j. Project outward from plasma membranes of

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1 10. fluid [p, 56] c. Reflects the mixed composition of cell membranes concentrated 9. mosaic [p.56] the channel to the other side where they are more b. Channels across a membrane; solutes diffuse through forming a direct channel between their cvtoplasms 7. lipid bilayer [p.56] a. These molecules of two adjoining cells match up, 8. fluid mosaic model [p.56] Match each term with its description. How Cells Are Put Together They begin life with organdies [p.60] micrometers long [p.58] Most cells are not much wider than one micrometer; rod-shaped species are at most a few 2. Two domains are recognized, archaea and eubacteria [p.58] I. An internal cytoskeleton of proteins [p.60] L. L1I a1yol Choose from these cell categories: Choice [p60] organelles Boldfaced Terms Selected Words: histones [ps8], semirigid or rigid wall [ps8], simple internal skeleton [p.59], sticky pathway [p. 60] polysaccharides [p.59], thick protective capsule [p.59], bacterial flagella [p.59], ribosomes [p.59], nucieoid and chloroplasts [p. 6O], enzymes in lvsosomes [p.60], secretori pathway [p. 6O], Golgi bodies [p.60], t iidoctjtic [p.59], one molecule of DNA [p.59], forerunners of chioroplasts [p.59], cytoskeleton [p.60], mitochondria 4.5. INTRODUCING EUKARYOTIC CELLS [pp.60-61] 4.4. INTRODUCING PROKARYOTIC CELLS [pp.58-59] type stick together in proper tissues multicelled species especially; help cells of the same j. Project outward from plasma membranes of a cell change its activities i. Docks for outside signals or substances that can make protems h. A mix of phospholipids, lvco1ipids, sterols, and 15, passive transporters [p.57] where they are more concentrated g. Pump specific solutes across a membrane to the side 14. reconition proteins [p.57] interactions of its components e. Structural basis of every cell membrane 12. communication proteins [p.56] 13. receptor proteins [p.57] f. A membrane property caused by motions and self vs. nonseif 11. adhesion proteins [p.56] d. Like molecular fingerprints; identify each cell as 16. active transporters [p.57j h Matching

2 6l] [p.60] Mitochondria and chioroplasts concentrate hydrogen ions in ways that form ATP molecules Structurally, the simplest cells [p.581 rides around cell walls, and motile flagella lack microtubules [p.59] Rihosomes, a nucleoid, one molecule of circular DNA, and some have plasmids [p59] Extensive internal skeleton of proteins called a cvtoskeleton [p.60] Secretory pathways involving ribosomes, ER, Golgi bodies, and plasma membrane [p.60] 5. A few histones interact with DNA [p.58] Sticky polysaccharides often envelop cell walls, thick protective capsule of jellylike poivsaccha The cytoplasm of some species holds smaller circles of DNA, the plasmids [p59] 42 Chapter Four 1. List the two major functions of the nucleus, [p.61] Short Answer [p.61] nuclear envelope [p.61] chromatin [p.61] chromosome Boldfaced Terms ribosomes [p. Selected Words: duplicated DNA molecules [p.61], nucleolus (plural, nucleoli) [p.61], small subunits of 4.6. THE NUCLEUS [p.61] Photosynthesis proceeds at the plasma membrane in many species [p.59] Endocytic pathways involving vesicles to move substances [p.60] Enzymes in lysosomes digest large organic compounds [p.601

3 central vacuole [p63] from DNA and proteins a. A construction site where large and small submits of ribosomes are assembled Nuclear Component Description described, [p.61] How Cells Are Put Together 43 a. peroxisome b. Golgi body c central vacuole d. lvsosome 2. Some vesicles fuse to form a(n) of mature plant cells [p.63] a rough FR b. smooth ER c. lysosomes d. Golgi bodies with [p, 62 ], 1 When patches of FR membrane bulge and break away as vesicles, they fuse Multiple Choice [p.63] peroxisomes [p62] Colgi bsdies [p62] endoplasmic reticulum, or ER Boldfaced Terms Selected Words: rough ER [p.62], smooth ER [p.62] 4J. THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM [pp.62-63j attached to it One DNA molecule, along with the many histones and other protein molecules d. Semifluid interior of the nucleus prokaryotic cell c. The name for the collection DNA molecules and proteins in any nucleus of a organized in complexes that form pores across the envelope b. Consists of two lipid bilayers studded with proteins; many of the proteins are Complete the Table 2. Complete this table about the eukaryotic nucleus by entering the name of each nuclear component

4 [p.i bud from Golgi bodies and contain enzymes that digest a. Rough ER b. Smooth ER c Any ER channel d. Sarcoplasmic reticulum a. rough ER h. a Golgi body c. a central i acuole d. sarcoplasmic reticulum One type of smooth ER called plays a role in muscle contraction. [p.62] a smooth ER b. any ER channel c. rough ER d a peroxisome 62j membranes. [p. [p is ribosomefree and produces lipid molecules that become part of cell 4. Newly formed polypeptide chains enter or become inserted into its membrane. [p 64] initochnndrion (plural, mito.hondrla) [p ] 4,9. VISUAL SUMMARY OF EUKARYOTIC CELL COMPONENTS [p.65] 48, MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS [p.64] 62] 3] 44 Chapter Fo ii 541 chioronlasts Boldfaced Terms ], chlorophviis [p. Selected Words: inner compartment [p.64], outer compartment [p.64], stroma [p.64], thvlakoid membrane a. Goigi bodies h central i acuoles c. rough ER d. smooth ER as[p62i Iattcned sacs and tubes with ribosomcs attached to their outer surface are known a. puroxisomes h. lvsosomes c. rough ER d. smooth ER t.[p The finished products from Goli bodies are packaged in vesicles for shipment 8. Enzymes in the rough FR chanrd often rllodity chains into fmal form. [p 62] a. peroxisome b. central vacuoles c. Golgi bodies d. lysosomes as [p.63] 7, Vesic.Jes that hold enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids are known a. peroxisomes h. central vacuoles c. Goigi bodies d. ivsosomes a. carbohydrate b. fatty acid c. polvpeptide d. nucleic acid carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. [p6 6. Vesicles called

5 compartment by operation of transport systems 3. Hydrogen ions released from the breakdown of organic compounds accumulate in the inner 2. Make far more ATP from the same compounds than prokaryotic cells 1. Occur only in photosynthetic eukaryotic cells a. mitochondria b. chioroplasts c. both mitochondria and chioroplasts For questions 1 10, choose from the following: [p.641 How Cells Are Put Together rough ER 26. DNA in nucleoplasm 21. plasmodesma 22. cytoskeleton 23. centrioles 24. cell wall 25. nuclear envelope 17. nucleolus 18. smooth ER 19. mitoch ondrion 14. Golgi body 15. chioroplast 16. plasma membrane nucleus two letters.) [p. 65] Identify each lettered organelle in the diagrams. (Organelles found in both plant and animal cells will have Identification 10. A single membrane often is folded up as thylakoids, which are stacks of flattened disk-shapes 7. Two outer membranes surround the stroma, a semifluid interior that bathes an inner membrane 5. Use sunlight energy to form ATP and NADPH, which in turn are used in sugar-producing 6. ATP-forming reactions require oxygen 8. Resemble bacteria in their size, structure, and biochemistry 9. Oxygen accepts the spent electrons and keeps the reactions going reactions 4. A muscle cell might have a thousand or more 11. central vacuole 12. lysosome Choice

6 -b -c IC - microtubules - mumen 1 4 I ), U -- vs efl - - -h j -- er t 1 m n a microtubules TE0_ 4 S S S S // - p I q r I.1 i-s t r r -U - _Jfl- - V x - w 46 Chapter Four

7 2. entity 1. cell a. A thin, outermost membrane that maintains a cell as a distinct 7. Explain how the concept of surface-to-volume ratio affects the size and shape of cells. [pp ] Short Answer c. Structures on which proteins are built 3. nucleus region of DNA 4. Match each term with its description. cytoplasm nucleoid. ribosomes f. Region where DNA is found inside the simplest kinds of cells plasma membrane e. A membrane-bounded sac occupied by DNA Matching b. In cells, everything between the plasma membrane and the d. The smallest umt with the properties of life..

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