Palm Oil: A Preferred Healthy Dietary Choice

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1 Palm Oil: A Preferred Healthy Dietary Choice Kalyana Sundram, PhD Deputy Chief Executive Officer & Director, Science & Environment Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC)

2 Palm Kernel Oil (Oleochemical Applications & minor food applications) Mesocarp Kernel Palm Oil Food & Non Food Application

3 RBD Palm Olein RBD Palm Stearin RBD Palm Kernel Olein RBD Palm Kernel Stearin Malaysian Palm Oil Products Crude Palm Oil Palm Fruit Milling, Extraction, Pressing Crude Palm Kernel Oil RBD Palm Oil Refined, Bleached, Deodorized RBD Palm Kernel Oil

4 VERSATILITY OF PALM PRODUCTS IN FOOD APPLICATIONS Foods Cooking oil Margarine Shortening Vegetable Ghee Ice Cream Filled Milk One in 10 food products around the world now contain palm products as part of the formulation: the Preferred Choice! 4

5 Palm Oil Utilization Environmental Friendly Palm Based Products Personal Care Products Powder & Liquid Detergent for Fabric Cleaning Fabric Softener Using Palm-Based Esterquat 5

7 The Diet-Heart Hypothesis Ancel Keys Atherosclerosis is not part of the aging process Blood cholesterol levels predict heart disease Diet high in saturated fat content is a major risk factor for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Soaring cardiac-mortality rates of the 1960s

8 Worldwide Prevalence of Diabetes Expected to Increase World Health Organization, 2000 vs 2030 Diabetes Prevalence (in millions) % 102% Diabetes prevalence ~171 million in 2000 ~366 million in % 44% 155% 99% 0 Africa Americas E Medit Europe SE Asia W Pacific World Health Organization.

9 Standard Dietary Recommendations Reduce intake by kcal/day to lose kg/wk Balanced deficit diet with: 10% kcal from saturated fat < 300 mg/day of cholesterol 2400 mg/day of sodium g/day of fiber Carbohydrate: 55% of kcal Protein: ~ 15% of kcal Fat: 30% of kcal NIH/NHLBI, NAASO. The Practical Guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, MD: NIH, 2000.

10 Dietary fat composition: by fatty acids Fatty Acids, % :2 18:0 18:3 C18:1 16:0 AAD 34%en 15:12:7 P/S :0 12:0 10:0 t18:1 6:0+ 8:0 16:1 Coco PKO MilkF CoaBut Tallow Pstear Palm pole Lard Chick Olive hiosun Canola Soyb Corn Saff saturated fats unsaturated fats

11 Sundram K, Hornstra G, et al. (1992). Replacement of dietary fat with palm oil: effect on human serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Br J Nutr. 68(3): Initial Palm Oil Control Initial Palm Oil Control mmol/l 3 mmol/l Serum TC VLDL IDL LDL 0 HDL1 HDL2 HDL3 Increase HDL 2 -C significantly when replaced by palm oil.

12 Concentration (mmol/l) Effect of Dietary Palmitate and LM on Serum Lipids & Lipoproteins TC LDL-C HDL-C L/H 12:0+14:0 16:0 Sundram et al. AJCN 1994

Review, October 2001 THE TECH MUSEUM, STANFORD UNIV.

14 PALM PHENOLICS ARE AKIN TO OLIVE PHENOLICS? (see: BMC GENOMICS, 2011) ASIAN INNOVATIONS AWARD, Far Eastern Economic Review, October 2001 THE TECH MUSEUM, STANFORD UNIV. USA, HONOURED THIS INVENTION AS A TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGH BENEFITTING HUMANITY THE TECH MUSEUM LAURATES AWARAD, 2002

15 Palm Olein and MUFA-rich Oils exert similar effects on the ratio of Total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) in human subjects

17 Results of Randomized Studies of the Effects of a Diet High in Trans Fatty Acids (Circles) or Saturated Fatty Acids (Squares) on the Ratio of LDL Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol Ascherio A et al. N Engl J Med 1999;340:

18 FIG 6 Plasma cholesterol (mg/dl) COMPARISON BETWEEN cis 18:1, 16:0, 12:0+14:0, AND trans 18:1 IN NORMOLIPEMIC HUMANS cis18:1 32%en 10:17:5 P/S :0 32%en 14:14:4 P/S * 201* 12:0+14:0 33%en 17:10:6 P/S 0.4 trans 18:1 31%en 7:11/7:6 P/S 0.8 VLDL LDL >2.6 >2.6 > 3.1* >3.7* * 41* 204* HDL Sundram et al. J.Nutr.127:514s,1997

Moderator Dennis Bier, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine Participants Margo A. Denke, M.D. Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio Joseph Judd, Ph.

19 Moderator Dennis Bier, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine Participants Margo A. Denke, M.D. Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio Joseph Judd, Ph. D. Former Research Leader, Diet and Human Performance Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service Richard O Brien Industry Consultant, Author, Fats and Oils Formulating and Processing for Applications Fran Seligson, Ph. D. Independent consultant and Associate Professor in the Nutrition Department at Penn State Howard Weintraub, M.D. Co-Clinical Director, Lipid Treatment and Research Center, New York University Medical Center, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine

20 Study Overall -1 95% CI for TC Mean Diffrerence Palm Oil Favourable Mean Difference Palm Oil UnFavourable An on-going Meta-Analysis (MA) of 37 published human studies on palm Compares palm oil effects versus other dietary oils, not simply fatty acids. Sundram et al. (unpublished 2011)

21 HUMAN LIPOPROTEIN RESPONSE TO SHIFTS BETWEEN SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs Percent energy POL 31%EN 13:14:4 P/S 0.3 DIETARY FATTY ACIDS 18:3 18:2 18:1 18:0 16:0 CAN 31%EN 6:17:8 P/S 1.3 AHA 30%EN 10:13:8 P/S 0.8 SERUM CHOLESTEROL >2.1 >2.0 56* 48 POL CAN AHA Sundram et al. J.Nutr.Biochem. 6:179, VLDL LDL >1.7* HDL

22 SMART BALANCE FAMILY OF FOODS Based on the Patents (Sundram et al. ) and the Brand name SMART BALANCE, a US public listed company has paid US$465 million to acquire this business. Palm oil thus ticks even in the most sophisticated markets!

23 Carotene and Vitamin E Composition Carotene (1000 ppm) * 30% alpha carotene * 60% beta carotene * 1% lycopene * 9% others Vitamin E (500 ppm) * 70% tocotrienols * 30% tocopherols

24 Red palm oil rich in provitamin A carotene used successfully to overcome night blindness Carotenes are potent antioxidants. Palm carotenes should protect against oxidative damage in diabetics as well!

Vitamin E Vitamin E represents a family of 8 naturally occurring compounds that is subdivided into 2 subgroups called tocopherols and tocotrienols.

25 Vitamin E Vitamin E represents a family of 8 naturally occurring compounds that is subdivided into 2 subgroups called tocopherols and tocotrienols. Although all isoforms of vitamin E have the same basic chemical structure, individual isoforms display a wide range of different physiological effects and potencies.

26 Vitamin E Tocotrienols & Tocopherols HO 6 R CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 HO 6 R CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 R 2 8 CH 3 O 1 1' 4' 8' 12' CH3 R 2 8 O 4' 8' 12' CH 3 CH 1 1' 3 R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 a-tocotrienol CH 3 CH 3 g-tocotrienol H CH 3 b-tocotrienol CH 3 H d-tocotreinol H H a-tocopherol CH 3 CH 3 g-tocopherol H CH 3 b-tocopherol CH 3 H d-tocopherol H H

27 Vitamin E as Antioxidants α-tocotrienol possesses 40 to 60 fold higher antioxidant activity than α-tocopherol against ferrous iron/ascorbate and ferrous iron/nadph- induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. The preponderance of evidence clearly demonstrates that tocotrienols are more potent antioxidants than tocopherols.

28 Vitamin E and Atherosclerosis Cholesterol Synthesis HMG CoA Liver Cell Statins HMG CoA Reductase g-tocotrienol Protein Genaryl-Geranylation Mevalonate Geranyl-Genaryl Pyrophosphate Squalene Cholesterol Protein Farnesylation Ubiquinone

29 g-tocotrienol and Atherosclerosis g-tocotrienol Bloodstream Endothelial Cells Adhesion Molecules Monocytes g-tocotrienol LDL Particles Artery Wall Oxidized LDL g-tocotrienol Foam Cells Oxidized LDL Uptake by Macrophage g-tocotrienol Smooth Muscle Cells

30 Summary It is now clearly evident that vitamin E is no longer synonymous with α- tocopherol and that all the different isoforms, particularly tocotrienols, play important and specific roles in the maintenance of good health and prevention of disease.

31 THANK YOU MALAYSIAN PALM OIL COUNCIL

Palm Oil: A Preferred Healthy Dietary Choice

Palm Oil: A Preferred Healthy Dietary Choice Kalyana Sundram, PhD Deputy Chief Executive Officer & Director, Science & Environment Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC) Palm Kernel Oil (Oleochemical Applications