MEDICAL RADIOLOGY Radiation Oncology

Transcription

1 MEDICAL RADIOLOGY Radiation Oncology Editors: L.W. Brady, Philadelphia H.-P. Heilmann, Hamburg M. Molls, Munich C. Nieder, Bodø

2 P. M. Harari N. P. Connor C. Grau (Eds.) Functional Preservation and Quality of Life in Head and Neck Radiotherapy With Contributions by R. J. Amdur A. Argiris H. P. Bijl T. C. Campbell S. Chaiet A. W. Chan H. Chen J. F. Cleary N. P. Connor A. Eisbruch U. V. Elstroem E. Filion X. Geets M. K. Gibson C. Grau V. Grégoire P. M. Harari G. Hartig J. Herrstedt R. W. Hinerman T. Hoang J. Irish K. Jensen J. Johansen D. E. Jorenby R. Kammer M. V. Karamouzis W. (Ken) Zhen M. Knigge C. A. Kristensen J. A. Langendijk Q.-T. Le A. W. M. Lee P.C. Levendag N. Liebsch M. A. List W. M. Mendenhall W. T. Ng L. Ning I. Noever B. O Sullivan G. M. Richards P. Sandow P. I. M. Schmitz R. S. Sippel D. N. Teguh C. Terhaard W. A. Tomé A. Trofimov R. Tsang H. van der Est P. van Rooij M. Vaysberg P. Voet J. W. Werning D. L. Wheeler P. A. Wiederholt R. M. W. Yeung Foreword by L. W. Brady, H.-P. Heilmann, M. Molls, and C. Nieder With 78 Figures in 105 Separate Illustrations, 54 in Color and 60 Tables

3 Paul M. Harari, MD Jack Fowler Professor and Chairman Department of Human Oncology University of Wisconsin School of Medicine 600 Highland Ave K4/332 Madison, Wisconsin USA Cai Grau MD Department of Oncology Aarhus University Hospital 44 Norrebrogade 8000 Aarhus C Denmark Nadine P. Connor PhD Associate Professor, Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery University of Wisconsin 600 Highland Avenue K4/711 Madison, WI USA Medical Radiology Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology Series Editors: A. L. Baert L. W. Brady H.-P. Heilmann M. Knauth M. Molls C. Nieder Continuation of Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie Encyclopedia of Medical Radiology ISBN: e-isbn: DOI: / Medical Radiology Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology ISSN Library of Congress Control Number: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: Publishing Services Teichmann, Mauer, Germany The middle image on the cover (see also Fig. 23.1) was originally published in: Jensen K, Lambertsen K, Grau C (2008) Late swallowing dysfunction and dysphagia after radiotherapy for pharynx cancer: Frequency, intensity and correlation with dose and volume parameters. Radiotherapy and Oncology 85: The image is reproduced here by kind permission of Elsevier. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com

4 Dedication To our Families and our Patients

5 Foreword The emphasis on cancer management in the past was based primarily on control rates from multidisciplinary input in management. There has always been a recognition that one would like to achieve the best result with the least complication, but never has there been any major emphasis on evidence-based outcome studies, nor on functional preservation and quality of life. The authors of this book have dealt very effectively with the various tumor types in head and neck cancer with the experts in the field of management. The contents range from epidemiology and treatment outcome, treatment techniques with the potential impact on the quality of life such as dysphagia, to the various options relative to high technology radiation therapy programs for management. The potential for improving form and function through surgical care as an integrated part of the program is dealt with very effectively as well as the potentials for chemotherapy and the use of targeted agents have on quality of life issues. The volume also addresses toxicity, quality of life, and techniques for prevention of adverse effects, as well as the potentials for rehabilitation and supportive care. The authors have clearly done an extraordinarily good job in addressing the multiplicity of problems that impact upon the functional preservation and quality of life in head and neck radiation therapy. Philadelphia Hamburg Munich Bodø Luther W. Brady Hans-Peter Heilmann Michael Molls Carsten Nieder

6 Preface Treating head and neck cancer involves the treatment of tumors within a highly complex anatomical and physiological environment. Because end organs for critical sensorimotor functions such as breathing, speaking, swallowing, seeing, and hearing are found within the head and neck, the eradication of the disease is particularly challenging. Life-threatening diseases must be approached in a manner that not only maximizes survival, but also maximizes functional outcome. While the overall goal is generally cure or palliation, a variety of treatment options exists. Treatment approaches must be balanced with planning for toxicity reduction and functional preservation. A major objective of this book is to emphasize that the evaluation of treatment methods for head and neck cancer can transcend simple measurement of survival by also considering how particular treatments affect the life of the individual patient. That is, the manner in which function is preserved must be evaluated in conjunction with more traditional measures of health and disease. Measures of function are important clinical endpoints and can serve to evaluate the extent to which a treatment affects a patient s overall health and well-being. Chapters in this volume examine this concept from the perspective of sites of disease within the head and neck as well as treatment methodology. Measures that take into account the patient s perspective are particularly useful for dimensions of health in which the individual is the only person who can truly appreciate the condition. Variables such as pain and fatigue fit into this category, as do assessments of quality of life. As a field of study, health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) research and measurement has expanded greatly over the last 30 years. To date, there are over 125,000 articles indexed in Medline (PubMed) with the heading of quality of life and over 2700 of these articles are concerned with head and neck cancer. This great interest in HR-QOL with regard to head and neck cancer not only reflects the importance of including concepts of quality of life in our research but it also shows that quality of life is an important factor influencing our treatment selection in the care of individual patients. The contributors to this volume are renowned international experts in the field of head and neck cancer. Their outstanding contributions cover a wide range of topics including epidemiological issues associated with different tumor sites, treatment outcomes and toxicities associated with different treatment techniques, and the support of quality of life and the prevention of its decrements associated with therapy. The incorporation of quality of life themes into this framework offers a patient-centered perspective to the treatment of head and neck cancer and is geared toward functional preservation.

7 X Preface Our goal is to have an accessible volume with state-of-the-art content focused on preservation of function in head and neck cancer patients. All chapters in this volume begin with a list of key points providing readers a synopsis of core information concerning each of the major content areas discussed. Thus, it is possible for the busy clinician to gain an appreciation of the subject matter and to follow with more in depth study as time allows. We are grateful for the opportunity to work on this rewarding project and thank all of the contributors for their outstanding chapters. It is our hope that this book will provide a foundation for exploration of patient-centered functional outcomes for individuals with head and neck cancer across the full range of sites and stages. For this field, our ultimate goals include a decrease in cancer incidence, increase in cancer cure, and, importantly, preservation of function. Much work has been done to this end, and there is more work to do. Perhaps the information presented in this book will inspire new directions related to the treatment of this complex disease. Thanks to Ms. Ursula Davis and the production team at Springer for their superb collaborative work on this project. Madison Madison Aarhus Paul M. Harari Nadine P. Connor Cai Grau

8 Contents Epidemiology and Treatment Outcome Oral Cavity Cancer Weining (Ken) Zhen 2 Oropharynx: Epidemiology and Treatment Outcome Edith Filion and Quynh-Thu Le 3 Hypopharynx Gregory M. Richards and Paul M. Harari 4 Laryngeal Cancer: Epidemiology and Treatment Outcomes William M. Mendenhall, Russell W. Hinerman, Robert J. Amdur, Mikahail Vaysberg, and John W. Werning 5 Nasopharynx Anne W. M. Lee, Rebecca M. W. Yeung, and Wai Tong NG 6 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Claus Andrup Kristensen 7 Salivary Glands and Quality of Life Chris Terhaard 8 Head and Neck Sarcomas and Lymphomas Brian O Sullivan, Jonathan Irish, and Richard Tsang 9 Thyroid Cancer Li Ning, Herbert Chen, and Rebecca S. Sippel 10 Cervical Lymph Node Metastases from Unknown Primary Tumors CAI GRAU

9 XII Contents Treatment Techniques with Potential Impact on QOL Dysphagia-Related Quality of Life of Patients with Cancer in the Oropharynx: An Advantage for Brachytherapy? Peter C. Levendag, Peter van Rooij, David N. Teguh, Inge Noever, Peter Voet, Henrie van der Est, and Paul I. M. Schmitz 12 Improving the Quality of Life of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer by Highly Conformal Radiotherapy Avraham Eisbruch 13 Advantages of Proton Beam Therapy in Functional Preservation and Quality of Life in Head and Neck Radiotherapy Annie W. Chan, Norbert Liebsch, and Alexei Trofimov 14 Target Definition and Delineation CT/MRI/ PET-Guided Targets Xavier Geets and Vincent Grégoire 15 Advanced Techniques for Setup Precision and Tracking Wolfgang A. Tomé 16 Adaptive Image-Guided Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer Ulrik Vindelev Elstroem, and Cai Grau 17 Improving Form and Function Through Surgical Care in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Greg Hartig and Scott Chaiet 18 The Contribution of Chemotherapy Michalis V. Karamouzis, Michael K. Gibson, and Athanassios Argiris 19 Contributions of Targeted Agents Deric L. Wheeler, Tien Hoang, and Paul M. Harari Toxicity, Quality of Life, Prevention, Rehabilitation, Supportive Care Late Radiation-Induced Side Effects Johannes A. Langendijk and Hendricus P. Bijl 21 Head and Neck Cancer Quality of Life Instruments Marcy A. List 22 Measuring and Reporting Toxicity Kenneth Jensen and Cai Grau

10 Contents XIII 23 Effects of Radiotherapy on Swallowing Function: Evaluation, Treatment and Patient-Reported Outcomes Molly Knigge, Rachael Kammer, and Nadine P. Connor 24 Dental Prophylaxis and Care Pamela Sandow 25 Smoking Cessation Douglas E. Jorenby 26 Supportive Therapy Including Nutrition Jørgen Johansen and Jørn Herrstedt 27 Communication and Palliative Care in Head and Neck Cancer Toby C. Campbell and James F. Cleary 28 Organized Head and Neck Cancer Care Peggy A. Wiederholt Subject Index List of Contributors