Chapter 10. 이화작용 : 에너지방출과보존 (Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation)

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1 Chapter 10 이화작용 : 에너지방출과보존 (Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation) 1

2 Fueling Processes Respiration 1 Most respiration involves use of an electron transport chain As electrons pass through the electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor, a proton motive force (PMF, 양성자동력 ) is generated and used to synthesize ATP 2

3 Aerobic Respiration ( 산소호흡 ) Process that can completely catabolize an organic energy source to CO 2 using Glycolysis (in cytoplasm) TCA cycle (in mitochodria) Electron transport chain with oxygen as the final electron acceptor Produces ATP, and high energy electron carriers 3

4 Summary of Glycolysis glucose (6C) + 2ADP + 2P i + 2NAD + Substrate level phosphorylation ( 기질수준인산화 ) 2pyruvate (3C) + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H + 4

5 Summary of TCA Cycle 2Pyruvate (3C) 2Acetyl CoA (2C) + 2NADH + 2CO 2 4CO 2 + 6NADH + 2FADH 2 + 2GTP 5

6 Maximum Theoretic ATP Yield from Aerobic Respiration If one NADH produces 2.5 ATPs and one FADH 2 produces 1.5 ATP, 10(2+2+6)NADH + 2FADH 2 + 2ATP + 2GTP 25ATP + 3ATP + 4ATP Production of 32 ATP by one glucose oxidation 6

7 Proton Motive Force Pump out proton Proton motive force generated Oxidative phosphorylation ( 산화적인산화 ) ATP is synthesized as the result of electron transport driven by the oxidation of a chemical energy source 7

8 Bacterial and Archaeal ETCs Located in plasma membrane Similar to mitochondrial ETC NADH => electrons + proton Pump out protons Coenzyme Q Oxygen + electrons => water ATP synthase uses PMF to produce ATP 8

9 Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chains Pump protons into intermembrane space NADH and FADH 2 NADH dehygrogenase Coenzyme Q Cytochrome bc complex Cytochrome C Cytochrome C oxidase complex Oxygen + electrons => water 9

10 Chapter 11 동화작용 : 생합성과정에서에너지의이용 (Anabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis) 10 10

11 Calvin Cycle Used by most autotrophs to fix CO 2 Reductive pentose phosphate cycle Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts Consists of 3 phases Carboxylation phase Reduction phase Regeneration phase Three ATPs and two NADPHs are used during the incorporation of one CO

12 Carboxylation Calvin Cycle Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (RuBP)(5C) + CO 2 two 3 phosphoglycerate (3PG)(3C) Reduction 3 PG + ATP + NADPH (reducing power) Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (GA3P) Regeneration (6 cycles) 12GA3P(3C) 6RuBP(5C) + glucose(6c) 12

13 Gluconeogenesis Synthesis of glucose and related sugars from nonglucose precursors Functional reversal of glycolysis, but the two pathways are not identical 4 enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis 13 13

14 Attachment of Sugar to UDP for Biosynthesis Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP Glucose) 14 14

15 Peptidoglycan Structure Helical shape N acetylglucosamine (NAG) N acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Crosslinked by peptides for strength 15 15

16 Peptidoglycan Synthesis Involves use of UDP derivatives Uses bactoprenol, a lipid carrier, to transport NAG NAM pentapeptide units across the cell membrane UDP NAM pentapeptide UDP NAG Cross links are formed by transpeptidation 16 16

17 Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis pyrophosphatase Bactoprenol phosphate as a carrier lipid 17 17

18 Cycloserine Cell Wall Antibiotics Inhibit isomerization of L and D alanines Bacitracin Inhibit pyrophosphatase from removing terminal phosphate from bactoprenol pyrophosphate 18 18

19 Vancomycin Cell Wall Antibiotics Binds to D alanyl D alanine Inhibit incorporation of NAM and NAG peptide subunits into the peptidoglycan matrix Inhibit cross linking of penta peptide sidechain Penicillin Inhibit transpeptidation of peptidoglycan Animation demo 19 19

20 Chapter 12 유전자 : 구조, 복제그리고발현 (Genes: Structure, Replication, and Expression) 20

21 Protein Structure Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Amino acids have central carbon Carboxy group (C terminal) Amino group (N terminal) Side chain Charged amino acids Polar amino acids Hydrophobic amino acids ETC 21

22 DNA Replication Machinery DNA polymerase Template Primer dntp (datp, dttp, dctp, dgtp) 22

23 Other DNA Replication Proteins Helicases Unwind DNA strands Single stranded binding proteins (SSB) Keep strands apart for replication to occur Topoisomerases (DNA gyrase) Breaks one strand of DNA to relieve tension from rapid unwinding of double helix and prevents supercoiling 23

24 Other DNA Replication Proteins Primase Synthesizes short complementary strands of RNA (~10 nucleotides) to serve as primers needed by DNA polymerase DNA ligase 24

25 Replication of Linear Chromosomes End replication problem Telomerase Enzyme found in eukaryotes Synthesize DNA using an RNA template and an internal RNA template thus solving the end replication problem 25

26 Bacterial Promoter RNA polymerase Core enzyme Hole enzyme recognition of 35 and 10 sequence) 26

27 Transcription in Eukaryotes Promoter RNA polymerase Transcription factors (TFs) Basal factors TATA box binding protein (TBP) Coactivators Activators binds to enhancer sequence Repressors binds to silencer sequence 27

28 Eukaryotic mrna Synthesis Post transcriptional modification 5 Cap (7 methyl guanosine) Poly A tail Splicing 28

29 Initiation of Protein Synthesis by Ribosome 50S 30S Peptidyl or donor site (P site) Aminoacyl or acceptor site (A site) Exit site (E site) Initiation factors (IFs) (Formyl) methinone as first amino acid 29

If you ate a clown, would it taste funny? Oh, wait, that s cannibalism . Anabolism

If you ate a clown, would it taste funny? Oh, wait, that s cannibalism. Anabolism is about putting things together. Anabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis Anabolism energy from catabolism is used