid between accessions from the former Soviet Union (PI ), three from Iran (PI , , and ), and one accession from Turkey (PI ).
28 Siberian wheatgrass s Vavilov (A. fragile-4x) USDA-ARS.Hybrids of parental material originating from U.S.S.R and Turkey Three cycles of selection for vigor, seed production, and forage yield Vavilov has significantly better seedling establishment than P-27 Better adapted to sandy dry soils than typical crested wheatgrass
29 Crested wheatgrass Cultivars Hycrest II (A. cristatum-4x) USDA-ARS.One of the original parents to Hycrest.Increased seedling establishment. 2x colchicine 4x Significantly greater than Hycrest Hycrest II Hycrest
30 Siberian wheatgrass Vavilov II (A. fragile-4x) USDA-ARS.70% derived from the cultivar Vavilov (plants selected under extreme drought) and 30% from collections made in 1988 in Kazakhstan Increased seedling germination, establishment and persistence over Vavilov.
31 Cultivar Relationships Hycrest II All crested and Siberian wheatgrass cultivars are closely related genetically, but yet unique
32 Closing Thoughts CWG These events have been referred to by some as the greatest ecological disaster in America? Generations from now..how will they be referring to the affects of invasive annuals on our rangelands?
33 Closing Thoughts CWG Crested Wheatgrass Villain Savior
34 Crested wheatgrass s How do we explain the observed variation? Variation in spike types of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron)
35 Crested wheatgrass s Hypothesis.Hybridization between closely related diploid taxa followed by chromosome doubling Only one type of diploid, broad-spiked A. cristatum (Fairway) Many types of tetraploids from broad to narrowspiked, A. cristatum, A. desertorum, A. fragile etc Discovery of a narrow-spiked diploid, A. mongolicum, in China
36
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