Proteases for biocatalysis. for smarter chemical synthesis
|
|
- Merilyn Terry
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proteases for biocatalysis for smarter chemical synthesis
2 Biocatalysis Biocatalysis involves the implementation of natural catalysts, such as enzymes, in place of chemical catalysts in synthetic processes. Compared to chemical catalysts, enzymes offer: higher reaction rates milder reaction conditions high reaction specificity with no side products This change can enable new, more sustainable routes for the production of intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, please note Novozymes products do not comply with manufacturing according to pharmaceutical standards and Novozymes products must not be used as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or excipients. Biocatalysis has become an increasingly important tool for medicinal, process and polymer chemists, allowing the development of efficient and highly attractive synthetic processes on an industrial scale. Use of enzymes in catalysis is a well-established technology within the chemical industry. An advantage of enzymes in organic synthesis is their remarkable selective properties, which provide commercial benefits including: high selectivity in production of single stereoisomers fewer side reactions less reprocessing and purification steps easier product separation less pollution The combination of all of these advantages leads to a reduction in costs. Enzyme catalysts work by lowering the activation energy (Ea ) for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. As a result, products are formed faster and reactions reach their equilibrium state more rapidly. Most enzyme reaction rates are millions of times faster than those of comparable uncatalyzed reactions. As with all catalysts, enzymes are not consumed by the reactions they catalyze, nor do they alter the equilibrium of these reactions. However, enzymes do differ from most other catalysts in that they are highly specific for their substrates. A C E A. Various microorganisms can be used to produce natural catalysts such as enzymes B. The enzymes are separated from the microorganisms and subsequently partially purified and formulated C. An enzyme attracts specific substrates to its active site D. It catalyzes the chemical reaction by which products are formed E. It then allows the products to separate from the enzyme surface B D
3 Proteases Proteases (EC ) are enzymes which conduct proteolysis by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain forming the protein. Proteases belong to the class of enzymes known as hydrolases catalyzing the reaction of hydrolysis of various bonds with the participation of a water molecule. Proteases can be used in organic synthesis to resolve a pair of enantiomeric forms in racemic mixtures through kinetic resolution where one enantiomer in the mixture is more rapidly transformed than the other. Protease catalysts can resolve enantiomers through a variety of reactions such as: hydrolysis of esters or amides of carboxylic acid esterification or transesterification reactions amide/peptide bond formation Proteolysis of a peptide bond: Key applications of proteases Kinetic resolution of amino acids by hydrolysis of racemic amino esters which can be converted into dynamic kinetic resolution by addition of catalytic aldehyde 1 : Kinetic resolution of carboxylic acid by hydrolysis of carboxylic ester: Kinetic resolution of amino acid by hydrolysis of racemic amino ester: Other potential applications for proteases include: hydrolysis of selective amides2 formation of low molecular weight peptides3 transesterifications Serine proteases Serine proteases contain a serine group in their active site which is essential for substrate binding and cleavage. Serine proteases are characterized by their broad substrate specificity and their activity extends beyond purely peptidase to include esterase and amidase activities. The common reaction mechanism is in the form of a catalytic center containing serine as a nucleophile, aspartate as an electrophile and histidine as a base. The reaction mechanism involves the formation of covalently linked enzyme substrate intermediate through acylation resulting in loss of the corresponding amino acid or peptide fragment. Nucleophilic attack on the intermediate by water results in deacylation thereby completing hydrolysis of the peptide.
4 Subtilisin A Subtilisin A (E.C ) is an alkaline non-specific serine protease from Bacillus subtilis that initiates the nucleophilic attack on the peptide bond through a serine residue at the active site; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins and peptide amides. Alcalase Alcalase acts as an esterase, enabling it to catalyze stereoselective hydrolysis of some esters. Alcalase also efficiently hydrolyzes amino esters which include heterocyclic amino esters. Savinase Savinase catalyzes stereoselective hydrolysis of some esters as well as strained amides under alkaline conditions. Esperase Esperase is an endo-peptidase with a broad specificity which performs well in alkaline conditions and at elevated temperatures as compared to other microbial serine proteases. Kinetic resolution of carboxylic acids by hydrolysis of carboxylic esters4: Kinetic resolution of strained amides2: Stability of proteases The graphs below represent alcalase ph and temperature stability. Effect of ph on alcalase activity Effect of temperature on alcalase activity Effect of ph on alcalase stability Relative activity (%) Relative activity (%) Relative activity (%) ph Temperature ( C) ph
5 Neutrase Neutrase (E.C ) is a neutral, zinc metallo endo-protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that randomly hydrolyses internal peptide bonds and also facilitates enzymatic synthesis of oligopeptides by the reverse proteolysis reaction with zinc metal as co-catalyst. Neutrase belongs to the same protease family as thermolysin, a zinc dependent metallo endo-protease. Thermolysin in an immobilized form has been used successfully in industrial processes for synthesis of an Aspartame intermediate5. The reaction takes place in organic solvent and involves kinetic resolution of an amine methyl ester with high enatioselectivity and high regioselectivity in the amide bond formation of the a-carbonyl in Aspartic acid preferred over the b-carbonyl. rtrypsin rtrypsin (EC ) is an endopeptidase that preferentially hydrolyses ester bonds whose carboxyl groups are contributed by lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg) except when either is followed by proline. The enzymatic mechanism of action is similar to other serine proteases. The aspartate residue located in the catalytic pocket of rtrypsin is responsible for attracting and stabilizing positively charged lysine and/or arginine, and is thus responsible for the specificity of the enzyme. Benefits of enzymes as biocatalysts in organic transformations Cost savings Improved productivity Improved quality of API/intermediate Environmental friendliness reduction in raw material input avoids use of costly chiral resolving agents or costly metal based catalysts lower equipment, labor and energy costs shortened synthesis routes more batches resulting in increased capacity avoids laborious protection and de-protection higher yields fewer or no by-products, leading to reduced impurities in the final products high stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity less residual solvent carry over from reduced solvent use reduction of waste products produced and solvent usage higher energy savings Available from Novozymes Product name EC number Type Form Optimum usage conditions Activity Applications Alcalase 2.4 L FG C, ph AU-A/g Stereoselective hydrolysis of amino esters Alcalase 2.4 L, DX C, ph AU-A/g Stereoselective hydrolysis of amino esters Savinase 12 T Granulate C, ph KN-PU- S/g Stereoselective hydrolysis of amino esters Savinase 16 L C, ph KN-PU- S/g Stereoselective hydrolysis of amino esters Esperase 8.0 L C, ph KNPU-E/g Serine endoprotease that hydrolyzes internal peptide bonds Neutrase 0.8 L Metalloprotease C, ph AU-N/g Metallo endoprotease that hydrolyz-es internal peptide bonds rtrypsin Serin protease Granulate ph USP/mg Hydrolysis of amid end ester bonds of lysine and arginine at carboxyl terminal * K = Kilo, AU = Anson Unit, NPU = Novo Protease Unit, 1 AU = 1NPU, ASNU = Asparaginace Unit, USP = Trypsin activity unit using USP Crystallised Trypsin Reference Standard. The activity is determined relative to a protease A standard. The result is given in the same units as the standard. 1 ASNU is the amount of enzyme that produces 1 µmol Ammonia per minute under the standard reaction conditions.
6 References 1. Pietruszka, J., Simon, R.C., Kruska, F., and Braun, M. (2010) Euro.J.Org.Chem., Schonherr, H., Mollitor, J., and Schneider, C.(2010) Eur.J.Org.Chem., 20, Gedey, S., Lijebald, A., Lazar, L., Fulop, F., and Kanerva, L.T.,(2002), Can.J, Chem., 80, Ref. Carlos A. Martinez, Shanghui Hu, Yves Dumond, Junhua Tao, Patrick Kelleher, Liam Tully Organic Process Research & Development 2008, 12, Hari Krishna, S., Persson, M., and Bornscheuer, U.T. (2002) Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 13, Ozdermirhan, D., Sezer, S., and Sonmez, Y.(2008) Tetrahedron Asymmetry,19, About Novozymes Novozymes is the world leader in biological solutions. Together with customers, partners and the global community, we improve industrial performance while preserving the planet s resources and helping to build better lives. As the world s largest provider of enzyme and microbial technologies, our bioinnovation enables higher agricultural yields, low-temperature washing, energy-efficient production, renewable fuel and many other benefits that we rely on today and in the future. We call it Rethink Tomorrow. June No Novozymes does not promote or support the use of enzymes as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) or excipients. Novozymes enzymes are industrial bulk products and are not produced according to pharmaceutical standards. If enzymes are used as process aids, it is the responsibility of the API or excipient manufacturer to assure that the enzymes are suitable for the intended use, including but not limited to evaluation of purity and absence of carry over in the final product. Laws, regulations, and/or third party rights may prevent customers from importing, using, processing, and/or reselling the products described herein in a given manner. Without separate, written agreement between the customer and Novozymes to such effect, this document does not constitute a representation or warranty of any kind and is subject to change without further notice (DK) (US) (IN) (CN) Novozymes A/S Krogshoejvej 36 DK 2880 Bagsvaerd Denmark pharmaceuticals@novozymes.com novozymes.com
Immobilized lipases for biocatalysis. for smarter chemical synthesis
Immobilized lipases for biocatalysis for smarter chemical synthesis Biocatalysis Biocatalysis involves the implementation of natural catalysts, such as enzymes, in place of chemical catalysts in synthetic
More informationNovozymes Protease Products. Strem Chemicals, Inc. Storage
Strem Chemicals, Inc. www.strem.com Catalog # 06-3160 Neutrase 0.8 L Note: Sold in collaboration with Novozymes A/S for research purposes only. Neutrase 0.8 L is a neutral, zinc metallo endo-protease from
More informationNovozymes Protease Products
Strem Chemicals, Inc. www.strem.com Catalog # 06-3115 Esperase 8.0L Note: Sold in collaboration with Novozymes A/S for research purposes only. Esperase is an endo-peptidase with a broad specificity which
More informationEnzyme Catalysis-Serine Proteases
Enzyme Catalysis-Serine Proteases Concepts to be learned Activation Energy Transition State Example: Proteases Requirements for proteolysis Families of proteases Protein Folds used by proteases for catalysis
More informationPrevious Class. Today. Term test I discussions. Detection of enzymatic intermediates: chymotrypsin mechanism
Term test I discussions Previous Class Today Detection of enzymatic intermediates: chymotrypsin mechanism Mechanistic Understanding of Enzymemediated Reactions Ultimate goals: Identification of the intermediates,
More informationChymotrypsin Lecture. Aims: to understand (1) the catalytic strategies used by enzymes and (2) the mechanism of chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin Lecture Aims: to understand (1) the catalytic strategies used by enzymes and (2) the mechanism of chymotrypsin What s so great about enzymes? They accomplish large rate accelerations (10 10-10
More informationChapter 23 Enzymes 1
Chapter 23 Enzymes 1 Enzymes Ribbon diagram of cytochrome c oxidase, the enzyme that directly uses oxygen during respiration. 2 Enzyme Catalysis Enzyme: A biological catalyst. With the exception of some
More informationPAPER No. : 16, Bioorganic and biophysical chemistry MODULE No. : 22, Mechanism of enzyme catalyst reaction (I) Chymotrypsin
Subject Paper No and Title 16 Bio-organic and Biophysical Module No and Title 22 Mechanism of Enzyme Catalyzed reactions I Module Tag CHE_P16_M22 Chymotrypsin TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning outcomes 2.
More informationNovozymes Lipase Products. Strem Chemicals, Inc. Storage
Strem Chemicals, Inc. www.strem.com Catalog # 06-3120 Novozym 40086 Note: Sold in collaboration with Novozymes A/S for research purposes only. Novozym 40086 is a 1,3 specific lipase originating from Rhizmucor
More informationHydrolytic transformations involving amide-, ester bonds are the easiest to perform
Hydrolytic reactions Hydrolytic transformations involving amide-, ester bonds are the easiest to perform Proteins used for these reactions are proteases, esterases or lipases. A favourite class of enzymes
More informationCHAPTER 9: CATALYTIC STRATEGIES. Chess vs Enzymes King vs Substrate
CHAPTER 9: CATALYTIC STRATEGIES Chess vs Enzymes King vs Substrate INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 9 What are the sources of the catalytic power and specificity of enzymes? Problems in reactions in cells Neutral
More informationChemical Mechanism of Enzymes
Chemical Mechanism of Enzymes Enzyme Engineering 5.2 Definition of the mechanism 1. The sequence from substrate(s) to product(s) : Reaction steps 2. The rates at which the complex are interconverted 3.
More informationEnzyme Catalytic Mechanisms. Dr. Kevin Ahern
Enzyme Catalytic Mechanisms Dr. Kevin Ahern Cleave Peptide Bonds Specificity of Cutting Common Active Site Composition/Structure Mechanistically Well Studied Chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin Catalysis H2O Chymotrypsin
More informationBio 100 Serine Proteases 9/26/11
Assigned Reading: 4th ed. 6.4.1 The Chymotrypsin Mechanism Involves Acylation And Deacylation Of A Ser Residue p. 213 BOX 20-1 Penicillin and β-lactamase p. 779 6.5.7 Some Enzymes Are Regulated By Proteolytic
More informationSPRIN Protease Kit. Content Code Description Application. Covalently immobilised preparation of Subtilisin. Epoxy Acrylic Resin
SPRIN Protease Kit SPRIN Protease Kit Normal (5 g each) Product code: SPKN SPRIN Protease Kit Large (20 g each) Product code: SPKL The kit contains four different covalently immobilised protease preparations,
More informationMechanisms of Enzymes
Mechanisms of Enzymes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy How enzymes work * Chemical reactions have an energy
More informationCHM 341 C: Biochemistry I. Test 2: October 24, 2014
CHM 341 C: Biochemistry I Test 2: ctober 24, 2014 This test consists of 14 questions worth points. Make sure that you read the entire question and answer each question clearly and completely. To receive
More informationProduct application guideline
Laundry Product application guideline Novozymes Savinase Novozymes Savinase is a commonly used protease in liquid and powder laundry formulations that delivers all-around stain removal. Consumers want
More information6. The catalytic mechanism of arylsulfatase A and its theoretical investigation
6. The catalytic mechanism of arylsulfatase A and its theoretical investigation When the crystal structure of arylsulfatase A was solved, a remarkable structural analogy to another hydrolytic enzyme, the
More informationCarboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading Study Problems Key Concepts and Skills Lecture Topics: Structures and reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading: Wade chapter 21, sections 21-1- 21-16 Study Problems: 21-45, 21-46, 21-48, 21-49, 21-50, 21-53, 21-56, 21-58, 21-63 Key Concepts and Skills: Interpret the spectra of
More informationFigure 1. A ribbon diagram of the aldolase (A) and a close up of the active site (B) including the bound substrate.
Problem Set 4 (C-C bond formation, phosphoryl transfer reactions and the role of ATP) 1. Chemists can use the same strategies as nature to make new carbon-carbon bonds stereospecifically using enzymes
More informationFrom Structure to Function (II): Enzyme Structure & Catalysis
BCHS 6229 Protein Structure and Function Lecture 5 (Oct 25, 2011) From Structure to Function (II): Enzyme Structure & Catalysis 1 Outline Catalysis: Overview Active site geometry Proximity and ground-state
More informationBIOCATALYSIS- AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR A COST EFFICIENT, SUSTAINABLE & GREEN MANUFACTURING. December 5, 2015
BICATALYSIS- A EFFECTIVE TL FR A CST EFFICIET, SUSTAIABLE & GREE MAUFACTURIG December 5, 2015 Pharmaceuticals & fine chemicals are one of the most polluting industries Environmental impact of some of the
More informationSix Types of Enzyme Catalysts
Six Types of Enzyme Catalysts Although a huge number of reactions occur in living systems, these reactions fall into only half a dozen types. The reactions are: 1. Oxidation and reduction. Enzymes that
More informationCHAPTER 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, & Enzymes. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith
CHAPTER 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, & Enzymes General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith CHAPTER 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, Enzymes Learning Objectives: q The 20 common, naturally occurring
More informationAn Introduction to Enzyme Structure and Function
An Introduction to Enzyme Structure and Function Enzymes Many reactions in living systems are similar to laboratory reactions. 1. Reactions in living systems often occur with the aid of enzymes. 2. Enzymes
More informationPrevious Class. Today. Detection of enzymatic intermediates: Protein tyrosine phosphatase mechanism. Protein Kinase Catalytic Properties
Previous Class Detection of enzymatic intermediates: Protein tyrosine phosphatase mechanism Today Protein Kinase Catalytic Properties Protein Phosphorylation Phosphorylation: key protein modification
More informationGentilucci, Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by amide bonds CH 3
Amino Acids Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by amide bonds Aliphatic Side-Chain Amino Acids - - H CH glycine alanine 3 proline valine CH CH 3 - leucine - isoleucine CH
More informationChemistry 135, First Exam. September 23, Chem 135, Exam 1 SID:
Chemistry 135, First Exam September 23, 2015 This exam will be worth 15% of your overall grade. Please read all instructions/questions carefully and provide answers in the space provided. There should
More informationAMINO ACIDS STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS Elena Rivneac PhD, Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry State University of Medicine
More informationStudent Handout. This experiment allows you to explore the properties of chiral molecules. You have
Student Handout This experiment allows you to explore the properties of chiral molecules. You have learned that some compounds exist as enantiomers non-identical mirror images, such as your left and right
More informationH 2 C H 2 N C CH O N C CH 3 CH 2 H O. aspartame
1 The addition of sucrose, table sugar, to food and drink has been linked to the increased risk of obesity and insulin resistance. Aspartame is used as an alternative to sugar. The structure of aspartame
More informationUNIVERSITY OF GUELPH CHEM 4540 ENZYMOLOGY Winter 2005 Quiz #2: March 24, 2005, 11:30 12:50 Instructor: Prof R. Merrill ANSWERS
UNIVERSITY F GUELPH CHEM 4540 ENZYMLGY Winter 2005 Quiz #2: March 24, 2005, 11:30 12:50 Instructor: Prof R. Merrill ANSWERS Instructions: Time allowed = 80 minutes. Total marks = 30. This quiz represents
More informationA Green Process for Innovative Cosmetic Ingredients. TeamWorks March 21 st, 2012
A Green Process for Innovative Cosmetic Ingredients TeamWorks March 21 st, 2012 Agenda Defining Green What is Biocatalysis? Developing Anti-Aging Actives Emollient Esters GEM TM (Green Enzymatic Manufacturing)
More information1-To know what is protein 2-To identify Types of protein 3- To Know amino acids 4- To be differentiate between essential and nonessential amino acids
Amino acids 1-To know what is protein 2-To identify Types of protein 3- To Know amino acids 4- To be differentiate between essential and nonessential amino acids 5-To understand amino acids synthesis Amino
More informationCarboxylic Acid Derivatives
arboxylic Acid Derivatives The most important derivatives of carboxylic acids are l " ' ' acid halide acid anhydride an ester an amide Although not direct derivatives, nitriles, -, are related to carboxylic
More informationResearch Article Study on Optimal Conditions of Alcalase Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Soybean Protein Isolate
Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 9(2): 154-158, 2015 DOI: 10.19026/ajfst.9.1952 ISSN: 2042-4868; e-issn: 2042-4876 2015 Maxwell Scientific Publication Corp. Submitted: February 13, 2015 Accepted:
More informationEnzymes. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions as the engine accelerates this drag race.
Chapter 30 Enzymes Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions as the engine accelerates this drag race. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison,
More informationReview of Biochemistry
Review of Biochemistry Chemical bond Functional Groups Amino Acid Protein Structure and Function Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Each amino acids in a protein contains a amino group, - NH 2,
More informationCARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON RED ANT WAS SOURCE OF FORMIC ACID (RCOOH) Lecture 8 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2 Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO
More informationSYNOPSIS STUDIES ON THE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES FROM GROUNDNUT AND SOYBEAN ISOLATES
1 SYNOPSIS STUDIES ON THE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES FROM GROUNDNUT AND SOYBEAN ISOLATES Proteins are important in food processing and food product development, as they are
More informationPeptide hydrolysis uncatalyzed half-life = ~450 years HIV protease-catalyzed half-life = ~3 seconds
Uncatalyzed half-life Peptide hydrolysis uncatalyzed half-life = ~450 years IV protease-catalyzed half-life = ~3 seconds Life Sciences 1a Lecture Slides Set 9 Fall 2006-2007 Prof. David R. Liu In the absence
More informationCatalysis & specificity: Proteins at work
Catalysis & specificity: Proteins at work Introduction Having spent some time looking at the elements of structure of proteins and DNA, as well as their ability to form intermolecular interactions, it
More informationExam 3 Fall 2011 Dr. Stone
Exam 3 Fall 2011 Dr. Stone Name rate forward = k forward [reactants] K eq = [products] CH 3 COOH Ka = 1.78 x10-5 -2 H 2 P0 4 = 3.98 x 10-13 rate reverse = k reverse [products] [reactants] H 3 P0 4 Ka =
More informationWe will usually use the common name for an enzyme, such as carboxypeptidase, or chymotrypsin.
Chapter 11 - Enzymatic Catalysis Introduction: In the late 1800's the Buchner brothers discovered that yeast extracts were capable of alcholic fermentation, thus refuting Pasteur s contention that intact
More informationAppearance Celluclast 1.5 L FG is a brown liquid with a density of approximately 1.2 g/ml. Celluclast 1.5 L FG EGU/g.
Page 1:5 Special Food / 2001-08524-03.pdf Product Sheet Celluclast 1.5 L FG Description Celluclast 1.5 L FG is a liquid cellulase preparation produced by submerged fermentation of a selected strain of
More informationAA s are the building blocks of proteins
Chamras Chemistry 106 Lecture otes Chapter 24: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins General Formula: () n (') α-amino Acids: (n = 1) Example: Amino Acids and Proteins: Glycine Alanine Valine AA s are the
More informationPelagia Research Library
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com European Journal of Experimental Biology, 211, 1 (3):124-129 ISSN: 2248 9215 Production of Alkaline Protease by Bacillus subtilis (MTCC7312) using Submerged
More informationIntroduction. All proteins are polyamides
Proteins Introduction The three major groups of biological polymers are polysaccharides, proteins and lipids Proteins have many diverse functions; they are major components of the following biomolecules
More informationMITOCW watch?v=xms9dyhqhi0
MITOCW watch?v=xms9dyhqhi0 The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality, educational resources for free.
More information2. Which of the following amino acids is most likely to be found on the outer surface of a properly folded protein?
Name: WHITE Student Number: Answer the following questions on the computer scoring sheet. 1 mark each 1. Which of the following amino acids would have the highest relative mobility R f in normal thin layer
More informationIntroduction. All proteins are polyamides Their monomeric units are one of about 20 α- amino acids. Chapter 24 2
Chapter 24 Proteins Introduction The three major groups of biological polymers are polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids Proteins have many diverse functions; they are major components of the following
More informationEnzymes in organic solvents
Enzymes in organic solvents Manickam Sugumaran Professor of Biology University of Massachusetts at Boston Boston, MA 02125 Enzymes in organic solvents Enzymes work very well in water because A) They were
More informationEsters of Carboxylic Acids These are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkoxy group.
Carboxylic acid Derivatives Carboxylic acid derivatives are described as compounds that can be converted to carboxylic acids via simple acidic or basic hydrolysis. The most important acid derivatives are
More informationFundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 9. AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES AND
More informationCHEM121. Unit 6: Enzymes. Lecture 10. At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
CHEM121 Unit 6: Enzymes Lecture 10 At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Define the term enzyme Name and classify enzymes according to the: type of reaction catalyzed type of specificity
More informationPurification and Characterization of Amidase from Paracoccus
Purification and Characterization of Amidase from Paracoccus sp. SKG: Utilization of amidase inhibited whole cells for bioconversion of acrylonitrile to acrylamide By Prof. T. B. Karegoudar Department
More informationCOMPARISON OF CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES BETWEEN ESTERASE AND LIPASE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF DRUG, FLAVOR AND AMIDE COMPOUNDS
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 6(1), 2008, 11-16 COMPARISON OF CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES BETWEEN ESTERASE AND LIPASE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF DRUG, FLAVOR AND AMIDE COMPOUNDS DIPAK PATIL, SIKHA NAG, AMIT BASAK and AHINDRA
More informationPART IV THE CATALYTIC FUNCTION
PAT IV TE ATALYTI FUNTIN INTDUTIN The life of a cell, of an organism, depends on the multiplicity of the diverse chemical reactions which constitute metabolism. These reactions are carried out with appreciable
More informationO H 2 N. α H. Chapter 4 - Amino Acids
hapter 4 - Amino Acids Introduction Several amino acids were produced in the electrical discharge in the reducing, primordial atmosphere that gave rise to the first biomolecules (see chapter 1). The importance
More informationCarboxylic Acids. The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H)
Carboxylic Acids The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) Starting materials for acyl derivatives (esters, amides, and acid chlorides) Abundant in nature from oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols in
More informationChapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Carboxylic Acids: RCOOH (RCO 2 H)
Chapter 10 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic Acids: RCH (RC 2 H) The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group (carbonyl & hydroxyl group)
More informationPROTEASE-CATALYZED PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
RTEAE-CATALYZED ETIDE YTEI Thermodynamic approach RC 2 - + + 3 R' RC 2 + 2 R' RCR' + 2 endergonic; requires manipulation of conditions (organic cosolvents, solubility of products, temperature, etc.) Kinetic
More informationCalB immo Plus TM Immobilized Enzyme
PRODUCT INFORMATION CalB immo Plus TM Immobilized Enzyme Jointly developed and marketed by Purolite & c-lecta Contents CalB immo Plus TM, a high-performance and highly hydrophobic immobilized CalB preparation,
More informationCh 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nu Acyl Subst n
Ch 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nu Acyl Subst n Acid Derivatives and their Names - Acid Halides have a Cl or Br instead of OH. Replace ic acid with yl halide, such as propionyl chloride (a common
More informationINTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY/POLYMERS. 3. With respect to amino acids, polypeptides, and proteins, know:
INTRDUCTIN T BICEMISTRY/PLYMERS A STUDENT SULD BE ABLE T: 1. With respect to lipids, know: The characteristic common to members of the class (solubility in nonpolar solvents) The functional groups most
More informationESTERS AND RELATED CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES. Jack DeRuiter
ESTES AD ELATED ABYLI AID DEIVATIVES I. Structure and Preparation Jack Deuiter Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids that arise via replacement of the hydroxyl () portion of the acid function with
More informationEnzymatic Approaches to Attaining Enantiomerically Pure Amino Acids
Enzymatic Approaches to Attaining Enantiomerically Pure Amino Acids Undergraduate Literature Seminar Adam Reed Advisor: Seth Elsheimer, PhD 1 Outline Importance Current Methods Chiral Specificity of Enzymes
More informationCharges on amino acids and proteins. ph 1. ph 7. Acidic side chains: glutamate and aspartate
harges on amino acids and proteins Acidic side chains: glutamate and aspartate A A- + + + - + Basic side chains: arginine, lysine & histidine Glycine @ p 1 B+ B + + + The amino group, pka 9.6 3 N+ The
More informationLab 5: Proteins and the small molecules that love them (AKA Computer Modeling with PyMol #2)
Lab 5: Proteins and the small molecules that love them (AKA Computer Modeling with PyMol #2) Goals: The objective of this lab is to provide you with an understanding of: 1. Catalysis 2. Small molecule
More informationH O. rapidly reduces. They dissolve. because they can hydrogen bond to the water molecules.
3.9 arboxylic Acids and Derivatives Naming arboxylic acids These have the ending oic acid but no number is necessary for the acid group as it must always be at the end of the chain. The numbering always
More informationModel 2: Aldohexoses, aldopentoses, ketohexoses and ketopentoses
Model 1: D and L Sugars CHEM1405 Worksheet 13: Sugars and Amino Acids The simplest sugar is glyceraldehyde. This is a chiral molecule and the two enantiomers are shown opposite with wedges and dashes and
More informationPrelab 6: Carboxylic Acids
The Structure of Carboxylic Acids Prelab 6: Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl functional group attached to a hydrocarbon (alkyl group) part. Carboxyl groups contain both a carbonyl group,
More informationMolecular Graphics Perspective of Protein Structure and Function
Molecular Graphics Perspective of Protein Structure and Function VMD Highlights > 20,000 registered Users Platforms: Unix (16 builds) Windows MacOS X Display of large biomolecules and simulation trajectories
More informationReactions and amino acids structure & properties
Lecture 2: Reactions and amino acids structure & properties Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Common Functional Groups Common Biochemical Reactions AH + B A + BH Oxidation-Reduction A-H + B-OH + energy ª A-B + H
More informationEsterification. Preparation of β-d-glucose pentaacetate. Dr. Zerong Wang at UHCL. Table of contents
Esterification Preparation of β-d-glucose pentaacetate Table of contents Ester eaction with carboxylic acids eaction with esters: transesterification eaction with acid anhydrides eaction with acid halides
More informationOrganic Chemistry - Problem Drill 23: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
rganic Chemistry - Problem Drill 23: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins No. 1 of 10 1. Which amino acid does not contain a chiral center? (A) Serine (B) Proline (C) Alanine (D) Phenylalanine (E) Glycine
More informationEnzymes for Flavour Development in Dairy Substrates. Presented by: Blanca Camarasa Senior Business Manager
Enzymes for Flavour Development in Dairy Substrates Presented by: Blanca Camarasa Senior Business Manager Cheese composition Cheese consists of proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, goat,
More informationChapter 18. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Carboxylic Acids Organic compounds characterized by their acidity Contains COOH group (must be at
More informationThe MOLECULES of LIFE
The MOLECULES of LIFE Physical and Chemical Principles Solutions Manual Prepared by James Fraser and Samuel Leachman Chapter 16 Principles of Enzyme Catalysis Problems True/False and Multiple Choice 1.
More informationChapter 20. Proteins & Enzymes. Proteins & Enzymes - page 1
Chapter 20 Proteins & Enzymes Proteins & Enzymes - page 1 Proteins & Enzymes Part 1: Amino Acids The building blocks of proteins are -amino acids, small molecules that contain a carboxylic acid and an
More information1/3/2011. Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO 2 H) is the parent group of a family of compounds called acyl compounds or carboxylic acid derivatives Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic
More informationCrystal Structure of the Subtilisin Carlsberg: OMTKY3 Complex
John Clizer & Greg Ralph Crystal Structure of the Subtilisin Carlsberg: OMTKY3 Complex The turkey ovomucoid third domain (OMTKY3) is considered to be one of the most studied protein inhibitors. 1 Ovomucin
More informationEnzymes. Enzyme. Aim: understanding the basic concepts of enzyme catalysis and enzyme kinetics
Enzymes Substrate Enzyme Product Aim: understanding the basic concepts of enzyme catalysis and enzyme kinetics Enzymes are efficient Enzyme Reaction Uncatalysed (k uncat s -1 ) Catalysed (k cat s -1 )
More information9/6/2011. Amino Acids. C α. Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups
Amino Acids Side chains (R groups) vary in: size shape charge hydrogen-bonding capacity hydrophobic character chemical reactivity C α Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups Glycine (Gly, G) Alanine (Ala, A) Valine
More informationR O R' Acid anhydride. Acid halide. Carboxylic acid. Ester O O O O. Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester. Amide
Chapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic acid X Acid halide ' Acid anhydride Ester ' P N 2 C N S' Amide Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester The common structural feature of all these compounds
More informationCarboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl Chlorides
R hemistry A 432 arboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl hlorides arboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl hlorides arboxylic acids contain the functional group, attached to an alkyl stem. They are widely found in nature,
More informationIntroduction to Biochemistry Midterm exam )ومن أحياها(
Introduction to Biochemistry Midterm exam 2016-2017 )ومن أحياها( 1. Which of the following amino (in a peptide chain) would probably be found at a beta bend or turn? a. lysine * b. Gly c. arg d. asn 2.
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA. DATE: Oct. 22, 2002 Midterm EXAMINATION. PAPER NO.: PAGE NO.: 1of 6 DEPARTMENT & COURSE NO.: 2.277/60.
PAPER NO.: PAGE NO.: 1of 6 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS You must mark the answer sheet with pencil (not pen). Put your name and enter your student number on the answer sheet. The examination consists of multiple
More informationReview of Energetics Intro
Review of Energetics Intro Learning Check The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be Created Destroyed Converted All of the above Learning Check The second law of thermodynamics essentially
More informationAn Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry, 2nd Ed. T. D. H. Bugg, Blackwell Science, Oxford, 2004
Combinatorial synthesis of linchpin β-turn mimic 1 2 DCC, BT 1 2 n -tbu 1 n -tbu 1) 2 FMC DCC, BT 2) piperidine 1 2 2 n -tbu 3 DCC, BT 1 2 n -tbu 3 1) Ph 3 P 2) cyclization 3) CF 3 C 2 2 1 n 3 2 Evaluated
More informationChemical Nature of the Amino Acids. Table of a-amino Acids Found in Proteins
Chemical Nature of the Amino Acids All peptides and polypeptides are polymers of alpha-amino acids. There are 20 a- amino acids that are relevant to the make-up of mammalian proteins (see below). Several
More informationChapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO 2 H) is the parent group of a family of compounds called acyl
More informationChapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis
Chapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis Matching A) high B) deprotonated C) protonated D) least resistance E) motion F) rate-determining G) leaving group H) short peptides I) amino acid J) low K) coenzymes L) concerted
More informationProteases to Improve the Mechanical Characteristics of Durable Press Finished Cotton Fabrics
Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2003, 288, 71 75 71 Full Paper: N-Methylol reagents are conventional crosslinking agents that are still widely used in textile industry to produce crease-resistant cotton fabrics.
More informationPolar bodies are either introduced or unmasked, which results in more polar metabolites Phase I reactions can lead either to activation or
Polar bodies are either introduced or unmasked, which results in more polar metabolites Phase I reactions can lead either to activation or inactivation of the drug (i.e. therapeutic effects or toxicity)
More informationBiomolecules: amino acids
Biomolecules: amino acids Amino acids Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins They are also part of hormones, neurotransmitters and metabolic intermediates There are 20 different amino acids in
More informationChem 135: First Midterm
Chem 135: First Midterm September 28 th, 2007 Please provide all answers in the space provided. Extra paper is available if needed. You may not use calculators for this exam, but you are free to use (previously
More informationLecture 11 AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS
Lecture 11 AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS The word "Protein" was coined by J.J. Berzelius in 1838 and was derived from the Greek word "Proteios" meaning the first rank. Proteins are macromolecular polymers composed
More informationEnzymatic hydrolysis of castor oil: An approach for rate enhancement and enzyme economy
Indian Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4, April 2005, pp 241-245 Enzymatic hydrolysis of castor oil: An approach for rate enhancement and enzyme economy Samir R Kulkarni 1 and Aniruddha B Pandit 2* 1 College
More information