ISSN Volume 1, Number 4 December 2009

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1 ISSN Volume 1, Number 4 December 2009

2 Scope and policy of the journal Agricultural Science and Technology /AST/ an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues. Submission of Manuscripts All manuscript written in English should be submitted as MS-Word file attachments via to ascitech@uni-sz.bg. Manuscripts must be prepared strictly in accordance with the detailed instructions for authors at the website and the instructions on the last page of the journal. For each manuscript the signatures of all authors are needed confirming their consent to publish it and to nominate on author for correspondence. They have to be presented by a submission letter signed by all authors. The form of the submission letter is available upon from request from the Technical Assistance or could be downloaded from the website of the journal. All manuscripts are subject to editorial review and the editors reserve the right to improve style and return the paper for rewriting to the authors, if necessary. The editorial board reserves rights to reject manuscripts based on priorities and space availability in the journal. include electronic access and delivery. Subscription run for full calendar year. Orders, which must be accompanied by payment may be sent direct to the publisher: Trakia University Faculty of Agriculture, Bank account: UniCredit Bulbank, Sofia BIC: UNCRBGSF IBAN: BG29UNCR With UniCredit Bulbank Stara Zagora Internet Access This journal is included in the Trakia University Journals online Service which can be found at Copyright All rights reserved. No part of this publications may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher. Address of Editorial office: Agricultural Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University Student's campus, 6000 Stara Zagora Telephone.: Technical Assistance: Nely Tzvetanova Telephone.: ascitech@uni-sz.bg Subscriptions Agricultural Science and Technology is published four times a year. The subscription price for institutions is 80 and for personal subscription 30 which

3 ISSN Volume 1, Number 4 December 2009

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5 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 1, No 4, pp , 2009 Quality and Safety Clean wool colour and fatty acid content of semi fine wool D. Pamukova* Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, (Manuscript received 19 January 20; accepted for publication 25 March 20) Abstract. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the clean wool colour and the fatty acid composition of semi fine wool. The investigation was performed on 93 individual samples (from the shoulder, the back and the thigh) of 31 fleeces obtained from industrial batches of semi fine wool originating from, The and The. For shoulder, back and leg samples, the greasy wool colour, the staple length and the dirt percentage were determined. For shoulder samples, the clean wool colour, the total lipids in wool grease and its fatty acid composition were additionally determined. The lowest colour index, measured on full-length staple, was that of Dutch wool (34.86). Similar colour index was obtained for n (50.43) and Macedonian (51.57) wool batches. After removal of the dirty area, Dutch wool exhibited the lowest colour index again (29.86), followed by Macedonian (38.54) and n (42.51) samples. The greasy wool colour (except for yellow-coloured wool) could not be used as a reliable criterion for prediction of clean wool colour. Keywords: clean wool colour, yellowing, wool grease, fatty acids Abbreviations: MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, SFA saturated fatty acids Introduction, investigations on the amount of wool grease of semi fine wool have been performed, but there are no studies on its fatty acid One of the most important wool traits for textile industry is wool composition. This implies its more detailed investigation as a factor colour, that influences both the quality and the value of influencing the physical and mechanical properties of wool. manufactured goods (Cameron and Stobart, 2008). A serious The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the problem in sheep husbandry is the yellowing of wool, that clean wool colour and the fatty acid composition of semi fine wool. deteriorates its technological properties. The causes for this flaw according to Nechinennaya and Kachaeva (1972), Wilkinson (1981), Stapay and Makar (1985) are, above all, related to Material and methods production technology and the rearing of sheep in conditions of high ambient temperature and air humidity. Under the effect of these The investigation was performed on 93 individual samples factors, the lipid composition of wool grease and wool keratin are (from the shoulder, the back and the thigh) of 31 fleeces obtained altered. from industrial batches of semi fine wool originating from, According to Evans and McGuirk (1983), wool yellowing results The and The. For shoulder, from the interaction of the main components of wool grease fat and back and thigh samples, the greasy wool colour, the staple length suint. Benavides and Maher (2003) established a high phenotypic and the dirt percentage were determined. For shoulder samples, the and genetic correlation between suint percentage and suint K clean wool colour, the total lipids in wool grease and its fatty acid content and therefore suggested that sheep, whose wool was composition were additionally determined. The investigations were susceptible to yellowing, would produce more suint with higher K performed in the Wool Research Laboratory at the Sheep Breeding content. Unit, the Physics Unit's Laboratory, and the Central Research The wool grease plays a primary role for preserving its Laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture Trakia University, Stara technological properties. One of the requirements to it is the Zagora. resistance to washing. The protective function of wool grease The greasy wool colour was scored visually. The percentage of depends not only on its quantity, but on its quality as well. With dirt was assayed after measuring the natural fibre length and the regard to its chemical composition, wool grease belongs to the group amount of dirt in depth. The clean wool colour was investigated of waxes (Lushtenko and Biltueva, 1984) - complex esters of high colorimetrically. Shoulder wool samples were divided into two molecular weight fatty acids with aliphatic or cyclic alcohols. Most of groups: Group I full-length staple and group II staple with these esters are water-insoluble and hardly oxidizable, but removed dirty area. After washing the samples of both groups were nevertheless, under the influence of sunlight, heat, humidity and colourimetrically evaluated. The reflection spectra were obtained by particularly various pollutants, could undergo certain changes. In means of spectrophotometer SPEKOL supplied with a * dpamukova@af.uni-sz.bg 162

6 The lowest colour index (i.e. the whitest wool) measured on full- length staple, was that of Dutch wool (34.86) (Тable 2). The differences between that wool and n and Macedonian wools (15.57 and points respectively) were statistically significant (р<0.001). Colour indices of n (50.43) and Macedonian (51.57) wool were similar. After dirt removal, the scores decreased up to for Dutch wool, for Macedonian wool and for n wool. The comparison of scores from Table 2 showed that this reduction was the greatest for Macedonian batches by points. The decrease for n wool was 7.92 points and for Dutch wool it was the least by 5.00 points. The considerable increase in coefficients of variation for n and Macedonian wool from to 41.70% and from to 39.65%, evidencing the withingroup phenotype diversity, should be emphasized. Regardless of the observed decrease, the colour index of n wool was statistically significantly higher (by points) as compared to wool imported from the (р<0.05). One of the causes for these significant differences was the higher number of samples with yellow greasy wool. When data only for cream-coloured samples are processed, the average colour score for n wool decreased up to 29.91, for Macedonian - up to and for Dutch wool it was reflectance device Rd/0 and the colour indices of the lean wool were determined. The fatty acid composition of wool grease was determined after previous processing of samples by lipid extraction as per Bligh and Dyer (1959), followed by thin-layer chromatography. Fatty acids were assayed by means of gas chromatography (GS-Pay-Unicam 304 with flame ionization TM detector), capillary column EC WAX (Alltech; 30 m 0.25 µm, I.d., 0.25 µm film) and H2 as carrier gas. The results were statistically processed with the statistical software Statistica, Results and discussion Greasy wool and clean wool colour The results from the visual appraisal of greasy wool colour showed that for the three topographic sites studied, the percentage of n wool samples with yellow wool fat was high (Тable 1). For imported Macedonian wool, shoulder, back and thigh wool samples were with predominantly cream wool fat colour (60 70%). The percentage of yellow greasy wool was lower. Topographically, the most uniform wool according to the studied trait was the Dutch wool, whose wool grease was mainly cream (70-90%). Table 1. Colour of greasy semi fine wool Country of origin and topographic site n number Cream-coloured % Yellow number % - shoulder - back - thigh - shoulder - back - thigh - shoulder - back - thigh Table 2. Colour index of semi fine wool Country of origin n I-Full-length staples CV II-Without dirty wool areas CV ± ± ± a b ab c ± ± c ± Values within columns with different letters differ significantly: a(p<0.001); b (p<0.01); c(p<0.05) preserved (Table 3). n wool scores varied within a narrower tо (difference of points). Greasy wool colour range from tо (difference of 7.14 points), whereas therefore (with the exception of yellow-coloured greasy wool) could Macedonian samples exhibited larger variations (from tо not be used to predict clean wool colour. Such conclusions are also 48.57; difference of points). Dutch wool scores varied from made by Takuchev et al. (1995) and Benavides and Maher (2003). 163

7 The latter suggested that the weak phenotypic correlation made differences. The dirt percentage of back wool samples was high impossible the determination of clean wool colour on the basis of 61.98%. greasy wool colour. Fat content and fatty acid composition of wool grease The analysis of results showed that apart the secondary With respect to fat content, their percentage was the highest in yellowing of wool in the dirt area, the occurrence of fleeces with the grease of Dutch wool (8.44%), and the lowest in Macedonian yellow greasy wool reduced significantly the whiteness of processed samples (6.33%) (Тable 5). The differences were groups were small semi fine wool. and statistically insignificant. Natural wool staple length and dirt area percentage. The analysis of fatty acid profile showed a high content of fatty From all studied samples of semi fine wool, n had the acids from the С16-С 18 group (palmitic, palmitoleic, margaric, highest natural length in all areas (12.95 cm on shoulder,.68 cm margarioleic and stearic) in wool grease of n wool samples on the back and cm on the thigh). However, the differences to 50.96% (Figure 1). The percentage of medium-chain (С14-С 15) fatty the other two groups were not statistically significant (Table 4). The acids (myristic, myristoleic and pentadecanoic acids) and long-chain values of this trait were similar for Dutch and Macedonian wool fatty acids (С20-С 22) was considerably lower 24.65% and 12.78%, samples. respectively. The amount of fatty acids from С14-С 15 and С16-С 18 The least dirt percentage was determined for Dutch wool groups on Macedonian wool grease was almost equal: samples - from 26.29% tо 35.99% (Тable 4). A considerable penetration of mechanical particles was observed in Macedonian wool, where the dirt on the shoulder and the thigh was over 50%, and on the back up to 79.94%. With respect to dirt, n wool occupied a medium position. The dirt percentages on the shoulder and the thigh were similar: 42.29% and 46.07%, with insignificant %, and of long-chain fatty acids 24.90%. Wool grease of Dutch wool samples contained predominantly С16 tо С18 fatty acids. The percentage of medium-chain (С -С group)and long-chain(с С 22 ) fatty acids was lower. Wool grease quality largely depends on whether constituting fatty acids are saturated or not. Under the?able 3. Colour index of cream-coloured wool (without dirty area) Country of origin n ± ± ± CV Lmin-Lmax Not significant differences between group Table 4. Natural staple length and percentage of the dirty areas of the wool Country of origin and topographic site n Shoulder Back CV CV Thigh CV Staple length, cm Percentage of the dirty areas of the wool, % ± ± ± ± ± ± ac ab bc ± ± ± ± ± ± ac ab bc ± ± ± ± ± ± ac ab bc Values within columns with different letters differ significantly: a(p<0.01); b, c (p<0.001); p, n (p<0.05) Table 5. Amount of the wool grease, % Country of origin n ± ± ± C V No significant differences between groups 164

8 influence of air oxygen, unsaturated fatty acids are oxidized 6.16%). relatively easily and consequently, decrease the physical and The comparison of results of wool dirt percentages with those mechanical properties of wool (Terenteva and Ahmedova, 1987). for the total content of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids The highest content of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids showed that the lower content of the latter in Dutch wool samples (MUFA and PUFA) was determined in Macedonian wool grease (17.335%) correlated with a lower dirt area percentage (26.29%) % (35.60% and 2.41%, respectively), whereas the lowest one The contrary was also true the higher level of unsaturated fatty in Dutch samples 17.33% (15.39% and 1.95%, respectively) acids was related to higher dirt percentage in Macedonian wool (Figure 2). n semi fine wool was in a medium position with (38.01% and 51.95%, respectively). respect to these fatty acids content with 27.32% (21.16% and n Macedonian Dutch % C14-C15 C16-C18 C20-C22 other Figure 1. Fatty acids in greasy wool from, Macedonia and The MUFA PUFA SFA % n 2. Macedonian 3. Dutch Figure 2. Main fatty acid groups percentages in n, Macedonian, and Dutch greasy wool. 165

9 Conclusion The lowest colour index, measured on full-length staple, was that of Dutch wool (34.86). Similar colour indices were obtained for n (50.43) and Macedonian (51.57) wool batches. After removal of the dirty area, Dutch wool exhibited the lowest colour index again (29.86), followed by Macedonian (38.54) and n (42.51) samples. The greasy wool colour (except for yellowcoloured wool) could not be used as a reliable criterion for prediction of clean wool colour. The highest mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage was determined in Macedonian wool fat 38.01% and the lowest in Dutch wool fat 17.33%. n semi fine wool was in the middle with 27.32%. Comparing wool dirt percentage to the total amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, it could be suggested that the lower content of the latter in wool grease was related to lower dirty area percentage and vice versa. References Benavides MV and Maher P, Genetic parameters of wool colour and skin traits in Corriedale sheep. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 26, 3, Bligh EG and Dyer WJ, A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 8, Cameron BA and Stobart RH, The Yellowing Propensity of Rambouillet Wool. Sheep & Goat Research Journal, 23, Evans R and McGuirk BJ, Estimating the association between wool and skin characters and fleece rot. Australian Journal of Agrculture Research, 34, Lushtenko АЕ and Biltueva АD, Wool grease of Krasnoyarsk sheep crosses. Breeding, Selection, Genetics, 7, (Ru). Nechinennaya ТV and Kachaeva VG, Changes in wool grease during wool storage. Animal Husbandry, 9, (Ru). Stapay PV and Makar IA, Influence of increased ambient temperature and humidity on wool yellowing. Scientific Bulletin of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, 72, Takuchev N, Panayotov D, Pamukova D and Zuhuri К, Colorimetric traits of various wool types. Animal Sciences (Sofia), 5, 8, (Bg). Terenteva МV and Ahmedova SА, Relationship between wool fat and its fatty acid composition and the quality of wool in Kazakh Merino sheep. Intensive technologies in sheep and horse husbandry, Alma-Аtа, (Ru). Wilkinson B, Studies on fleece yellowing Part: A fleece component causing yellowing in greasy fleeces. Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding, 29, 4,

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Todorov N and Mitev J, Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive t h performance in dairy cows, IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept. 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.). Thesis: Penkov D, Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp. The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.

11 Volume 1, Number 4 December 2009 CONTENTS Genetics and Breeding Genotype x Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis of Some Narbonne Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) Genotypes A. Orak, I. Nizam Performance test traits in Danube White pigs with different RYR, ESR and FUT1 genotypes S. Stoyanova Effects of days open on the milk yield and the duration of the concurrent lactation in n Murrah buffaloes P. Penchev, Y. Ilieva, Tz. Peeva Influence of genotype and environments on quality of winter wheat varieties in Northern D. Atanasova, V. Dochev, N. Tsenov1, I. Todorov Relation between time to heading and date of maturity of winter common wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) N. Tsenov Nutrition and Physiology Investigations on the content of lead and cadmium in compound feed additives D. Alexieva, S. Chobanova Comparison of the effects of Natuphos G and Optiphos phytases utilization in broiler chicken feeding with maize-soybean diets P. Valkova Production Systems Study of the possibility for twofold harvesting of annual late spring crops and mixtures in the foremountain regions of the Central Balkan mountains V. Lingorski, T. Kertikov Agriculture and Environment Evaluation of deoxynivalenol and virulence in dsrna containing Fusarium graminearum Isolates Said Abbas, Aminian Parisa, Alizadeh Azizollah, Safaie Naser Plant protection means against Oilseed rape pests L. Dospatliev, N. Palagacheva Relationship between protostrongylid infections of land snails and the pasture vegetation in the region of Stara Zagora, South D.Georgiev Quality and Safety Clean wool colour and fatty acid content of semi fine wool D. Pamukova