Meso-Zeaxanthin: One of Important Carotenoids for Human Health
|
|
- Derek Ferguson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Sep Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (English Edition) Vol. 17 No Meso-Zeaxanthin: One of Important Carotenoids for Human Health XU Xinde 1, JIANG Lianzhou 2, ZHANG Lihua 1, and SHAO Bin 1 1 Zhejiang Medicine Co., Ltd., Xinchang Pharmaceutical Factory, Xinchang , Zhejiang, China 2 College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin , China Abstract:As one of optical isomers of zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin is an important ingredient of macular pigment. Compared with lutein and zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin may display strong functions as antioxidant and filtering short-wavelength, for example, the blue light. Comparisons among lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin as well as functions and distributions together with the source of meso-zeaxanthin were discussed. The application as a supplement of diet and issues should be studied in the future for mesozeaxanthin were also analyzed. Key words:meso-zeaxanthin, function, distribution, source, application CLC number: TS202.3 Document code: A Article ID: (2010) Introduction: Zeaxanthin (Z) and Mesozeaxanthin (MZ) Zeaxanthin belongs to a group of pigments known as xanthophylls which have no provitamin A activity. Zeaxanthin is an orange-red crystalline powder, with little or no odor. It is practically insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in chloroform giving a clear intensive orange-red solution. It would be bleached upon exposure to light or atmospheric oxygen. Its CAS number is ; the chemical formula is C 40 H 56 O 2 ; and the molecular weight is The chemical structure is shown in Fig. 1 [1]. The other kind of carotenoid which related to zeaxanthin is lutein (L). Zeaxanthin and lutein are isomers but not stereoisomers because they are both polyisoprenoids containing 40 carbon atoms and cyclic structures at each end of their conjugated chains. And they can show both optical (R- and S-stereo isomers) and geometrical isomers (trans, E-, and cis, Z-). The main difference between zeaxanthin and lutein is the location of a double bond in one of the end ring [2]. On one hand, the conjugated double bonds of zeaxanthin and lutein contribute to the distinctive color of each pigment and also influence the ability to quench singlet oxygen, on the other hand, this difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. While lutein has three chiral centers, but only (3R, 3'R, 6'R)-lutein was detected in nature, human blood and retina. Theoretically, zeaxanthin which has two chiral centers should be four stereoisomers, because of symmetry, the (3R, 3'S) and (3S, 3'R) stereoisomers of zeaxanthin are identical; therefore, zeaxanthin has only three stereoisomeric forms, namely (3R, 3'R)-, (3R, 3'S)-, (3S, 3'S)-zeaxanthin [3]. The (3R, 3'S)- stereoisomer is called meso-zeaxanthin [4]. Zeaxanthin, either chemically synthesized or naturally existed, is exclusively the 3R, and 3'R-zeaxanthin. The chemical structure of lutein and three stereoisomeric forms of zeaxanthin are shown in Fig. 2. Received 9 October 2009 XU Xinde (1976-), male, Ph. D, senior engineer, engaged in the research of functional food additives. xuxinde-2000@hotmail.com xuebaoenglish@neau.edu.cn
2 XU Xinde et al. Meso-Zeaxanthin: One of Important Carotenoids for Human Health 77 Zeaxanthin, C 40 H 56 O 2 Lutein, C 40 H 56 O 2 Fig. 1 Structural formulas of zeaxanthin and lutein ' 13' 11' (3R, 3'R, 6'R)-lutein (3R, 3'R, 6'R)-β, ε-carotene-3, 3'-diol 9' H 7' 5' 6' 4' 3' 1' 2' (3R, 3'R)-zeaxanthin (3R, 3'R)-β, β-carotene-3, 3'-diol (3R, 3'S, meso)-zeaxanthin (3R, 3'S)-β, β-carotene-3, 3'-diol (3R, 3'S)-zeaxanthin (3R, 3'S)-β, β-carotene-3, 3'-diol Fig. 2 Chemical structure of lutein and stereoisomers of zeaxanthin Functions and Distributions of Meso- Zeaxanthin Zeaxanthin and lutein which are two major components of the macular pigment have an important role for eyes' health. The macula lutea or "yellow spot" in the retina is responsible for central vision and visual acuity. Macular pigment (MP) filters out and absorbs cell damaging, high-energy, blue wavelengths of light [5]. In addition, zeaxanthin and lutein are the strongest anti-oxidants in our bodies [6], which protect the central retina from oxidative damage caused by free radicals [7]. Lots of investigations in human beings and epidemiologic surveys showed that the increasement of macula pigment was correlated with a decreased risk of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) [8-10], furthermore, high levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in either the diet or blood were correlated with high amounts of these carotenoids in the retina [11]. Besides prevention and treatment of AMD, zeaxanthin and lutein also could relieve eyestrain, correct chromatic aberration, better visual acuity, improve contrast sensitivity, and decrease the glare recovery time [12-13]. All of optical isomers of zeaxanthin were analyzed as a whole in the previous research. With the further http: //publish.neau.edu.cn
3 78 Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (English Edition) Vol. 17 No development of investigations, more and more people have realized the uniqueness of optical isomers of zeaxanthin and lutein, especially the specific action of meso-zeaxanthin to eyes' health of human. Our bodies do not manufacture zeaxanthin and lutein which must be obtained from the diet [14]. Zeaxanthin was abundant in yolk of eggs, and many fruit and vegetables, particularly maize, kiwis, spinach, Targets erect red flowers, Lycium barbarum and orange peppers [15]. Whereas the highest concentrations of lutein were found in dark green, leafy vegetables (spinach, kale, collard greens and other), corn, and egg yolks [14]. Chemically synthesis of lutein is very difficult because of the asymmetry in its molecular structure, so lutein commonly was extracted from plants especially marigold flowers. However, zeaxanthin could be produced synthetically by the Wittig reaction or by extracting and subsequent purifying after the saponification and crystallization of oleoresin from Targets erect red flowers or obtained from the isomerization of lutein with natural source as marigold flowers [1, 16-17]. As has been stated before that lutein had three chiral centers, but only (3R, 3'R, 6'R)-lutein was detected in nature, human blood and eye tissues. But zeaxanthin is different from lutein. In human plasma and liver, (3R, 3'R)-zeaxanthin and (3R, 3'R, 6'R)-lutein are detected [18-19]. (3R, 3'S)-zeaxanthin and (3S, 3'S)- zeaxanthin are absent or are not detected in plant tissue, human plasma and liver [20-21]. Whereas, (3R, 3'R)-zeaxanthin, (3R, 3'R, 6'R)-lutein and mesozeaxanthin are found throughout the whole retina. Moreover, meso-zeaxanthin is found in the retina especially in the fovea. Zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin and lutein form the macular pigment, and nearer to the central macula, more zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin but less lutein could be found, within the peripheral retina, the results are opposite [22]. Table 1 showed the proportional distribution of lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin in the plant extracts, human blood and different areas of the human eye tissues [23]. From Table 1, meso-zeaxanthin represents approximately 25% of the total amount of zeaxanthin in fovea of retina, whereas 15% in the whole retina. Fig. 3 also shows the ratios of lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin in different areas of retina [24]. It is particularly worth noting that meso-zeaxanthin is not present in the human blood or other organ tissues. Table 1 Ratios of L, Z and MZ in plant extracts and different areas of human bodies Position L : Z : MZ Marigold flowers : 1 : 0 Blood 3-5 : 1 : 0 The whole retina 2 : 1 : 0.5 L : Z Fovea 1 : 2 : 1 Outer Medial Inner MZ : Z Fig. 3 Ratios of L, Z and MZ in different areas of retina Within the central macula, zeaxanthin and mesozeaxanthin are the dominant components, whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein predominates. The macula might be expected to derive benefit from the greater protection afforded by zeaxanthin and mesozeaxanthin compared with lutein. Besides (3R, 3'R)-zeaxanthin and (3R, 3'S)-zeaxanthin, (3S, 3'S)-zeaxanthin, which is the same as (3R, 3'S)-zeaxanthin for not being detected in nature and human blood, presents in the macula with a much small amount as about five per thousand of the total pigment [25]. Where is Meso-zeaxanthin from? Meso-zeaxanthin is not found in the diet and human xuebaoenglish@neau.edu.cn
4 XU Xinde et al. Meso-Zeaxanthin: One of Important Carotenoids for Human Health 79 blood but found in the retina and particularly in the fover with the highest concentration. That suggested that meso-zeaxanthin might come into being in eyes rather than other organ tissues. More and more evidence showed that the presence of meso-zeaxanthin was the result of transformation from retinal lutein in eyes especially within the retina. Conversion of lutein into meso-zeaxanthin would require only the migration of the 4', 5' double bonds in lutein to the 5', 6' positions to form meso-zeaxanthin (leaving the spatial configuration of the hydroxyl groups unaltered). That might be seen in Fig. 4. Aside from the photochemical transformation of the lutein to meso-zeaxanthin, there were no known pathways in human bodies for the synthesis of meso-zeaxanthin [3, 24-25]. It could also be proved by changes of (L+MZ) : Z ratio in the inner, medial and outer regions of the retinas. The average values of (L+MZ) : Z for the inner, medial and outer regions of the retinas were 2.16±0.60, 2.32±0.77 and 2.91±1.21, respectively. These figures were consistent with various analyses of blood carotenoids which indicated L : Z ratios in the range of about 2 : 1 to 4 : 1 [24]. It indicated that lutein within blood was transported into eye tissues, some of lutein is then converted into meso-zeaxanthin in the inner of the retina, and this conversion was lower in the outer region. It also suggested that meso-zeaxanthin was more benefitial to eyes' health compared with lutein ' 13' 11' Lutein (3R, 3'R, 6'R)-β, ε-carotene-3, 3'-diol 9' H 7' 5' 6' 4' 3' 1' 2' Meso-zeaxanthin (3R, 3'S)-β, β-carotene-3, 3'-diol Fig. 4 Conversion of lutein into meso-zeaxanthin Further support regarding the retinal lutein converted into meso-zeaxanthin including: (1) when macaque (non-human primate, unique animal has macular region) was feed with feedstuffs removing carotenoids for some time [26], its eyes lacked of macular pigment. Later, macaque was feed with feedstuffs only containing lutein for a period, then lutein and meso-zeaxanthin were presented in the macular, while if macaque was feed with feedstuffs containing zeaxanthin, only zeaxanthin presented in the macular region. (2) The average mass ratio of L : Z and MZ : Z in the whole adult retinas and 0-7-month-old infants' retinas were given in Table 2 [24]. Here, that a somewhat higher L : Z and a lower MZ : Z ratio in 0-7-month- old infants' whole retina compared with adults, which indicated the conversion of a part of retinal lutein into meso-zeaxanthin in the adult retina. The isomerization process of the lutein into mesozeaxanthin had been proved in vitro and there were many researches about it [3, 16, 24-25]. Table 2 Ratios of L, Z and MZ in the retina of adult and 0-7 month-old infants [24] Groups L : Z MZ : Z Adult 1.86± ± month-old infants 3.30± ± 0.28 http: //publish.neau.edu.cn
5 80 Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (English Edition) Vol. 17 No Prospects for the Application of Meso- Zeaxanthin as Dietary Supplement and Its Research Orientation Besides (3R, 3'R, 6'R)-lutein and (3R, 3'R)-zeaxanthin, (3R, 3'S, meso)-zeaxanthin is one important composition of macular pigment, and meso-zeaxanthin must play an irreplaceable role in maintaining eyes' health, but the mechanism and type of action are worthwhile to depth study deeply, such as, which one is better to protect the retina for the formulation as zeaxanthin alone, lutein alone or a balanced mixture of lutein and zeaxanthin, is not known yet. Issues as what kinds of forms of zeaxanthin and lutein provide a greater protection to the retina as well as the mechanism of meso-zeaxanthin transformation and how to play an unique action, furthermore, if meso-zeaxanthin is directly intaken from food, how is it transported to eyes, and so on, which should be studied in more details. Formerly, zeaxanthin products in the market is all of chemosynthesis and appeared (3R, 3'R)-optical isomer. At present, industrialized products of (meso, 3R, 3'S)-zeaxanthin which is from the isomerization of lutein with natural source as marigold flower can be obtained in the market [16], and relative standard of zeaxanthin in FCC monograph has also been worked out. All these progresses provide possibilities for the further accurately evaluated relative roles of mesozeaxanthin in human health, especially in eyes' health. There are reasons to believe that the function of mesozeaxanthin can be adequately understood after plentiful researches and publicity and meso-zeaxanthin should be had more extensive applications in the future. References 1 Stankovic I. Zeaxanthin (Synthetic) and zeaxanthin-rich extract. Chemical and Technical Assessment [C]. 63rd JECIA, FAO, Landrum J T, Bone R A. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment [J]. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2001, 385: Bone R A, Landrum J T, Hime G W, et al. Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1993, 34: Bone R A, Landrum J T, Friedes L M, et al. Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina [J]. Exp Eye Res, 1997, 64: Kirschfeld K. Carotenoid pigments: their possible role in protecting against photo-oxidation in eyes and photoreceptor cells [J]. Proc R Soc Lond B, 1982, 216: Chew B P, Park J S. Carotenoid action on the immune response [J]. J Nutr, 2004, 134(1): 257s-261s. 7 Foote C S, Chang Y C, Denny R W. Chemistry of singlet oxygen X. carotenoid quenching parallels biological protection [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 1970, 92: Landrum J T, Bone R A, Kilburn M D. The macular pigment: a possible role in protection from age-related macular degeneration [J]. Adv Pharmacol, 1997, 38: Bernstein P S, Zhao D Y, Wintch S W, et al. Resonance raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in agerelated macular degeneration patients [J]. Ophthalmology, 2002, 109: Massacesi A L, Faletra R, Gerosa F, et al. The effect of oral supplementation of macular carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) on the prevention of age related macular degeneration: 18 months of follow up study [J]. Assoc Res Vision Ophthalmol, 2001, 42: S Bone, R A, Landrum, J T, Guerra, L H, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplements raise macular pigment density and serum concentrations of these carotenoids in humans [J]. J Nutr, 2003, 133: McLellan J S, Marcos S, Prieto P M, et a1. Imperfect optics may be the eye's defense against chromatic blur [J]. Nature, 2002, 417: Wooten B R, Hammond, B R. Macular pigment: influences on visual acuity and visibility [J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2002, 21: Sommerburg O, Keunen J E, Bird A C, et al. Fruit and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes [J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1998, 82: Khachik F, Nir Z, Ausich R, Steck A, et al. Distribution of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables for the selection of appropriate chemopreventative factors [J]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Food Factors Chem Cancer Prev, 1995(5): xuebaoenglish@neau.edu.cn
6 XU Xinde et al. Meso-Zeaxanthin: One of Important Carotenoids for Human Health Xu X D, Zhang L H, Chen B C, et al. Preparation method for highcontent food-grade zeaxanthin [J]. US B2, EP , Swaminathan S, Bengalore, Priya K, et al. Isolation and purification of carotenoids from marigold flowers [J]. US B2, Khachik F, Beecher G R, Goli M B, et al. Separation and identification of carotenoids and their oxidation products in extracts of human plasma [J]. Anal Chem, 1992, 64: Khachik F, de Moura F F, Zhao D Y, et al. Transformations of selected carotenoids in plasma, liver, and ocular tissues of humans and in nonprimate animal models [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2002, 43: Shazia S, Ahmed M D, McGregor N, et al. The macular xanthophylls [J]. Survey of Ophthalmology, 2005, 50(2): Bone R A, Landrum J T, Fernandez L, et al. Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC retinal distribution and age study [J]. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 1988, 29(6): Frederick Khachi, F F. de Moura, ZHAO D Y, et al. Transformations of selected carotenoids in plasma, liver, and ocular tissues of humans and in nonprimate animal models [J]. IOVS, 1992, 43(11): Richer S. LAST & LAST Ⅱ temporal response data [C]. Beijing: Workshop on Lutein and Eye Health, 2009: Bone R A, Landrum J T, Friedes L M, et al. Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina [J]. Exp Eye Res, 1997, 64: Bone R A, Landrum J T, Hime G W, et al. Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1993, 34: Johnson E J, Neuringer M, Russell R M, et al. Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas Ⅲ: effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplementation on adipose tissue and retina of xanthophyll-free monkeys [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2005, 46: http: //publish.neau.edu.cn
Katra produces IPR protected Formulations and Bioactives from Natural Sources, backed by World Class Research and adheres to International Standards
Lutein and Zeaxanthin, against MD: Science Brief Katra produces IPR protected Formulations and Bioactives from Natural Sources, backed by World Class Research and adheres to International Standards www.katraphyto.com
More informationTechnical Literature
Technical Literature Kemin Health, L.C. 600 East Court Ave, Suite A Des Moines, Iowa 50309-2021 USA tel: 515.248.4000 fax: 515.248.4051 toll free: 888.248.5040 www.kemin.com Prevalence of Versus Esters
More informationLutein, esters, congeners & metabolites
Stakeholder panel on dietarysupplements Background & Fitness for Purpose Lutein, esters, congeners & metabolites Rick Myers, PhD AOAC Annual Meeting Log Angeles, CA 25 September 2015 Background on analytes
More informationFood, Supplements and Healthy Lifestyles in Slowing and Preventing Macular Degeneration Julie Mares, Professor For the Nutrition and Eye Health Research Team http://nutritionforeyes.ophth.wisc.edu Preserving
More informationKEMIN nd Pentvision White Paper.indd 1
KEMIN011838-03-2nd Pentvision White Paper.indd 1 2 Exploring the Lutein Link in Ocular and Neural Health Lutein, a dietary carotenoid common to fruits and vegetables, has strong support for its role in
More informationIrena Vovk 1, Breda Simonovska 1, Danica Agbaba 2 and Gordana Popović 2
Lutein in food supplements Irena Vovk 1, Breda Simonovska 1, Danica Agbaba 2 and Gordana Popović 2 1 National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy Why
More informationWise Food & Lifestyle Choices For Better Overall Health THE IMPORTANCE OF LUTEIN IN YOUR DIET FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Wise Food & Lifestyle Choices For Better Overall Health THE IMPORTANCE OF LUTEIN IN YOUR DIET FOOD FOR THOUGHT WHAT IS LUTEIN? Have you heard of the antioxidant lutein? Did you know lutein plays an important
More informationFloraGLO by Kemin: The Pioneers of Lutein Science and Discovery
FloraGLO by Kemin: The Pioneers of Lutein Science and Discovery FLORAGLO SUPPORTS BABY S EYES 2010 BLUE LIGHT PROTECTION PATENT 2016 FLORAGLO SUPPORTS COGNITION 2008 2014 FLORAGLO PROMOTES QUALITY OF VISION
More informationWhat is mesozeaxanthin, where does it come from? REVIEW. JM Nolan, K Meagher, S Kashani and S Beatty
(2013), 1 7 & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-222X/13 www.nature.com/eye What is mesozeaxanthin, and where does it come from? JM Nolan, K Meagher, S Kashani and S Beatty REVIEW
More informationDistribution of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Stereoisomers in the Human Retina
Exp. Eye Res. (1997) 64, 211 218 Distribution of Lutein and eaxanthin Stereoisomers in the Human Retina RICHARD A. BONE a *, JOHN T. LANDRUM b, LARRY M. FRIEDES b, CHRISTINA M. GOME b, MARK D. KILBURN
More informationA(REDS) to Z(inc) Nutrition for eye health
All eyes on the macula A(REDS) to Z(inc) Nutrition for eye health Professor Christine Purslow PhD, MCOptom, FBCLA, FIACLE Macula lutea = yellow spot Colour is determined by 3 carotenoids Lutein Zeaxanthin
More informationOCULOSELECT TM OUR NEW COMPREHENSIVE EYE SUPPORT PRODUCT
OCULOSELECT TM OUR NEW COMPREHENSIVE EYE SUPPORT PRODUCT Traditionally, support of vision and eye health is not one of the first clinical issues that we as functional and alternative medicine practitioners
More informationAN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Rhianna A. Derenick for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Food Management presented on December 1, 2006. Title: The Role of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Protecting
More informationThe Age Related Eye Disease Study
The Age Related Eye Disease Study Fatoumata Yanoga, MD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center 04/13/2018 No Relevant Financial Relationships with Commercial Interests
More informationIt is a common practice to color egg yolks
NATURAL XANTHOPHYLLS IN THE EGG WHEN GOOD COLOR IS NOT ENOUGH Sergi Carné Technical Unit Director, Industrial Técnica Pecuaria, S. A. (ITPSA); scarne@itpsa.com BACKGROUND It is a common practice to color
More informationExploring the role of Lutein in maternal and infant health
Exploring the role of Lutein in maternal and infant health Seminar Nutrition for Maternal and Infant Health November 21 st 2018 Filipa Quintela Technical Services Associate Pharm.D. IMG-KI-00508 Overview
More informationLYCOPENE FROM BLAKESLEA TRISPORA CHEMICAL AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT (CTA)
1. Summary LYCOPENE FROM BLAKESLEA TRISPORA CHEMICAL AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT (CTA) Prepared by Zofia Olempska-Beer, Ph.D. Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition U.S.
More informationExtraction and purification of carotenoids from vegetables
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(4):594-598 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Extraction and purification of carotenoids from
More informationWhat is mesozeaxanthin, where does it come from? REVIEW. JM Nolan, K Meagher, S Kashani and S Beatty
(2013), 1 7 & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-222X/13 www.nature.com/eye What is mesozeaxanthin, and where does it come from? JM Nolan, K Meagher, S Kashani and S Beatty REVIEW
More informationSoluble Lutein (Lutemax2020 ) Prevents Retinal Damage in Streptozotocin (STZ)- induced Diabetic Rats
Soluble Lutein (Lutemax2020 ) Prevents Retinal Damage in Streptozotocin (STZ)- induced Diabetic Rats Vijaya Juturu, Ph.D., F.A.C.N. OmniActive Health Technologies, Inc. Morristown, NJ Acknowledgements
More informationColor Your Customers Healthy With Carotenoids
Color Your Customers Healthy With Carotenoids By Yousry Naguib, PhD Fruits and vegetables get their vibrant colors from carotenoids, a class of closely related chemicals. Approximately 600 carotenoids
More informationNutrition & Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Nutrition & Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a serious and currently untreatable disease that is the leading cause of acquired blindness among aging Americans.
More informationShelf stability of lutein from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flowers in vegetable oils
Shelf stability of lutein from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flowers in vegetable oils Roberto Lavecchia and Antonio Zuorro Department of Chemical Engineering, Sapienza University Via Eudossiana, 18 00184
More informationPOTENTIAL USE OF MOUGEOTIA SP. ALGAE IN FOOD PRODUCTION, BASED ON ITS CAROTENOID CONTENT. Abstract
E. Muntean, et all. Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies, Volume XIII, No.1 (2007), 143-148 Full Paper Natural Food Extract and Additives POTENTIAL USE OF MOUGEOTIA SP. ALGAE IN FOOD PRODUCTION,
More information3.4 Photoisomerization reactions
3.4 Photoisomerization reactions A photoisomerization is the conversion of one isomer into another isomer by light. The examples we will look at involve exclusively the conversion between two geometric
More information3/14/2016. Fact. Nutrition for Your Eyes. Eyes are highly metabolic organs. Deep Green Vegetables & Bright Fruits. Lutein.
Fact Good nutrition is essential for eye health Nutrition for Your Eyes Deborah Willcox, RD, LMNT Eyes are highly metabolic organs Deep Green Vegetables & Bright Fruits This means our eyes require a lot
More informationAnnette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!!
BI 358 Lecture 18 Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!! I. Announcements Quiz 5 returned at end of lecture. Eye Dissection & Vision lab next Tuesday > Lecture by Dr. Sims! Final Quiz
More informationTHE VISUAL SYSTEM: EYE TO CORTEX
THE VISUAL SYSTEM: EYE TO CORTEX o o o 1. The Eyes o Structure 2. The Retina o Cone & Rod Vision 3. Visual Transduction by Rhodopsin o 4. From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex o 5. Color Blindness o 6.
More informationAnnette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!!
BI 358 Lecture 18 Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!! I. Announcements Quiz 5 returned at end of lecture. Eye Dissection & Vision lab next Tuesday > Lecture by Dr. Sims! Final Quiz
More informationContents. Introduction. Marketing Summary. Research Monograph. Scientific Summary & Current Use. Product Label. Safety Cautions & Assessment
PRODUCT PROFILE Contents 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 Introduction Marketing Summary Research Monograph Scientific Summary & Current Use Product Label Safety Cautions & Assessment Age Guidelines for Use/Shelf Life
More informationMACULAR PIGMENT OPTICAL DENSITY AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG PREADOLESCENT CHILDREN SASHA MARIE MCCORKLE THESIS
MACULAR PIGMENT OPTICAL DENSITY AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG PREADOLESCENT CHILDREN BY SASHA MARIE MCCORKLE THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science
More informationFITEYE Tablets (Multivitamin + Minerals)
Published on: 10 Jul 2014 FITEYE Tablets (Multivitamin + Minerals) Each Tablet Contains Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin A (as beta carotene) Vitamin B2 Lutein Zeaxanthin Zinc Copper Selenium L-Glutathione
More informationRECOVERY AND ISOMERIZATION OF CAROTENOIDS FROM TOMATO PROCESSING BY PRODUCTS
RECOVERY AND ISOMERIZATION OF CAROTENOIDS FROM TOMATO PROCESSING BY PRODUCTS Irini Strati and Vassiliki Oreopoulou Food Chemistry and Technology Laboratory School of Chemical Engineering National Technical
More informationThe Chemical Synthesis Route (Continued) FIGURE 2 SYNTHESIS OF CAROTENOIDS: FLOW CHART FOR PREPARATION OF BETA-IONONE FIGURE 3 SYNTHESIS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION... 1 BACKGROUND... 1 REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY... 2 INTENDED AUDIENCE... 2 SCOPE OF REPORT... 2 SCOPE OF REPORT (CONTINUED)... 3 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES... 4 AUTHOR
More informationDietary Modification of Human Macular Pigment Density
Dietary Modification of Human Macular Pigment Density Billy R. Hammond, Jr.,* Elizabeth J. Johnson,^ Robert M. Russell,^ Norman I. Krinsky,^,{ Kyungjin Yeum,~\ Ross B. Edwards,^ and D. Max Snodderly% Purpose.
More informationAREDS: Age Related Disease Studies & Nutritional Support For Healthy Eyes
AREDS: Age Related Disease Studies & Nutritional Support For Healthy Eyes Cindy Klement, MS, CNS, MCHES Your Presenter Cindy Klement, MS, CNS, MCHES Master s Degree in Nutrition Board Certified Nutritionist
More informationEFFECT OF DIETARY LUTEIN ON IMMUNE RESPONSE OF BREEDERS AND BROILER CHICKS. Holly Pizzey
EFFECT OF DIETARY LUTEIN ON IMMUNE RESPONSE OF BREEDERS AND BROILER CHICKS INTRODUCTION Lutein is a xanthophyll carotenoid found naturally in marigold flowers, corn, and dark-green leafy vegetables. Recent
More informationIdentification of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Oxidation Products in Human and Monkey Retinas
Identification of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Oxidation Products in Human and Monkey Retinas Frederick Khachik* Paul S. Bernstein,^ and Donita L. Garland% Purpose. To characterize fully all the major and minor
More informationTargeted Health Regimen Every Targeted Health Regimen builds upon the Foundations of Optimal Health Regimen. Vision Health Regimen
Targeted Health Regimen Every Targeted Health Regimen builds upon the Foundations of Optimal Health Regimen. Vision Health Regimen Declining vision is a result of the normal aging process. Why should we
More informationKeep an Eye on Your Diet to Improve Your Eye Health
Keep an Eye on Your Diet to Improve Your Eye Health While we may eventually need glasses as we age, it is not a guarantee. Learn what you can do to keep your eyes as healthy as possible by choosing eye
More informationNutrition and the Eye
Nutrition and the Eye A booklet provided to explain the importance of nutrition in ocular health Recent media and press coverage will have no doubt brought your attention to the new ideas involving nutrition
More informationIdentification of 3-Methoxyzeaxanthin as a Novel Age-Related Carotenoid Metabolite in the Human Macula
A R T I C L E S Identification of 3-Methoxyzeaxanthin as a Novel Age-Related Carotenoid Metabolite in the Human Macula Prakash Bhosale, Da You Zhao, Bogdan Serban, and Paul S. Bernstein From the Department
More informationNM SACHINDRA JSPS Post-Doctoral Research Fellow. Prof. K MIYASHITA. Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, Hakodate
NM SACHINDRA JSPS Post-Doctoral Research Fellow Prof. K MIYASHITA Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, Hakodate Mysore India Karnataka Working as: Scientist Central Food Technological Research Institute
More informationInvestigating the Effect of Diet on Nutrient Concentration in Eggs: How Your Breakfast Might Be Healthier than You Think
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Inquiry Journal 2007 Inquiry Journal Spring 2007 Investigating the Effect of Diet on Nutrient Concentration in Eggs: How Your
More informationocular nutrition questionnaire
ocular nutrition questionnaire Your e depend on several nutrients to stay healthy see their best. Are your e getting eugh of these nutrients? Please take a moment to reflect on what you ate last week answer
More informationBeta-carotene CH 3. Beta-carotene crystals in polarised light H 3. Molecular formula of beta-carotene
15 Beta-carotene Chemistry Beta-carotene is a terpene. It is made up of eight isoprene units, which are cyclised at each end. The long chain of conjugated double bonds is responsible for the orange colour
More informationThis student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course
77:222 Spring 2001 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2001) offered
More informationInterocular agreement in melanin and macular pigment optical density
Experimental Eye Research 84 (2007) 934e938 www.elsevier.com/locate/yexer Interocular agreement in melanin and macular pigment optical density Martijn J. Kanis a, *, Tos T.J.M. Berendschot b, Dirk van
More informationSynergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1740 (2005) 116 121 Review Synergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation Prakash Bhosale, Paul S. BernsteinT Department
More information25% of normal 2/20/2018. Practical Guidelines for the Treatment of AMD 78% 22% Overview. AMD Information Overload
I am a consultant / or have financial interest in: Practical Guidelines for the Treatment of Maculogix J&J Acuvue Vision Source Ocusoft Pogo Tech Jeffrey W. Jones, OD Longview, TX 75605 jjoneseye@gmail.com
More informationReverse the signs of aging. Vitality Cocktail. Anti-Aging Formula
I N OVAC U RE PROTEIN THAT NOURISHES YOUR INNER BEAUTY Reverse the signs of aging COLLAGEN CONCENTRATE ENRICHED WITH ANTIOXIDANTS. Improves skin tone and texture. Reduces the appearance of wrinkles and
More informationWorksheet Chapter 17: Food chemistry glossary
Worksheet 17.1 Chapter 17: Food chemistry glossary Aldehydes (alkanals) A homologous series of compounds with the general formula RCHO, where the CHO group (the aldehyde group) consists of a carbonyl group
More informationTHE WORLD CAROTENOIDS MARKET
Science Market Regulation UBIC 2015 Marketing development Strategy consulting Partnership searches Information systems UBIC Technical & Competitive Scanning Regulations Manufacturers This comprehensive
More informationChapter. Phytochemicals: The Other Food Components. Images shutterstock.com
14 Chapter Phytochemicals: The Other Food Components Images shutterstock.com Objectives List at least eight groups of phytochemicals and give a food source for each group. Identify possible links between
More informationStereochemistry - Chirality. Chapter 5 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John E. McMurry
Stereochemistry - Chirality Chapter 5 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John E. McMurry Isomerism The two major classes of isomers are constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional/structural isomers
More informationβ-carotene (trans or cis isomer)
β-carotene (trans or cis isomer) Overview Natural beta-carotene contains a mixture of different isomers (cis and trans) of the betacarotene molecule. Synthetically produced beta-carotene is nature identical.
More informationFundus Autofluorescence. Jonathan A. Micieli, MD Valérie Biousse, MD
Fundus Autofluorescence Jonathan A. Micieli, MD Valérie Biousse, MD The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has many important functions including phagocytosis of the photoreceptor outer segments Cone Rod
More informationVITAMINS-FAT SOLUBLE [LIPPINCOTT S ] Deeba S. Jairajpuri
VITAMINS-FAT SOLUBLE [LIPPINCOTT S 381-394] Deeba S. Jairajpuri VITAMIN A othe term retinoids includes both natural and synthetic forms of vitamin A essential for vision, reproduction, growth and maintenance
More informationHPLC ASSESSMENT OF CAROTENOIDS STABILITY IN CAKES COLORED WITH A NATURAL EXTRACT. Abstract. Introduction
E. Muntean, et all. Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies, Volume XII, No. 1 (2006), 89-94 Full Paper - Food Control Section HPLC ASSESSMENT OF CAROTENOIDS STABILITY IN CAKES COLORED WITH
More informationConstruction of the Visual Image
Construction of the Visual Image Anne L. van de Ven 8 Sept 2003 BioE 492/592 Sensory Neuroengineering Lecture 3 Visual Perception Light Photoreceptors Interneurons Visual Processing Ganglion Neurons Optic
More informationFood Supplement for Ocular Health. Anuchit Poonyathalang Mahidol University
Food Supplement for Ocular Health Anuchit Poonyathalang Mahidol University 11 Foods to Boost Your Eye Health By Aimee Surtenich www.allaboutvision.com Are you eating the foods that are best for your eyes?
More informationEligibility The NCSF online quizzes are open to any currently certified fitness professional, 18 years or older.
Eligibility The NCSF online quizzes are open to any currently certified fitness professional, 18 years or older. Deadlines Course completion deadlines correspond with the NCSF Certified Professionals certification
More informationSuggested layouts: outer board measures 23 tall x 35 wide cork part measures 21 tall x 33 wide. What are phytonutrients. 3 x 10. What do they do?
Suggested layouts: outer board measures 23 tall x 35 wide cork part measures 21 tall x 33 wide Title page -- phytonutrients What are phytonutrients Where can I find phytonutrients? What s in the color?
More informationNutrition & Cataracts
Cataracts are a leading cause of visual impairment among aging Americans and a key quality of life issue. Cataract extractions are the most common surgical procedure performed in the U.S., accounting for
More informationPhytochemicals. Phyto = plants Compounds in plants that protect them from pests, viruses, bacteria & sun damage. Only in plant foods.
Phytochemicals Phytochemicals Phyto = plants Compounds in plants that protect them from pests, viruses, bacteria & sun damage. Only in plant foods. 5 a Day - 5-9 servings of fruits & veggies recommended
More information3.7A: Compounds with multiple stereocenters
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki
More informationβ-carotene-rich Extract From Dunaliella Salina
0 out of 5 Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 84th meeting 2017 β-carotene-rich Extract From Dunaliella Salina This monograph was
More informationBUILD A HEALTHY EATING STYLE
TASTE THE RAINBOW! BUILD A HEALTHY EATING STYLE Focus on healthy food and beverage choices of all five food groups including fruits, vegetables, grains, and proteins. Building a healthy diet can help you
More informationNutrition & Cataracts
Cataracts are a leading cause of visual impairment among aging Americans and a key quality of life issue. Cataract extractions are the most common surgical procedure performed in the U.S., accounting for
More informationOral Supplementation of Lutein/Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Persons Aged 60 Years or Older, with or without AMD
Oral Supplementation of Lutein/Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Persons Aged 60 Years or Older, with or without AMD Lynn L. Huang, 1 Hanna R. Coleman, 1 Jonghyeon Kim, 2
More informationCOMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2011/3/EU
18.1.2011 Official Journal of the European Union L 13/59 DIRECTIVES COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2011/3/EU of 17 January 2011 amending Directive 2008/128/EC laying down specific purity criteria on colours for
More informationEffect of Cataract in Evaluation of Macular Pigment Optical Density by Autofluorescence Spectrometry
Retina Effect of Cataract in Evaluation of Macular Pigment Optical Density by Autofluorescence Spectrometry Yuzuru Sasamoto, Fumi Gomi, Miki Sawa, Hirokazu Sakaguchi, Motokazu Tsujikawa and Kohji Nishida
More informationBiological Bases of Behavior. 6: Vision
Biological Bases of Behavior 6: Vision Sensory Systems The brain detects events in the external environment and directs the contractions of the muscles Afferent neurons carry sensory messages to brain
More informationStereochemistry 1.1 INTRODUCTION
1 Stereochemistry 1.1 INTRODUTION The isomers which have same arrangement of atoms but differ only due to different orientation of atoms in space within the molecule are called Stereoisomers and the phenomenon
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Funnel plots of meta-analytic residuals. Effect size (Zr) plotted against (a)
a b Supplementary Figure 1. Funnel plots of meta-analytic residuals. Effect size (Zr) plotted against (a) standard error and (b) precision (inverse of the standard error) n = 11 effect sizes. Screening
More informationTHERMAL STABILITY OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS IN EDIBLE OILS & TRIOLEIN MODEL SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENCE OF -CAROTENE. Alam Zeb, Michael Murkovic
THERMAL STABILITY OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS IN EDIBLE OILS & TRIOLEIN MODEL SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENCE OF -CAROTENE Alam Zeb, Michael Murkovic Abstract Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology (TUG)
More informationExtraction of carotenoids from crustacean waste using organic solvents
Extraction of carotenoids from crustacean waste using organic solvents Hanif Houshmand Kouchi 1, Marzieh Moosavi-Nasab 2, Bahareh Shabanpour 1 1 Department of Fishery, Gorgan University of Agricultural
More informationLutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Rod Outer Segment Membranes from Perifoveal and Peripheral Human Retina
Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Rod Outer Segment Membranes from Perifoveal and Peripheral Human Retina Laurence M. Rapp, Seema S. Maple, and Jung H. Choi PURPOSE. In addition to acting as an optical
More informationNeuroscience - Problem Drill 13: The Eye and Visual Processing
Neuroscience - Problem Drill 13: The Eye and Visual Processing Question No. 1 of 10 needed, (3) Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed. 1. Which of the following statements
More informationNUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF EGGS FROM HENS FED WITH DDGS
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF EGGS FROM HENS FED WITH Yan Zhang National Corn to Ethanol Research Center Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and Jill K. Winkler-Moser National Center for Agricultural Utilization
More informationHawaiian Spirulina Pacifica
Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica World s Healthiest Food More nutrition gram-per-gram than any other product in the world Spirulina Nutrient Comparison Spirulina has 300% more calcium than whole milk Good for
More informationCarbohydrates. Chapter 18
Carbohydrates Chapter 18 Biochemistry an overview Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other. Biochemical substances
More informationCarbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1).
Carbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1). Why we study carbohydrates 1) carbohydrates are the
More informationThe Age-Related Eye Disease Study
What have the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and AREDS2 Taught Us? Emily Y. Chew, MD National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health On Behalf of the AREDS and AREDS2 Research Groups Presenter
More informationCarotenoids in the Human Macula and Whole Retina
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 29, No. 6, June 1988 Copyright Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Carotenoids in the Human Macula and Whole Retina Garry J. Handelman,t
More informationAge-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
Preserve Vision Information Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) Regular examination by your ophthalmologist will allow early detection and treatment. Age-related Macular
More informationAsymmetries in ecological and sensorimotor laws: towards a theory of subjective experience. James J. Clark
Asymmetries in ecological and sensorimotor laws: towards a theory of subjective experience James J. Clark Centre for Intelligent Machines McGill University This talk will motivate an ecological approach
More informationKinetics of carotenoid concentration in human skin after topical and systemic administration of antioxidants
Department of Dermatology and Allergology Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Kinetics of carotenoid concentration in human skin after topical and systemic administration of antioxidants M. E. Darvin
More informationImage Formation and Phototransduction. By Dr. Abdelaziz Hussein Lecturer of Physiology
Image Formation and Phototransduction By Dr. Abdelaziz Hussein Lecturer of Physiology Vision Vision is a complex process through which an image of the external environment is formed on the photosensitive
More informationPIXAFIL AMARILLO POLVO 20 Technical specifications data sheet
PIXAFIL AMARILLO POLVO 20 Technical specifications data sheet 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Pixafil Amarillo Polvo 20 is a natural saponified and stabilized extract produced from Marigold flower petals (Tagetes
More informationVision I. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Vision I Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Eye Cornea Sclera Conjunctiva 2 Eye The conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the eyelids and outer surface of the sclera. 3
More informationJNS JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ARTICLE
JNS JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ARTICLE Lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin content of eggs laid by hens supplemented with free and esterified xanthophylls John M. Nolan 1 *, Katherine A.
More informationBackground 8/11/2012. Key nutrients = Healthy balanced diet. Blindness: <6/60 in Australia. Structure of the eye. Age-related Macular Degeneration
ILSI SEA Region - Optimum Health & Nutrition for our Ageing Population. Australia - October 2012. (www.ilsi.org/sea_region) Age-related macular degeneration and diet: the protective role of antioxidants
More informationClinical Trial Endpoints for Macular Diseases
Clinical Trial Endpoints for Macular Diseases Developed in collaboration Learning Objective Upon completion, participants should be able to: Summarize types of biomarkers of progression and treatment response
More informationFor more info visit
Carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides: Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis to give simpler carbohydrates.examples: Glucose, Fructose,
More informationLutein Esters from Tagetes Erecta
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Lutein Esters from Tagetes Erecta This monograph was also published in: Compendium
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Biochemistry. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 September 6.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Biochemistry. 2007 August 7; 46(31): 9050 9057. doi:10.1021/bi700558f. Identification and Metabolic Transformations of Carotenoids
More informationSUPER LUTEIN with 6 carotenoids
Multi-nutrient supplement specially designed for eye health Live life right The Naturally Plus Way! SUPER LUTEIN with 6 carotenoids The statements in this brochure have not been evaluated by the Food and
More informationAn A to Z guide on Epiretinal Membranes (ERMs) Paris Tranos PhD,ICO,FRCS OPHTHALMICA Vitreoretinal & Uveitis Department
An A to Z guide on Epiretinal Membranes (ERMs) Paris Tranos PhD,ICO,FRCS OPHTHALMICA Vitreoretinal & Uveitis Department Types of ERM Natural history OCT prognostic factors ERM with co-existing pathology
More informationIBR-Phyto(flu)ene, COLORLESS CAROTENOIDS TECHNOLOGIY OVERVIEW
PRODUCT CATALOG IBR-Phyto(flu)ene, COLORLESS CAROTENOIDS TECHNOLOGIY OVERVIEW Biologically, carotenoids are an important group of compounds with more than 700 members. are found widely throughout nature,
More information