Biology and Management of Invasive Hawkweeds (Hieracium spp.) in the Pacific Northwest. Linda Wilson and Timothy Prather University of Idaho, Moscow
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1 Biology and Management of Invasive Hawkweeds (Hieracium spp.) in the Pacific Northwest Linda Wilson and Timothy Prather University of Idaho, Moscow
2 Description of Hawkweeds Genus Hieracium, tribe Lactuceae Stoloniferous, rhizomatous, shallowly fibrous-rooted, perennial plants. Bristly hairy to hairless, narrow, elongated leaves to broad serrate leaves. Flowering stalks are usually singular and leafy or leafless, rising from a basal rosette and can be 6 to +50 inches in height. Meadow hawkweed
3 Complex of Invasive Hawkweeds 14 species of non-native, invasive hawkweeds within 2 subgenera Subgenus Pilosella All invasive, 8 spp Subgenus Hieracium Invasive and Native, 6 spp
4 Invasive hawkweeds: Meadow hawkweed group Meadow h. (Hieracium caespitosum) Orange h. (H. auranticaum) Kingdevil h. (H. floribundum) Tall h. (H. piloselloides) Mouse ear h. (H. pilosella) Yellowdevil h. (H. glomeratum) Queendevil h. (H. praealtum) Whiplash h. (H. flagellare)
5 History of Invasion in the PNW First reported in near Spokane, WA, likely from wartime armory near Sandpoint, ID. Established in most susceptible habitats in ID, WA, and BC. Also established in OR, MT, WY, CO, AK. Estimated to infest over 2.5M ac and spread at a rate of 16% per year.
6 Invasion potential of non-native hawkweeds Broad latitudinal range Apomictic Broad ecological amplitude Clonal Symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae Rapid generation time Efficient seed dispersal Pre-adapted to many PNW habitats Sold commercially
7 The Invasive Hawkweed Consortium Idaho Department of Agriculture Hawkweed Action Committee US Bureau of Land Management British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range Washington St. Weed Board Kootenai County Weed Board Palouse CWMA Stevens County Weed Board US Forest Service Selkirk CWMA Panhandle Lakes CWMA Idaho Department of Lands Rimrock Hawkweed Cooperative Benewah County Weed Board British Columbia Min. of Agric. & Lands Montana Weed Trust Fund Nez Perce BioControl Center Potlatch Corp., Crown Pacific University of Idaho Pend Oreille Co. Weed Board Dow AgroSciences USDA ARA, APHIS
8 Goals of the Consortium Education and Awareness Biological Control Funding Management Develop local strategies Surveys and mapping Genetic studies
9 Reproduction Stolons and rhizomes Asexual seed production, occasional outcrossing Adventitious root buds April-Sept: 15 rosettes, 25 stolons (15cm), 324 root buds, 13,500 seeds, 5 daughters plants
10 Species relationships among invasive hawkweeds Determine hybridization potential and extent Determine which species are hybridizing L. Fishman and E. Loomis, University of Montana, Missoula
11 Hawkweed Phylogeny Studies
12 Genetic variability within orange hawkweed All populations examined to date are the same genotype Similar studies began this year on the yellowflowered complex
13 Hawkweed Assocation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi CRISSP Center for Research on Invasive Species and Small Populations, University of Idaho Mouse-ear hawkweed has an obligate association with AMF. Studies underway with meadow hawkweed. Four spp. invasive hawkweed established mycorrhizae within 3 weeks of germination, before native species. Competitive advantage by plugging into common mycorrhizal network early. Mycorrhizal structures
14 Management Herbicides selective, effective Fertilizer reduce h. competition with grasses Biological Control ongoing studies CABI Bioscience, CH 1-2 years Cultural/Mechanical Control encourages vegetative spread
15 Effect of fertilizer + herbicide on grass production 40 Transline 11 oz/ac Ammonium sulfate % cover Nitrogen (lb/a) No herbicide Herbicide
16 Herbicide and fertilizer studies 2003, % control with clopyralid (Transline) and N fertilizer Hawkweed has not reinvaded sites four yr after treatment studies with aminopyralid (Milestone) Collaboration with Dow AgroSciences
17 Identification Key
18 Surveys and Mapping
19 Biological Control Seven insects species and one rust fungus have been tested. Insects damage stolons, roots and stems. Problems with feeding on native hawkweed species has disqualified 4 species. Four species are potential.
20 Conclusion Invasive hawkweeds are diverse and widespread in PNW. Education and awareness. Fringe and isolated infestations containable. Long-term control may hinge on soil fertility management where applicable.
21 Thank you Cariboo near McBride, BC
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