Nutritional Aspects of Palm Oil An Update

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1 Nutritional Aspects of Palm Oil An Update Pramod Khosla, PhD Associate Professor, Dept. of Nutrition & Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI E:mail

2 Dietary Fatty Acids and CHD: Summary of the Evidence Fatal CHD CHD events Total Fat C-NR C-NR TFA P C SFA/CHO P-NR P-NR MUFA/SFA PUFA/SFA C C Linoleic acid Alpha Linolenic n3 LCPUFA P C Skeaff and Miller, (2009) Ann. Nutr. Metab. 55:

3 RISK FACTORS FOR CHD Gender Increasing age Genetics: Family history of CHD High TC, LDL-C Low HDL-C Smoking Diabetes Obesity DIET Fat quality Protein quality Fiber Antioxidants Phytochemicals Carbohydrate type Alcohol Risk calculator

4 Dietary fat composition: by fatty acid classes Fatty Acid Classes,% PUFA PUFA MUFA TFA SFA MUFA SFA AAD 34%en 15:12:7 P/S 0.4 Coco PKO MilkF CoButt Tallow Pstear Palm POlein Lard Chick Olive hiosun Canola Soyb Corn Saff

Evolution of regression equations predicting the effects of dietary fatty acid classes on serum cholesterol Eqn 1 : SC = 2.74 S - 1.31 P (Keys et. al., 1957) SC = 2.40 S - 1.20 P + 1.5 C1/2 (Keys et.

5 Evolution of regression equations predicting the effects of dietary fatty acid classes on serum cholesterol Eqn 1 : SC = 2.74 S P (Keys et. al., 1957) SC = 2.40 S P C1/2 (Keys et. al., 1965) Eqn 2 : SC = 2.16 S P C (Hegsted et. al., 1965) SC = 2.74 S P C Eqn 3 : SC = 2.16 S Mb P (Mensink & Katan, 1992) Eqn 4 : SC = 2.10 S P C (Hegsted et. al., 1993) Eqn 5 : SC = 2.02 S M P (Yu et. al., 1995) Eqn 6 : SC = 1.90 S P C (Howell et. al., 1997) SC denotes the change in serum cholesterol in mg/dl, S denotes changes in %en for all the SFA, S denotes changes in %en for the carbon SFA..but serum cholesterol masks underlying differences in lipoprotein cholesterol Lipoprotein cholesterol comprises cholesterol in LDL and HDL Increased LDL-C a risk factor While increased HDL-C is protective Ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C or TC/HDL-C far better predictor

6 So what are the effects of fatty acids classes on lipoprotein cholesterol? LDL S cm P tm 14:0 and 18:2 key factors Threshold hypothesis 14:0 raises TC (linear), 18:2 lowers TC (non-linear) Threshold level of 18:2 (5-6% en?) 16:0 becomes important as LDLr activity decreased (Hayes & Khosla, (1992), FASEB J., 6, ) More extensive analyses in gerbils (>50 diets) Confirmed 14:0 and 18:2 key factors Threshold level of 18:2 (4-5% en?) 16:0 cholesterolemic with increasing depression of LDL receptors (Pronczuk, Khosla & Hayes, (1994), FASEB J., 8, ) Similar story in hamsters (Hayes, Pronczuk & Khosla, (1995), J. Nutr. Biochem., 6, ) Problem is not the presence of SFA per se rather it is the absence of PUFA

7 So what are the effects of fatty acids classes on lipoprotein cholesterol? LDL S cm P tm HDL S cm P tm MUFA & PUFA best. Trans worse than SFA TC/HDL S cm P tm Changes shown in mmol/l for LDL and HDL. Adapted from Mensink et al Am J Clin Nutr (2003) 77:

8 Dietary fats comprised of individual fatty acids especially important for SFA 18:2 18:3 Fatty Acid Classes C18:1 14:0 t18:1 18:0 16:0 12:0 16:1 AAD 34%en 15:12:7 P/S :0 6:0+ 8:0 Coco PKO MilkF CoaBut Tallow Pstear Palm pole Lard Chick Olive hiosun Canola Soyb Corn Saff 10/25

9 Effects of individual SFA on lipoprotein cholesterol LDL L M P S HDL L M P S :0, 16:0 no effect 18:0, 12:0 beneficial TC/HDL L M P S Changes shown in mmol/l for LDL and HDL. Adapted from Mensink et al Am J Clin Nutr (2003) 77:

10 So what about trans fatty acids? Unsaturated fatty acids - at least one trans double bond Partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils - isomerization and migration of double bonds - distribution of cis and trans double bonds (margarines, shortenings, salad & cooking oils) Partial hydrogenation tfa. Full hydrogenation SFA Major tfa - elaidic acid (t9-18:1) Dairy and meats have t9-16:1 and t11-18:1 (vaccenic acid)

11 % transfer (c.f. control) TC/HDL-C was adversely affected by the trans diet 140 trans lowered HDL-C a trans increased TC/ HDL-C ratio Palmitate Trans p = :0 Trans Khosla et al, (1997) trans increased CETP

Dietary Fat intake and Risk of CHD and Type II Diabetes (TIID) in Women Effects of replacing 2%en from carbohydrates with trans fatty acids Effects of replacing 5%en from

12 Dietary Fat intake and Risk of CHD and Type II Diabetes (TIID) in Women Effects of replacing 2%en from carbohydrates with trans fatty acids Effects of replacing 5%en from carbohydrates with specific fatty acids CHD data - Hu et al, (1997) N Engl J Med, 337: Type II Diabetes data - Salmeron et al, (2001) Am J Clin Nutr 73:

60 50 40 30 20 10 0-10 -20-30 Relative risk of CHD based on quintiles of dietary fatty acid intake (Multivariate analyses) 20 year follow-up data from the Nurses Health Study

13 Relative risk of CHD based on quintiles of dietary fatty acid intake (Multivariate analyses) 20 year follow-up data from the Nurses Health Study 12 to 18% en 4.1 to 7.4% en Adverse effects with tfa Beneficial effects with PUFA 1.6 to 2.8% en SFA MUFA PUFA tfa from Oh et al (2005) Am J Epidemiol, 161:

$Changes in LDL subfraction mass.$ 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% LDL1 LDL2 LDL3

14 Changes in LDL subfraction mass. Low high fat diets (24% cal 45% cal: SFA 6% cal 18% cal) 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% LDL1 LDL2 LDL3 LDL4 Sf (flotation rate) Dreon et al (1984) Am J Clin Nutr, 67:

15 Saturated fat intake and Changes in mean minimal Coronary Arterial Diameter in post-menopausal women 2% 0% -2% -4% -6% -8% -10% -12% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 % Calories Mozaffarian et al, (2004) Am J Clin Nutr, 80:

16 mg/dl SFA lower Lp(a) concentrations? a b c Oleic Mod Trans High Trans Sat abc All subjects n=58 Clevidence et al, (1997) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, ,

17 If SFA decreased what should be the replacement? Pooled analysis of 11 studies year follow-up Pooled RR evaluated in 344, 696 subjects (5, 249 coronary events, 2155 coronary deaths) Risk of coronary events decreased when 5% energy from SFA replaced with PUFA not MUFA or carbohydrates Jakobsen et al, (2009) Am J Clin Nutr 89:

18 Additional meta-analysis showed no significant evidence for concluding SFA increase CHD risk 5-23 year follow-up Pooled RR evaluated in 347, 747 subjects (11, 006 developed CHD or stroke) Pooled RR for CHD 1.07 (p=0.22) Pooled RR for Stroke 0.81 (p=0.11) Pooled RR for CVD 1.00 (p=0.89) Siri-Tarino et al, (2010 ) Am J Clin Nutr 91:

19 Micha and Mozaffarian, (2010 ) Lipids 45:

20 Micha and Mozaffarian, (2010 ) Lipids 45:

21 Benefit Effect of Fatty Acids on CVD: Weight of the Evidence Fish n-3 PUFA Plant n-3 PUFA Plant n-6 PUFA MUFA Saturated Fat Refined CHO Trans Fat - Industrial Harm D. Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH 10/14/10

22 Alternatives to trans. Animal fats? Interesterified fats with high stearic acid? Genetically engineered oil crops? Other sources of SFA palm oil!!

23 Dietary fats comprised of individual fatty acids especially important for SFA 18:2 18:3 Fatty Acid Classes C18:1 14:0 t18:1 18:0 16:0 12:0 16:1 AAD 34%en 15:12:7 P/S :0 6:0+ 8:0 Coco PKO MilkF CoaBut Tallow Pstear Palm pole Lard Chick Olive hiosun Canola Soyb Corn Saff 10/25

24 Dietary fats comprised of individual fatty acids especially important for SFA 18:2 18:3 Fatty Acid Classes C18:1 14:0 t18:1 18:0 16:0 12:0 16:1 AAD 34%en 15:12:7 P/S :0 6:0+ 8:0 Coco PKO MilkF CoaBut Tallow Pstear Palm pole Lard Chick Olive hiosun Canola Soyb Corn FHSBO

25 What about genetically modified oils <1 Sunflower < < Soybean Canola Palmitic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic

Moderator Dennis Bier, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine Participants Margo A. Denke, M.D. Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio Joseph Judd, Ph.

26 Moderator Dennis Bier, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine Participants Margo A. Denke, M.D. Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio Joseph Judd, Ph. D. Former Research Leader, Diet and Human Performance Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service Richard O Brien Industry Consultant, Author, Fats and Oils Formulating and Processing for Applications Fran Seligson, Ph. D. Independent consultant and Associate Professor in the Nutrition Department at Penn State Howard Weintraub, M.D. Co-Clinical Director, Lipid Treatment and Research Center, New York University Medical Center, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine

27 million tonnes Total Area Total Vegetable Oil Output Others 30% Soybean 40% Palm 29% Palm 4% Rapeseed 14% Sunflower 8% Soybean oil China PR EU-27 Others India Palm oil N Africa Pakistan Iran Bangladesh Mexico Japan Turkey South Africa South Korea Russia Nigeria Taiwan (x ton nes Rapeseed oil Sunflower oil Animal Fats Laurics Malaysia Net Importers Net Exporters -20,000-10, ,000 20,000 30,000 Source: Oil World ) Others Others 4% Laurics 8% Animal Fats 7% Coconut 4% Sunflower 10% Soybean oil 18% Sunflower oil 8% Rapeseed oil 3% Rapeseed 12% Global Exports Palm oil 52% Soybean 29% Others 14% Laurics 6% Tonnes/hectare/year SBO SunflO RapSO

Vitamin A activity of red palm oilc Red Palm Oil RE Per 100 g Relative quality (Times <red palm oil 30,000 - Carrots 2,000 15 Leafy Vegetables 685 44 Apricots 250 120 Tomatoes 100 300 Bananas 30 1000

28 Vitamin A activity of red palm oilc Red Palm Oil RE Per 100 g Relative quality (Times <red palm oil 30,000 - Carrots 2, Leafy Vegetables Apricots Tomatoes Bananas Orange Juice 8 3,750 Phytoene 2.0% Phytofluene 1.2% Cis-β- Carotene 0.8% β Carotene 47.4% α- Carotene 37.0% Cis- α- Carotene 6.9% ζ- Carotene 1.3% δ - Carotene 0.6% γ - Carotene 0.5% Neurosporene Tr β - Zeacarotene 0.5% α - Zeacarotene 0.3% Lycopene 1.5% Numerous human studies showing efficacy of red palm oil in fighting Vitamin A deficiency

29 studies have adopted different methods to provide Vitamin A naturally Children fed traditional Indian sweets made with redpo School children fed biscuits baked with redpo School children given 5 10 ml redpo daily Cooking green leafy vegetables in redpo Also Vitamin A status improved by feeding redpo to pregnant mothers at various stages of pregnancy. Also lactating mothers Numerous human studies showing efficacy of red palm oil in fighting Vitamin A deficiency

30 Numerous in vitro studies showing efficacy of tocotrienols in inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation and decreasing neurodegeneration Comparison of Vitamin E Content of red palm oil & other Vegetable Oils Oil Tocopherols(ppm) Tocotrienols(ppm) Ppm αt βt γt δt αt3 βt3 γt3 δt3 T+T3 Red Palm Oil Soyabean Cornoil Groundnut Safflower Sunflower

31 Nutritional attributes of Palm Oil and Palm Olein Variety of carotenoids (Vitamin A) Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols).. Fatty acid composition replacement for trans Fatty acids So what about effects on chronic disease risk

32 Palm Olein and MUFA-rich Oils exert similar effects on the ratio of Total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) in human subjects

SFA -- can calculate the amount of palm oil in a prudent diet that

33 How much palm oil? Conservative approach -- based on current recommendations for restricting SFA -- can calculate the amount of palm oil in a prudent diet that satisfies various dietary guidelines Khosla (2006) J Agro Food Ind. 17: Hayes and Khosla, Eur J Lipid Sci Tech (2007) 109:

34 How would this affect CHD risk? Has been calculated that based on 1) Changes in plasma lipoproteins, replacing 2%calories from trans FA with saturated fatty acids would decrease risk by 4% 2) Changes in additional parameters for CHD, besides lipoproteins, replacing 2% calories from trans FA with saturated fatty acids would decrease risk by 17%

35 . practical aspects SFA vs tfa not a realistic comparison Look at specific fats/oils replacing PHVO containing tfa CHD risk based not just on changes in plasma lipoproteins. Report of Mozaffarian and Clarke (2009) is of interest Also risk assessment papers (Barraj et al 2008, Mente et al 2009)

36 Summary Fat Quality is more important than fat quantity Consensus on transfa and n3 PUFA effects Trans FA replacement with SFA, CHD risk improves. Further improvement with MUFA and PUFA Saturated fatty acids per se need to rethink Palm Oil serves a multitude of nutritional needs Supply of palm oil makes it the important player globally Fatty acid profile of palm eliminates need for hydrogenation Minor components help alleviate micronutrient deficiencies using food-based approach For more details: J. Am. Coll. Nutr. (2010), 29 (3S)

Palm Oil: A Preferred Healthy Dietary Choice

Palm Oil: A Preferred Healthy Dietary Choice Kalyana Sundram, PhD Deputy Chief Executive Officer & Director, Science & Environment Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC) Palm Kernel Oil (Oleochemical Applications