Apolipoprotein (apo) A-II is a major protein constituent of
|
|
- Chad Parks
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Clinical Investigation and Reports Human Evidence That the Apolipoprotein A-II Gene Is Implicated in Visceral Fat Accumulation and Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Ferdinand M. van t Hooft, MD, PhD; Giacomo Ruotolo, MD, PhD; Susanna Boquist, MD, PhD; Ulf de Faire, MD, PhD; Gösta Eggertsen, MD, PhD; Anders Hamsten, MD, PhD Background Apolipoprotein (apo) A-II is a major structural protein of plasma HDLs, but little is known regarding its functions. Methods and Results To investigate the physiological role of apoa-ii in humans, we screened the promoter region of the apoa-ii gene for a functional polymorphism and used this polymorphism as a tool in association studies. A common, functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the apoa-ii gene,attocsubstitution at position 265, was found. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that the 265T/C polymorphism influences the binding of nuclear proteins, whereas transient transfection studies in human hepatoma cells showed a reduced basal rate of transcription of the 265C allele compared with the 265T allele. The 265C allele was associated with decreased plasma apoa-ii concentration and decreased waist circumference in healthy 50-year-old men. In addition, oral fat tolerance tests provided evidence that the 265C allele enhances postprandial metabolism of large VLDLs. Conclusions ApoA-II appears to promote visceral fat accumulation and impair metabolism of large VLDLs. (Circulation. 2001;104: ) Key Words: lipoproteins apolipoproteins metabolism genetics obesity Apolipoprotein (apo) A-II is a major protein constituent of HDLs, but relatively little is known about the role of this apolipoprotein in HDL metabolism. 1 Increased plasma apoa-ii concentrations were proposed to be proatherogenic, 2 given that HDL particles that contain both apoa-i and apoa-ii are less effective than HDL particles that contain apoa-i for mobilization of cellular cholesterol from nonhepatic cells. 3,4 However, additional properties of apoa-ii have been reported, such as the ability to influence actions of hepatic lipase, 5,6 cholesterol ester transfer protein, 7 phospholipid transfer protein, 8 lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, 9 and class B type I scavenger receptor. 10 Moreover, studies in either human or murine apoa-ii transgenic mice 9,11 17 and apoa-ii knockout mice 18 indicate that apoa-ii is involved in plasma clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; influences plasma levels of free fatty acids, glucose, and insulin; and affects adipose mass, which suggests a role of apoa-ii in insulin sensitivity and fat homeostasis. Thus, murine data indicate that apoa-ii has a complex metabolic role, but whether apoa-ii has similar functions in humans is not clear. The aim of the present study was to uncover and to characterize a physiologically relevant polymorphism in the promoter region of the apoa-ii gene that influences apoa-ii production and to use this polymorphism as a tool to examine the overall role of apoa-ii in lipid and glucose metabolism in vivo in humans. Methods Subjects A total of 624 healthy men, all 50 years of age, 19 were included in the present study. Selection of men of identical age was intended to eliminate the confounding effect of age and sex on lipoprotein and glucose metabolism. Plasma apoa-ii concentration for each subject was measured by immunoturbidometric assay (Behringwerke AG). Plasma insulin was determined by ELISA (Dako Diagnostics). Plasma lipoproteins and whole-blood glucose were measured as described. 19 ApoB-48 and apob-100 concentrations in triglyceriderich lipoprotein fractions, isolated in the course of an oral fat tolerance test, were determined by SDS PAGE. 19 The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Karolinska Hospital, and all subjects gave informed consent to participate. Gene Sequencing For nucleotide sequencing of the promoter of the apoa-ii gene, a 1219-bp section spanning from position 1148 to 71 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with forward primer 5 -GCCGAGATCATGCCATTAC and reverse primer 5 - ATGCTGCTCACACATCTTGC. This PCR fragment was used as a Received May 29, 2001; revision received July 9, 2001; accepted July 9, From the Atherosclerosis Research Unit (F.M.v.H., G.R., S.B., A.H.), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital; the Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology (U. de F.), Institute of Environmental Medicine; and the Division of Clinical Chemistry (G.E.), Department of Laboratory Sciences, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Correspondence and reprints requests to Dr Ferdinand M. van t Hooft, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Hospital, S Stockholm, Sweden. Ferdinand.vant.Hooft@medks.ki.se 2001 American Heart Association, Inc. Circulation is available at
2 1224 Circulation September 11, 2001 template for further amplifications as part of the Taq DyeDeoxy terminator cycle-sequencing system (Perkin-Elmer Corp). Genotyping DNA was isolated by use of a genomic DNA isolation kit (Qiagen Inc). The 265T/C polymorphism in the apoa-ii promoter was analyzed by use of a PCR-fragment amplified with forward primer 5 -CATGGGTTGATATGTCAGAGC and reverse primer 5 - TCAGGTGACAGGGACTATGG followed by digestion with restriction enzyme BsmI. The 932G/A, 974C/G, 978G/C, and 1099T/C polymorphisms all were analyzed by use of a PCR fragment amplified with forward primer 5 -GCCGAGATCATGC- CATTAC and reverse primer 5 -CACCTGGTCATTTGATCACC followed by digestion with restriction enzymes MwoI, HphI, MaeIII, and BsmBI, respectively. ApoE genotype was determined as described. 20 DNA Constructs Two sets of double-stranded oligonucleotides were constructed, which constituted the 27-bp sequence around the 265T/C polymorphism flanked by BamHI and BglII ends. Double-stranded oligonucleotides were ligated head to tail into a BamHI-digested human cationic amino acid transporter vector. 21 Promoter cationic amino acid transporter (pcat) plasmids were also constructed by use of an 1186-bp promoter fragment spanning from 1148 to 38 and ligated into a pcat-basic vector as described by the supplier (Promega Corp). The promoter fragment was obtained by PCR amplification of DNA from a subject homozygous for the 265C allele with forward primer 5 -AACTGCAGGCCGAGATCATGC- CATTAC and reverse primer 5 -GCTCTAGACTAGCC- AGCGTCTCTGTCC. Wild-type plasmid and plasmids specific for the 978C and 1099C mutations were generated with the Quick- Change site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene Cloning Systems), by use of the pcat plasmid described above. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was conducted as described. 22 Nonradioactive competitor DNAs, either identical, of the opposite allelic variant, or of nonspecific origin, were added in 100-fold excess of the labeled DNA. The 265T/C polymorphism was evaluated by use of 3 different nuclear extracts, 2 different sets of oligonucleotides, and 4 different annealing reactions in 8 separate experiments. Transient Transfection Assay Human hepatoma (HepG2) cells were transfected by use of the calcium-phosphate DNA coprecipitation method. 23 In all experiments, 5 g of CAT construct and 5 g of psv- -galactosidase plasmid (Promega) were added to the medium. CAT activity was analyzed as described 23 and quantified by use of a phosphorimager. -galactosidase activity was determined as described by the supplier (Promega). CAT levels were expressed in arbitrary units after standardization for -galactosidase activity. All constructs were tested in triplicate in 4 to 8 independent experiments. Statistical Methods Allele frequencies were compared by gene counting and 2 analysis. Differences in transcriptional activity were determined by Student s paired t test, whereas differences in continuous variables according to apoa-ii 265T/C genotype were tested by 1-way ANOVA. The Tukey-Kramer test was used for post hoc analysis when differences between groups were indicated by ANOVA. Responses to the oral fat load according to apoa-ii genotype were compared by repeated measures ANOVA. Results Polymorphisms in Proximal Promoter of ApoA-II Gene Five different polymorphisms were discovered: 265T/C, 932G/A, 974C/G, 978G/C, and 1099T/C. The Figure 1. Reduced transcriptional activity of the 265C allele. A, CAT activities of constructs harboring 30-bp fragments of the 265T site or the 265C site were compared in triplicate in 6 independent transfection studies with HepG2 cells. CAT activities of the 265C construct were expressed relative to the 265T construct. B, CAT activities of 1186-bp long apoa-ii promoter constructs that contain the 265C, 978C, or 1099C mutations were compared in triplicate in 4 independent transfection studies with HepG2 cells. CAT activities of constructs were expressed relative to activity of the hypothetical wild-type promoter with the 265T/ 978G/ 1099T haplotype. 265T/C (allele frequencies 0.63/0.37), 978G/C (0.64/ 0.36), and 1099T/C (0.73/0.27) polymorphisms were found to be common, whereas the 932G/A (0.98/0.02) and 974C/G (0.98/0.02) polymorphisms were relatively rare. The rare 932A and 974G alleles invariably were found in conjunction with the 978C allele. Mutant alleles of the common 265T/C, 978G/C, and 1099T/C polymorphisms were in almost complete negative linkage disequilibrium, which indicates the presence of 3 predominant haplotypes: 265C/ 978G/ 1099T, 265T/ 978C/ 1099T, and 265T/ 978G/ 1099C. 265T/C Polymorphism Influences Basal Rate of Transcription of the ApoA-II Gene HepG2 cells were transfected with minimal promoter constructs harboring 27-bp fragments of the apoa-ii promoter that contained either the 265T or 265C sites. As shown in Figure 1A, significantly lower CAT activities were observed for the construct that contained the 265C site versus constructs that contained the 265T site (71 20%, P 0.02). Additional transfection studies were conducted with plasmids that contained a 1186-bp apoa-ii promoter fragment harboring the 265C, 978C, or 1099C mutations introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. As shown in Figure 1B, significantly lower CAT activities were observed for the 265C construct compared with both the 978C (71 21% versus
3 van t Hooft et al Functional Apolipoprotein A-II Polymorphism 1225 Figure 2. Differential binding of nuclear proteins to the 265T and 265C sites. A, EMSA of nuclear extract derived from HepG2 cells bound to a 27-bp DNA fragment containing either the 265T (lanes 1to4)or 265C (lanes 5 to 8) site of apoa-ii promoter. Lanes 1 and 5 are without extract; lanes 2 and 6, with 50 g/ml of HepG2 extract; lanes 3 and 7, with 100 g/ml of HepG2 extract; and lanes 4 and 8, with 200 g/ml of HepG2 extract. Arrows 1 and 2 indicate protein- DNA complexes associated with the 265T/C site. B, Quantitative analysis of protein-dna complexes indicated with arrow 1 (left) and arrow 2 (right) in A. Protein-DNA complexes were quantified in 4 independent experiments by phosphorimager. Significant differences in intensities were observed at all 3 HepG2 concentrations tested (P 0.05) for the protein-dna complex 2 (right) %, P 0.01) and 1099C (71 21% versus %, P 0.04) constructs. Allele-Specific Binding of Nuclear Proteins to 265T/C Polymorphic Site Binding characteristics of a 30-bp DNA fragment that contained either the 265T or 265C site of the apoa-ii promoter were evaluated by use of nuclear extracts derived from HepG2 cells. As shown in Figure 2A, increased concentrations of 2 major DNA-protein complexes (arrows 1 and 2) were observed with increased nuclear extract concentrations. The DNA-protein complex indicated by arrow 2 in Figure 2A was present at considerably higher concentrations when the 265C fragment was compared with the 265T fragment. Quantitative analysis of this complex demonstrated significant differences between the 265C and 265T fragments at all nuclear extract concentrations tested (Figure 2B, right). In contrast, no quantitative differences were observed (Figure 2B, left) for the DNA-protein complex indicated by arrow 1 in Figure 2A. Competition studies (Figure 3) showed that a 100-fold excess of unlabeled 265T and 265C fragment substantially reduced the concentration of the radiolabeled DNA-protein complex 1, but no allele-specific differences were observed. In contrast, a 100-fold excess of unlabeled 265C fragment substantially reduced the concentration of DNA-protein complex 2 when the labeled 265C fragment was analyzed (Figure 3, lane 7), whereas a 100-fold excess of unlabeled 265T fragment had only a marginal effect on the concentration of DNA-protein complex 2 (Figure 3, lane 8). 265C allele Is Associated With Lower Plasma ApoA-II Concentration, Lower Waist Circumference, and Enhanced Postprandial Metabolism of Large VLDLs Relationships between the 265T/C polymorphism and clinical and biochemical parameters were analyzed in a group of 624 healthy, 50-year-old men (Table). Plasma apoa-ii concentration was significantly lower in carriers of the 265C allele than in carriers of the 265T allele. In contrast, no relationships were found between the 265T/C genotype and fasting plasma concentrations of major lipoproteins. On the other hand, a significant relationship was found between the 265T/C polymorphism and waist circumference, whereas no associations were observed between 265T/C genotype and either blood glucose or plasma insulin concentrations. Overall response of plasma triglycerides during the entire 6-hour postprandial period was unassociated with the 265T/C polymorphism in 97 subjects with an apoe3/3 genotype (T/T, n 39; T/C, n 42; and C/C, n 16). However, postprandial apob-100 concentrations in the Sf 60 of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (a measure of large VLDL particles) were significantly lower in subjects homozygous Figure 3. Binding of nuclear proteins to the 265C allele is specific. EMSA of nuclear extract derived from HepG2 cells bound to the 265T (lanes 1 to 5) or 265C (lanes 6 to 9) site in presence of unlabeled DNA as competitor. Arrows indicate protein- DNA complexes associated with 265T/C site as indicated in Figure 2A. Lanes are as follows: 1, without extract; 2 and 6, 200 g/ml of HepG2 extract in the absence of competitor; and 3 to 5and7to9,200 g/ml of HepG2 extract in presence of 100- fold excess of unlabeled DNA as competitor. Competitors were as follows: 265T site (lanes 3 and 8), 265C site (lanes 4 and 7), and unrelated 27-bp fragment (lanes 5 and 9). A longer exposure time was used than in the experiment shown in Figure 2.
4 1226 Circulation September 11, 2001 Association of 265T/C Polymorphism and Plasma ApoA-II Concentration With Other Biochemical and Anthropometric Measurements 265T/C Polymorphism T/T T/C C/C ANOVA (P) No. of subjects (%) 247 (40) 296 (47) 81 (13) ApoA-II, mg/dl * * Triglycerides, mmol/l NS Cholesterol, mmol/l VLDL NS LDL NS HDL NS Body mass index, kg/m NS Waist circumference, cm * * 0.03 Glucose, mmol/l NS Insulin, pmol/l NS Values are mean SEM. *P 0.05 vs T/T (Tukey-Kramer post hoc test). for the 265C allele than in subjects homozygous (Figure 4) for the 265T allele (P 0.01 for genotype, P 0.02 for interaction between genotype and time by repeated measures ANOVA). Difference in plasma concentration of postprandial large VLDL particles according to genotype remained significant (P 0.02) at 6 hours after oral fat load after controlling for waist circumference or fasting plasma insulin concentration. In contrast, postprandial responses of small VLDLs (Sf 20 to 60 of apob-100) or chylomicron remnants of different particle size (as reflected by apob-48 concentrations in subfractions of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins) were uninfluenced by 265T/C polymorphism. Discussion Three basic observations were made regarding the physiological significance of the 265T/C polymorphism. First, in EMSA studies, a distinct difference in binding of nuclear Figure 4. Association between 265T/C polymorphism and postprandial concentrations of large VLDL particles. Fasting and postprandial concentrations of large VLDL particles (Sf 60 apob-100) were analyzed according to apoa-ii 265T/C genotype in subjects with apoe3/3 genotype. Subjects homozygous for 265C allele (n 16) had faster clearance than subjects homozygous for 265T allele (n 39). P 0.01 for genotype; P 0.02 for interaction time genotype by repeated measures ANOVA. factors was observed between 27-bp fragments that contained either the 265T or 265C site. Second, transient transfection studies provided evidence for decreased basal transcription rate of constructs that contained the 265C site compared with constructs that contained the 265T site. Third, a significant association was found between the 265T/C genotype and plasma apoa-ii concentration in healthy middle-aged men. These observations suggest that 265T/C polymorphism affects binding of 1 hepatic nuclear factors to the promoter of the apoa-ii gene, which results in decreased apoa-ii expression in hepatocytes, reduced secretion of apoa-ii by the liver, and decreased apoa-ii concentration in plasma. The corollary is that the 265T/C polymorphism can be used to analyze the physiological role of apoa-ii in humans. The human apoa-ii promoter segment between nucleotides 911 and 29 is sufficient for liver-restricted expression of a reporter gene in transgenic mice. 24 Rate of transcription of the apoa-ii gene is controlled by a complex array of regulatory elements, designated A to N on the basis of DNase I footprinting analysis. 25 The 265T/C polymorphism is found in the middle of element D, located between nucleotides 255 and Element D binds several different nuclear factors, designated AIID1, AIID2, and AIID4, as well as an activity related to CCAT/enhancer binding protein-. 26 Researchers have proposed that element D has a negative regulatory role in apoa-ii gene transcription when occupied by AIID1 or AIID4, whereas the negative effect is reversed when element D is occupied by AIID2. 27 The 265T/C polymorphism probably interrupts this delicate balance of binding of nuclear factors. Because transfection experiments and association studies indicate that the 265C allele is associated with a reduced rate of transcription, the nuclear proteins found in protein-dna complex 2 are likely to act as transcriptional repressors. Overall effect of the 265T/C polymorphism on the plasma apoa-ii concentration was relatively modest. This
5 van t Hooft et al Functional Apolipoprotein A-II Polymorphism 1227 observation is in agreement with previous reports 26,27 that show that deletion of element D has only a moderate effect on the rate of transcription of the apoa-ii gene. This fact limits the application of the 265T/C polymorphism in association studies and may explain the relatively small effect of the 265T/C polymorphism on biochemical and anthropometric measurements. Moreover, some of the effects of apoa-ii observed in murine models (for example, those related to HDL cholesterol concentration), may not be apparent in humans as a result of the limited effect of the 265T/C polymorphism on rate of transcription of the apoa-ii gene. An interesting observation in the present study was the relationship between 265T/C polymorphism and postprandial plasma concentrations of large VLDLs. This relationship indicates that reduced plasma apoa-ii concentration associated with the 265C allele enhances the ability to remove large VLDLs from circulation during alimentary lipemia. Overexpression of human apoa-ii earlier was shown to increase VLDL production and impair VLDL removal in mouse models. 16,17 In addition, enhanced clearance of remnant lipoproteins was observed in the apoa-ii/apoe double knockout mouse compared with the apoe knockout mouse. 18 These animal studies emphasize the effect of apoa-ii on remnant metabolism, whereas the human data point to a role of apoa-ii in clearance of large VLDL particles. Principal differences between murine and the human studies are likely to explain this discrepancy. Also, regulation of plasma concentrations of small VLDLs is more complex than that of large VLDLs, which renders demonstration of genotype-phenotype associations for small VLDLs more difficult. The association between the 265T/C polymorphism and waist circumference but not body mass index indicates a role of apoa-ii in visceral obesity. That apoa-ii is implicated in visceral obesity in transgenic mice recently was reported by Castellani et al, 17 who hypothesized that overexpression of apoa-ii alters HDL composition such that the HDL interaction with skeletal muscle CD36 is impaired, which results in reduced use of free fatty acids for energy production and increased fat mass. A direct relationship of apoa-ii expression to plasma free fatty acid concentrations also has been observed in studies involving common inbred strains of mice, 28 apoa-ii transgenic mice, 17 mice lacking apoa-ii, 18 and human families with high prevalence of coronary artery disease. 28 Additional functional polymorphisms were not found in the proximal promoter of the apoa-ii gene. Common functional mutations in the coding regions thus far have not been discovered, 29 and linkage disequilibrium was not observed between the 265T/C polymorphism and MspI and BstNI polymorphisms in the 3 end of the human apoa-ii gene (data not shown). Therefore, that the 265T/C polymorphism is in linkage disequilibrium with another functional polymorphism in the apoa-ii gene is unlikely, but it remains possible that observed associations are due to functional polymorphisms in other genes. Nevertheless, the overall similarity between our present human data and previous mouse data strongly suggests that associations between the 265T/C polymorphism and lipid and fat metabolism are directly related to the apoa-ii gene, thus underlining the multifunctional metabolic roles of apoa-ii. Acknowledgments The present study was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (8691, 9533), the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, the King Gustaf V 80th Birthday Foundation, and the Foundation for Old Servants. Dr Ruotolo was supported the International Atherosclerosis Society and Scientific Institute H San Raffaele, Milano, Italy. References 1. Hedrick CC, Lusis AJ. Apolipoprotein A-II. a protein in search of a function. Can J Cardiol. 1994;10: Parra HJ, Arveiler D, Evans AE, et al. A case-control study of lipoprotein particles in two populations at contrasting risk for coronary heart disease: the ECTIM study. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12: Lagrost L, Dengremont C, Athias A, et al. Modulation of cholesterol efflux from Fu5AH hepatoma cells by the apolipoprotein content of high density lipoprotein particles. J Biol Chem. 1995;270: Huang Y, von Eckardstein A, Wu S, et al. Cholesterol efflux, cholesterol esterification, and cholesteryl ester transfer by LpA-I and LpA-I/A-II in native plasma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15: Zhong SB, Goldberg IJ, Bruce C, et al. Human apoa-ii inhibits the hydrolysis of HDL triglyceride and the decrease of HDL size induced by hypertriglyceridemia and cholesteryl ester transfer protein in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest. 1994;94: Weng W, Brandenburg NA, Zhong S, et al. ApoA-II maintains HDL levels in part by inhibition of hepatic lipase: studies in apoa-ii and hepatic lipase double knockout mice. J Lipid Res. 1999;40: Lagrost L, Perségol L, Lallemant C, et al. Influence of apolipoprotein composition of high density lipoprotein particles on cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity. J Biol Chem. 1994;269: Pussinen PJ, Jauhiainen M, Ehnholm C. ApoA-II/apoA-I molar ratio in the HDL particle influences phospholipid transfer protein-mediated HDL interconversion. J Lipid Res. 1997;38: Maezal-Casacuberta A, Blanco-Vaca F, Ishibi BV, et al. Functional cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and high density lipoprotein deficiency in transgenic mice overexpressing human apolipoprotein A-II. J Biol Chem. 1996;271: Pilon A, Briand O, Lestavel S, et al. Apolipoprotein AII enrichment of HDL enhances their affinity for class B type I scavenger receptor but inhibits specific cholesteryl ester uptake. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20: Schultz JR, Gong EL, McCall MR, et al. Expression of human apolipoprotein A-II and its effect on high density lipoproteins in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1992;267: Warden CH, Hedrick CC, Qiao JH, et al. Atherosclerosis in transgenic mice overexpressing apolipoprotein A-II. Science. 1993;261: Schultz J, Verstuyft JG, Gong EL, et al. Protein composition determines the anti-atherogenic properties of HDL in transgenic mice. Nature. 1993; 365: Hedrick CC, Castellani LW, Warde CH, et al. Influence of mouse apolipoprotein A-II on plasma lipoproteins in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1993;268: Boisfer E, Lambert G, Atger V, et al. Overexpression of human apolipoprotein A-II in mice induces hypertriglyceridemia due to defective very low density lipoprotein hydrolysis. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: Escola-Gil JC, Julve J, Marzal-Casacuberta A, et al. ApoA-II expression in CETP transgenic mice increases VLDL production and impairs VLDL clearance. J Lipid Res. 2001;42: Castellani LW, Goto AM, Lusis AJ. Studies with apolipoprotein A-II transgenic mice indicate a role of HDLs in adiposity and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2001;50: Weng W, Breslow JL. Dramatically decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased remnant clearance, and insulin hypersensitivity in apolipoprotein A-II knockout mice suggest a complex role for apolipoprotein A-II in atherosclerosis susceptibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:
6 1228 Circulation September 11, Boquist S, Ruotolo G, Tang R, et al. Alimentary lipemia, postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and common carotid intima-media thickness in healthy, middle-aged men. Circulation. 1999;99: Van den Maagdenberg AMJM, De Knijff P, Stalenhoef AFH, et al. Apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden allele results from a partial gene duplication in exon 4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;165: Lew DJ, Decker T, Strehlow I, et al. Overlapping elements in the guanylate-binding protein gene promoter mediate transcriptional induction by alpha and gamma interferons. Mol Cell Biol. 1991;11: Dawson SJ, Wiman B, Hamsten A, et al. The two allele sequences of a common polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-i (PAI-I) gene respond differently to interleukin-i in HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem. 1993;268: Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. In: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press; Ribeiro A, Pastier D, Kardassis D, et al. Cooperative binding of upstream stimulatory factor and hepatic nuclear factor 4 drives the transcription of the human apolipoprotein A-II gene. J Biol Chem. 1999;274: Chambaz J, Cardot P, Pastier D, et al. Promoter elements and factors required for hepatic transcription of the human apoa-ii gene. J Biol Chem. 1991;266: Cardot P, Chambaz J, Kardassis D, et al. Factors participating in the liver-specific expression of the human apolipoprotein A-II gene and their significance for transcription. Biochemistry. 1993;32: Cardot P, Pastier D, Lacorte JM, et al. Purification and characterization of nuclear factors binding to the negative regulatory element D of human apolipoprotein A-II promoter: a negative regulatory effect is reversed by GABP, an Ets-related protein. Biochemistry. 1994;33: Warden CH, Daluiski A, Bu X, et al. Evidence for linkage of the apolipoprotein A-II locus to plasma apolipoprotein A-II and free fatty acid levels in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90: Dupuy-Gorce AM, Desmarais E, Vigneron S, et al. DNA polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium at the 3 end of the APO AII gene: relationships with lipids, apolipoproteins and coronary heart disease. Clin Genet. 1996;50:
High density lipoprotein metabolism
High density lipoprotein metabolism Lipoprotein classes and atherosclerosis Chylomicrons, VLDL, and their catabolic remnants Pro-atherogenic LDL HDL Anti-atherogenic Plasma lipid transport Liver VLDL FC
More information2.5% of all deaths globally each year. 7th leading cause of death by % of people with diabetes live in low and middle income countries
Lipid Disorders in Diabetes (Diabetic Dyslipidemia) Khosrow Adeli PhD, FCACB, DABCC Head and Professor, Clinical Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University it of Toronto Diabetes A Global
More informationRemnant lipoproteins are related to intima-media thickness of the carotid artery independently of LDL cholesterol and plasma triglycerides
Remnant lipoproteins are related to intima-media thickness of the carotid artery independently of LDL cholesterol and plasma triglycerides Fredrik Karpe, 1, *, Susanna Boquist,* Rong Tang, Gene M. Bond,
More informationPathophysiology of Lipid Disorders
Pathophysiology of Lipid Disorders Henry Ginsberg, M.D. Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition CHD in the United States CHD is the single largest killer of men and women 12 million have history
More informationNature Genetics: doi: /ng.3561
Supplementary Figure 1 Pedigrees of families with APOB p.gln725* mutation and APOB p.gly1829glufs8 mutation (a,b) Pedigrees of families with APOB p.gln725* mutation. (c) Pedigree of family with APOB p.gly1829glufs8
More informationBehind LDL: The Metabolism of ApoB, the Essential Apolipoprotein in LDL and VLDL
Behind LDL: The Metabolism of ApoB, the Essential Apolipoprotein in LDL and VLDL Sung-Joon Lee, PhD Division of Food Science Institute of Biomedical Science and Safety Korea University Composition of Lipoproteins:
More informationAbstract. Keywords Insulin, proinsulin, glucose, triglyceriderich lipoproteins, postprandial lipaemia.
Diabetologia (2000) 43: 185±193 Ó Springer-Verlag 2000 Insulin and non-esterified fatty acid relations to alimentary lipaemia and plasma concentrations of postprandial triglyceriderich lipoproteins in
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Lipoprotein Metabolism
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Lipoprotein Metabolism I. Chylomicrons (exogenous pathway) A. 83% triacylglycerol, 2% protein, 8% cholesterol plus cholesterol esters, 7% phospholipid (esp. phosphatidylcholine)
More informationThe Apolipoprotein CI Content of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Independently Predicts Early Atherosclerosis in Healthy Middle-Aged Men
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 45, No. 7, 2005 2005 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/05/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.049
More informationChapter VIII: Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui
Chapter VIII: Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Lipoproteins a Lipids are insoluble in plasma. In order to be transported they are combined with specific proteins to form lipoproteins: Clusters of proteins and lipids.
More informationRole of apoa-ii in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis: advances in the study of an enigmatic protein. J.
review Role of apoa-ii in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis: advances in the study of an enigmatic protein Francisco Blanco-Vaca, 1, *, Joan Carles Escolà-Gil,*, Jesús M. Martín-Campos,*, and Josep
More informationMetabolism and Atherogenic Properties of LDL
Metabolism and Atherogenic Properties of LDL Manfredi Rizzo, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy & Affiliate Associate Professor of Internal
More informationLipoproteins Metabolism
Lipoproteins Metabolism LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this Lecture, the student should be able to describe: What are Lipoproteins? Describe Lipoprotein Particles. Composition of Lipoproteins. The chemical
More information1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones?
1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones? 3How are dietary lipids transported? 4How lipids synthesized in the liver are transported? 5 Lipoprotien
More informationLipid/Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism (Overview)
Lipid/Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism (Overview) Philip Barter President, International Atherosclerosis Society Centre for Vascular Research University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia Disclosures
More informationRole of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in the development of atherosclerosis Jan Borén MD, PhD
Role of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in the development of atherosclerosis Jan Borén MD, PhD Our laboratory focuses on the role of apolipoprotein (apo) B- containing lipoproteins in normal
More informationLipoproteins Metabolism Reference: Campbell Biochemistry and Lippincott s Biochemistry
Lipoproteins Metabolism Reference: Campbell Biochemistry and Lippincott s Biochemistry Learning Objectives 1. Define lipoproteins and explain the rationale of their formation in blood. 2. List different
More informationCentral role of apociii
University of Copenhagen & Copenhagen University Hospital Central role of apociii Anne Tybjærg-Hansen MD DMSc Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen,
More informationUnit IV Problem 3 Biochemistry: Cholesterol Metabolism and Lipoproteins
Unit IV Problem 3 Biochemistry: Cholesterol Metabolism and Lipoproteins - Cholesterol: It is a sterol which is found in all eukaryotic cells and contains an oxygen (as a hydroxyl group OH) on Carbon number
More informationSummary and concluding remarks
Summary and concluding remarks This thesis is focused on the role and interaction of different cholesterol and phospholipid transporters. Cholesterol homeostasis is accomplished via a tightly regulated
More informationGlossary For TheFatNurse s For All Ages Series Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. Apolipoprotein
More informationrapid communication Journal of Lipid Research Volume 39,
rapid communication Human apolipoprotein A-II is a pro-atherogenic molecule when it is expressed in transgenic mice at a level similar to that in humans: evidence of a potentially relevant species-specific
More informationJMSCR Vol 05 Issue 05 Page May 2017
www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor 5.84 Index Copernicus Value: 83.27 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i5.193 Lipid Profile as Early Predictor of Complication
More informationHypertriglyceridemia. Ara Metjian, M.D. Resident s Report 20 December 2002
Hypertriglyceridemia Ara Metjian, M.D. Resident s Report 20 December 2002 Review of Lipids Chylomicrons (CM): Dietary lipids absorbed through the GI tract are assembled intracellularly into CM. Very Low
More informationCETP inhibition: pros and cons. Philip Barter The Heart Research Institute Sydney, Australia
CETP inhibition: pros and cons Philip Barter The Heart Research Institute Sydney, Australia Philip Barter Disclosures Received honorariums for lectures, consultancies or membership of advisory boards from:
More informationLipoprotein Pathophysiology. Lipoprotein Pathophysiology
Lipoprotein Pathophysiology Genetic Dyslipidemia Thomas A. Hughes, M.D. Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes University of Tennessee Health Science Center GW is a 47
More informationChapter (5) Etiology of Low HDL- Cholesterol
Chapter (5) Etiology of Low HDL- Cholesterol The aim of this chapter is to summarize the different etiological factors mainly the role of life-style and different disease conditions contributing to the
More informationTHE CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPID DISORDERS
THE CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPID DISORDERS Hormonal regulation INSULIN lipid synthesis, lipolysis CORTISOL lipolysis GLUCAGON lipolysis GROWTH HORMONE lipolysis CATECHOLAMINES lipolysis LEPTIN catabolism
More informationSupplemental Figure 1 ELISA scheme to measure plasma total, mature and furin-cleaved
1 Supplemental Figure Legends Supplemental Figure 1 ELISA scheme to measure plasma total, mature and furin-cleaved PCSK9 concentrations. 4 Plasma mature and furin-cleaved PCSK9s were measured by a sandwich
More informationNiacin Metabolism: Effects on Cholesterol
Niacin Metabolism: Effects on Cholesterol By Julianne R. Edwards For Dr. William R. Proulx, PhD, RD Associate Professor of Nutrition and Dietetics In partial fulfillments for the requirements of NUTR342
More informationLipid Metabolism in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Lipid Metabolism in Familial Hypercholesterolemia Khalid Al-Rasadi, BSc, MD, FRCPC Head of Biochemistry Department, SQU Head of Lipid and LDL-Apheresis Unit, SQUH President of Oman society of Lipid & Atherosclerosis
More informationPPAR history of research
PPAR Rubens, 1640 PPAR history of research number of publications 3000 2000 1000 0 till now: : 16 296 publications 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 year liver, brown adipocytes, kidney, heart, skeletal muscles,
More informationCholesterol metabolism. Function Biosynthesis Transport in the organism Hypercholesterolemia
Cholesterol metabolism Function Biosynthesis Transport in the organism Hypercholesterolemia - component of all cell membranes - precursor of bile acids steroid hormones vitamin D Cholesterol Sources: dietary
More informationThe New Gold Standard for Lipoprotein Analysis. Advanced Testing for Cardiovascular Risk
The New Gold Standard for Lipoprotein Analysis Advanced Testing for Cardiovascular Risk Evolution of Lipoprotein Testing The Lipid Panel Total Cholesterol = VLDL + LDL + HDL Evolution of Lipoprotein Testing
More informationThe Role of Apolipoprotein CIII in Coronary Artery Disease. Disclosures
Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute Cardiovascular Disease Prevention 15th Annual Symposium February 16, 2017 Nobu Eden Roc Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida. The Role of Apolipoprotein CIII in Coronary Artery
More informationMechanisms of HDL deficiency in mice overexpressing human apoa-ii
Mechanisms of HDL deficiency in mice overexpressing human apoa-ii Josep Julve,*, Joan Carles Escolà-Gil,*, Vicent Ribas,*, Francesc González-Sastre,*, Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos,*, José Luis Sánchez-Quesada,*,
More information行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告
NSC892314B002270 898 1 907 31 9010 23 1 Molecular Study of Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia in Taiwan β β ε E Abstract β Type III hyperlipoproteinemia (type III HLP; familial dysbetalipoproteinemia ) is a
More informationThe effect of weight loss on HDL subfractions and LCAT activity in two genotypes of APOA-II -265T>C polymorphism
Moradi et al. Nutrition Journal (2017) 16:34 DOI 10.1186/s12937-017-0255-4 RESEARCH Open Access The effect of weight loss on HDL subfractions and LCAT activity in two genotypes of APOA-II -265T>C polymorphism
More informationSupplemental Material. Results
Supplemental Material Results Fractionation of mouse plasma by high-resolution SEC. APOA1 eluted as a single major peak in fractions 16 of plasma (the apparent size of mature, lipidated HDL) when it was
More informationThe inhibition of CETP: From simply raising HDL-c to promoting cholesterol efflux and lowering of atherogenic lipoproteins Prof Dr J Wouter Jukema
The inhibition of CETP: From simply raising HDL-c to promoting cholesterol efflux and lowering of atherogenic lipoproteins Prof Dr J Wouter Jukema Dept Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
More informationN-3 Fatty Acids Non-HDL-Cand LDL-C Thomas Dayspring MD, FACP
Omega or N-3 Fatty Acids (FA) significantly reduce TG synthesis and significantly deplete the TG content of VLDL particles indicated by significantly reduced V. FA are the substrate for TG synthesis. N3-FA
More information5. THE ROLE OF LIPIDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE: GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
5. THE ROLE OF LIPIDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE: GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT Prof. Victor Blaton, Ph.D. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital AZ Sint-Jan
More informationreview Genetically modified mice for the study of apolipoprotein B Edward Kim 1 and Stephen G. Young
review Genetically modified mice for the study of apolipoprotein B Edward Kim 1 and Stephen G. Young Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100, and Cardiovascular Research
More informationLipids digestion and absorption, Biochemistry II
Lipids digestion and absorption, blood plasma lipids, lipoproteins Biochemistry II Lecture 1 2008 (J.S.) Triacylglycerols (as well as free fatty acids and both free and esterified cholesterol) are very
More informationGlossary For TheFatNurse s For All Ages Series Apolipoprotein B (APOB or ApoB) are the primary apolipoproteins of chylomicrons and low-density lipoproteins (LDL - known commonly by the misnomer "bad cholesterol"
More informationNutrigenetics Today s Concept Tomorrow s Reality
Nutrigenetics Today s Concept Tomorrow s Reality Jose M Ordovas, PHD Director, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University Some recent
More informationLIPOPROTEINE ATEROGENE E ANTI-ATEROGENE ATEROGENE
LIPOPROTEINE ATEROGENE E ANTI-ATEROGENE ATEROGENE Sebastiano Calandra Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Incidence Rate/1000 200-150 - 100-50 - Women 0 Men
More informationSupplementary Materials for
www.sciencesignaling.org/cgi/content/full/8/407/ra127/dc1 Supplementary Materials for Loss of FTO in adipose tissue decreases Angptl4 translation and alters triglyceride metabolism Chao-Yung Wang,* Shian-Sen
More informationSUMMARY. Introduction. Study design. Summary
SUMMARY Introduction The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly and nowadays affects almost 250 million people. Cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent complication of type 2 diabetes,
More informationPlasma lipoproteins & atherosclerosis by. Prof.Dr. Maha M. Sallam
Biochemistry Department Plasma lipoproteins & atherosclerosis by Prof.Dr. Maha M. Sallam 1 1. Recognize structures,types and role of lipoproteins in blood (Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL). 2. Explain
More informationDisclosures. Background 1 What is Known MENOPAUSE, ESTROGENS, AND LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES. Background 2 What is Not Known 10/2/2017
Disclosures MENOPAUSE, ESTROGENS, AND LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES Grants: NIH, Quest Diagnostics Consultant: Quest Diagnostics Merck Global Atherosclerosis Advisory Board Ronald M. Krauss, Children s Hospital
More informationA total of 2,822 Mexican dyslipidemic cases and controls were recruited at INCMNSZ in
Supplemental Material The N342S MYLIP polymorphism is associated with high total cholesterol and increased LDL-receptor degradation in humans by Daphna Weissglas-Volkov et al. Supplementary Methods Mexican
More informationMetabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Models and Services MODELS AND SERVICES DESIGNED TO TAKE YOUR STUDY FURTHER
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Models and Services MODELS AND SERVICES DESIGNED TO TAKE YOUR STUDY FURTHER Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Models and Services Diabetes, hypertension, heart disease
More informationAbstract. Introduction
Substitution of the Carboxyl-terminal Domain of apo AI with apo AII Sequences Restores the Potential of HDL to Reduce the Progression of Atherosclerosis in apo E Knockout Mice Paul Holvoet, Sophie Danloy,
More informationIn vitro DNase I foot printing. In vitro DNase I footprinting was performed as described
Supplemental Methods In vitro DNase I foot printing. In vitro DNase I footprinting was performed as described previously 1 2 using 32P-labeled 211 bp fragment from 3 HS1. Footprinting reaction mixes contained
More informationSupplementary key words apolipoproteins C apolipoproteins E apolipoproteins B biochemical genetics genotype VLDL
A common Hpa I RFLP of apolipoprotein C-I increases gene transcription and exhibits an ethnically distinct pattern of linkage disequilibrium with the alleles of apolipoprotein E Yan Xu,* Lars Berglund,*
More informationPlasma cholesterol has been established as a predictor of
Dietary Fat Induced Alterations in Atherosclerosis Are Abolished by ACAT2-Deficiency in ApoB100 Only, LDLr / Mice Thomas A. Bell III, Kathryn Kelley, Martha D. Wilson, Janet K. Sawyer, Lawrence L. Rudel
More informationLeptin deficiency suppresses progression of atherosclerosis in apoe-deficient mice
Leptin deficiency suppresses progression of atherosclerosis in apoe-deficient mice Atherosclerosis, 2007 Chiba T, Shinozaki S, Nakazawa T, et al. Present by Sudaporn Pummoung Apolipoprotein E (apoe( apoe)
More informationATP III (Adult Treatment Panel III) CLASSIFICATION C IN ADULTS
LABORATORY AND RISK FACTORS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS S R. Mohammadi Biochemist (Ph.D.) Faculty member of Medical Faculty RISK FACTORS FOR CHD Clinical Risk Factors Laboratory Risk Factors MAJOR CLINICAL RISK
More informationCover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/21953 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Schalkwijk, Daniël Bernardus van Title: Computational modeling of lipoprotein
More informationLipid Metabolism Prof. Dr. rer physiol. Dr.h.c. Ulrike Beisiegel
Lipid Metabolism Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Medical Center Hamburg-ppendorf 1 Lipids. visceral fat. nutritional lipids 0 1.5 3 4.5 9 h. serum lipids. lipid accumulation in the
More informationLipids, Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Risk: Getting the Most out of New and Old Biomarkers. New and Old Biomarkers. Disclosures
Lipids, Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Risk: Getting the Most out of New and Old Biomarkers William Cromwell, MD, FAHA, FNLA Diplomate, American Board of Clinical Lipidology Chief Lipoprotein and Metabolic
More informationLipoprotein Particle Profile
Lipoprotein Particle Profile 50% of people at risk for HEART DISEASE are not identified by routine testing. Why is LPP Testing The Most Comprehensive Risk Assessment? u Provides much more accurate cardiovascular
More informationGenetic and biochemical characteristics of patients with hyperlipidemia who require LDL apheresis
Genetic and biochemical characteristics of patients with hyperlipidemia who require LDL apheresis Mato Nagel, Ioan Duma, Constantina Vlad, Mandy Benke, Sylvia Nagorka Zentrum für Nephrologie & Stoffwechsel,
More informationThe association of the apolipoprotein E gene promoter polymorphisms and haplotypes with serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations
Atherosclerosis 179 (2005) 161 167 The association of the apolipoprotein E gene promoter polymorphisms and haplotypes with serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations Leena E. Viiri a,, Antti Loimaala b,c,
More informationSupplementary Information
Supplementary Information Supplementary Figures and Figure Legends Supplementary Figure 1 A. HDL-C (mg/dl) 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Noncarriers HDL Cholesterol **** Carriers B. apoa-i (mg/dl) 325 3 275 25 225 2
More informationWhat Else Do You Need to Know? Presenter Disclosure Information. Case 1: Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in a 53-Year-Old Man. Learning Objectives
9: 1:am Understanding Dyslipidemia Testing and Screening: Importance of Lipoprotein Particle Analysis SPEAKER Matthew Sorrentino, MD, FACC Presenter Disclosure Information The following relationships exist
More informationReview Transgenic mouse models of lipoprotein metabolism
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 8314-8318, September 1993 Review Transgenic mouse models of lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis (apolpoprotein/diet/colester) Jan L. Breslow Laboratory of
More informationZuhier Awan, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Metabolism, Atherogenic Properties and Agents to Reduce Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins (TRL) The Fifth IAS-OSLA Course on Lipid Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk Muscat, Oman, February 8-11, 2019 Zuhier
More informationAcetyl CoA HMG CoA Mevalonate (C6) Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate isopentenyl Pyrophosphate (C5) Geranyl Pyrophosphate (C10) FarnesylPyrophosphate (C15) Squalene (C30) Lanosterol (C30) 7 Dehydrocholesterol
More informationRegulating Hepatic Cellular Cholesterol
Under circumstances of cholesterol deficiency, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins (SREBPs) via binding to DNA nuclear response elements set off genomic production of proteins and enzymes that induce
More informationUpdate On Diabetic Dyslipidemia: Who Should Be Treated With A Fibrate After ACCORD-LIPID?
Update On Diabetic Dyslipidemia: Who Should Be Treated With A Fibrate After ACCORD-LIPID? Karen Aspry, MD, MS, ABCL, FACC Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown
More informationNovel HDL Targeted Therapies: The Search Continues Assoc. Prof. K.Kostner,, Univ. of Qld, Brisbane
Novel HDL Targeted Therapies: The Search Continues Assoc. Prof. K.Kostner,, Univ. of Qld, Brisbane Kostner, 2007 2008 LDL Target depends on your level of Risk Acute Plaque Rupture ACS (UA/NSTEMI/STEMI)
More information7.06 Cell Biology EXAM #3 April 24, 2003
7.06 Spring 2003 Exam 3 Name 1 of 8 7.06 Cell Biology EXAM #3 April 24, 2003 This is an open book exam, and you are allowed access to books and notes. Please write your answers to the questions in the
More informationHypertriglyceridemia: Why, When, and How to Treat. Gregory Cohn, MD, FNLA, FASPC
Hypertriglyceridemia: Why, When, and How to Treat Gregory Cohn, MD, FNLA, FASPC DISCLOSURES Consultant to Akcea Therapeutics (in the past 12 months). OUTLINE I. Lipoproteins II. Non-HDL-C III. Causes and
More informationCholesterol and its transport. Alice Skoumalová
Cholesterol and its transport Alice Skoumalová 27 carbons Cholesterol - structure Cholesterol importance A stabilizing component of cell membranes A precursor of bile salts A precursor of steroid hormones
More informationHypertriglyceridemia, Inflammation, & Pregnancy
Hypertriglyceridemia, Inflammation, & Pregnancy Richard L. Nemiroff, MD, FACOG, NLA Professor, Clinical Gynecology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Disclosure of
More informationInsulin Resistance. Biol 405 Molecular Medicine
Insulin Resistance Biol 405 Molecular Medicine Insulin resistance: a subnormal biological response to insulin. Defects of either insulin secretion or insulin action can cause diabetes mellitus. Insulin-dependent
More informationJuxtapid. Juxtapid (lomitapide) Description
Federal Employee Program 1310 G Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 202.942.1000 Fax 202.942.1125 Subject: Juxtapid Page: 1 of 6 Last Review Date: September 20, 2018 Juxtapid Description Juxtapid (lomitapide)
More informationSupplementary Figure 1: Additional metabolic parameters of obesity mouse models and controls. (a) Body weight, (b) blood glucose and (c) insulin
Supplementary Figure 1: Additional metabolic parameters of obesity mouse models and controls. (a) Body weight, (b) blood glucose and (c) insulin resistance index of homeostatic model assessment (HOMA IR)
More information* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: ; Fax:
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 6184-6223; doi:10.3390/ijms15046184 Review OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Obesity and Its Metabolic Complications:
More informationTreatment of Atherosclerosis in 2007
Treatment of Atherosclerosis in 2007 Szilard Voros, M.D. Medical Director Cardiovascular MR and CT Piedmont Hospital, Piedmont Hospital Our Paradigm Genotype Phenotype Environment Atherosclerotic Disease
More informationThe Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Gene-493T Variant Lowers Cholesterol But Increases the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
The Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Gene-493T Variant Lowers Cholesterol But Increases the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Helena Ledmyr, BSc; Alex D. McMahon, PhD; Ewa Ehrenborg, MD, PhD; Lars
More informationDensity Lipoprotein (HDL) and Corneal Opacity Caused by Lecithin-Cholesterol
low Levels of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Corneal Opacity Caused by Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Deficiency Mordechai Golomb 1, Rafael Bitzur 2, Eran Leitersdorf 1,Shoshi Shpitzen
More informationThe Metabolic Syndrome Maria Luz Fernandez, PhD
June 2007(II): S30 S34 The Metabolic Syndrome Maria Luz Fernandez, PhD The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of symptoms associated with insulin resistance and known to precede the onset of type 2 diabetes.
More informationRNA interference induced hepatotoxicity results from loss of the first synthesized isoform of microrna-122 in mice
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION RNA interference induced hepatotoxicity results from loss of the first synthesized isoform of microrna-122 in mice Paul N Valdmanis, Shuo Gu, Kirk Chu, Lan Jin, Feijie Zhang,
More informationDuring the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp [1], a priming dose of human insulin (Novolin,
ESM Methods Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure During the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp [1], a priming dose of human insulin (Novolin, Clayton, NC) was followed by a constant rate (60 mu m
More informationThere are many ways to lower triglycerides in humans: Which are the most relevant for pancreatitis and for CV risk?
There are many ways to lower triglycerides in humans: Which are the most relevant for pancreatitis and for CV risk? Michael Davidson M.D. FACC, Diplomate of the American Board of Lipidology Professor,
More informationsad EFFECTIVE DATE: POLICY LAST UPDATED:
Medical Coverage Policy Measurement of Small Low Density Lipoprotein Particles sad EFFECTIVE DATE: 02 16 2010 POLICY LAST UPDATED: 10 15 2013 OVERVIEW Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2),
More informationJMSCR Vol 07 Issue 01 Page January 2019
www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor (SJIF): 6.379 Index Copernicus Value: 79.54 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i1.66 Lipid Profile in Different Stages
More informationGenerating Mouse Models of Pancreatic Cancer
Generating Mouse Models of Pancreatic Cancer Aom Isbell http://www2.massgeneral.org/cancerresourceroom/types/gi/index.asp Spring/Summer 1, 2012 Alexandros Tzatsos, MD PhD Bardeesy Lab: Goals and Objectives
More informationCardiovascular Division, Affiliated Hospital of the North China University of Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
Relationship between the G75A polymorphism in the apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) gene and the lipid regulatory effects of pravastatin in patients with hyperlipidemia T.N. Liu 1, C.T. Wu 1, F. He 1, W. Yuan
More informationWalter B. Bayubay CLS (ASCP), AMT, MA Ed, CPI
Walter B. Bayubay CLS (ASCP), AMT, MA Ed, CPI Biochemical Analysis (Lipid Panel) Analyte Total Cholesterol Reference Range Patient A < 200 241 LDL-C /= 40 38 Triglycerides
More informationSupplemental Figure 1
1 Supplemental Figure 1 Effects of DATE shortening on HGF promoter activity. The HGF promoter region (-1037 to +56) containing wild-type (30As) or truncated DATE (26As, 27As, 28A, 29As) from breast cancer
More informationBIOL2005 WORKSHEET 2008
BIOL2005 WORKSHEET 2008 Answer all 6 questions in the space provided using additional sheets where necessary. Hand your completed answers in to the Biology office by 3 p.m. Friday 8th February. 1. Your
More informationCHAPTER FORTY FIVE ENDOGENOUS LIPID TRANSPORT PATHWAY: VLDL AND IDL
CHAPTER FORTY FIVE ENDOGENOUS LIPID TRANSPORT PATHWAY: VLDL AND IDL You will notice that the endogenous pathway is very similar to the exogenous pathway What is the average daily amount of triacylglycerol
More informationPLASMA LIPOPROTEINS AND LIPIDS DETERMINATION OF PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLICERIDE LEVEL
PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS AND LIPIDS DETERMINATION OF PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLICERIDE LEVEL Lipids are characterized by low polarity and limited solubility in water. Their plasma concentration is about 500-600
More informationLipids Board Review. Ira Goldberg, MD New York University School of Medicine. Which of the following is the best initial therapy choice?
Lipids Board Review Ira Goldberg, MD New York University School of Medicine 1. A 22 year old male college student is referred for severe hypertriglyceridemia ( 1500 mg/dl [ 17.0 mmol/l]). He has a history
More informationKynamro. Kynamro (mipomersen) Description
Federal Employee Program 1310 G Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 202.942.1000 Fax 202.942.1125 5.40.02 Subject: Kynamro Page: 1 of 5 Last Review Date: December 2, 2016 Kynamro Description Kynamro (mipomersen)
More information