CLASS NAMES AND THE INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES CAC/GL Adopted Revision 2008.

Transcription

1 CLASS NAMES AND THE INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES CAC/GL Adopted Revision Section 3 and 4 International Numbering System for Food Additives are regularly updated. Last amendment 2014.

2 CAC/GL SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND The International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS) is intended as a harmonised naming system for food additives as an alternative to the use of the specific name, which may be lengthy. Inclusion in the INS does not imply approval by Codex for use as food additives. The list may include those additives that have not been evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The INS does not include flavourings, which have a JECFA number as identifier, chewing gum bases, and dietetic and nutritive additives. Enzymes which function as food additives have been included in an 1100 series. EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE LAY-OUT OF THE INS The INS in numerical order (Section 3) is set out in four columns giving the identification number, the name of the food additive, the functional classes and the technological purposes. The identification number usually consists of three or four digits such as 100 for curcumins and 1001 for choline salts and esters. However, in some instances the number is followed by an alphabetical suffix, for example, 150a identifies Caramel I plain caramel and 150b identifies Caramel II - sulfite caramel. The alphabetical designations are included in order to further characterize the different classes of additives (e.g. caramel produced by different processes). Under the column listing the name of the food additive, some additives are further subdivided by numerical subscripts. For example, curcumins are subdivided into (i) curcumin and (ii) turmeric. These identifications identify sub-classes (in this case of curcumins) which are covered by separate Codex specifications. The name of the food additive is sometimes followed by an additional name in parentheses. The parenthetical name is optional, and may be used, when necessary, to indicate another commonly associated name or synonym for the additive, for example INS 235 Natamycin (Pimaricin). Not all synonyms are listed. The name of an additive is sometimes, after a comma, followed by a description of the additive, for example INS 161h(i) Zeaxanthin, synthetic. The various technological purposes of the food additives are included in the INS in a fourth column. The purposes listed are indicative rather than exhaustive. The technological purposes are grouped under more descriptive functional class titles which are intended to be meaningful to consumers. These are listed in Section 2 along with simple definitions of the function performed. A single food additive can often be used for a range of technological purposes in a food and it remains the responsibility of the manufacturer to declare the most descriptive functional class in the list of ingredients. In preparing the INS in numerical order, an effort has been made to group food additives with similar purposes together. However, because of the extension of the list and its open nature, most of the three digit numbers have already been allocated. Consequently, the positioning of a food additive in the list can no longer be taken as an indication of the purpose, although this will often be the case. The food additives that have been allocated an ADI by JECFA, may be found at: Uhttp:// and Uhttp:// JECFA specifications adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission are listed in CAC/MISC 6 Codex Specifications for Food Additives that can be found on Codex website: Uhttp:// THE OPEN NATURE OF THE LIST Because of its primary purpose of identification, the INS is an open list subject to the inclusion of additional additives or removal of existing ones on an ongoing basis.

3 CAC/GL SECTION 2 TABLE OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSES, DEFINITIONS AND TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSES FUNCTIONAL CLASSES DEFINITION 1. A food additive, which controls the acidity or alkalinity of a food. 2. A food additive, which reduces the tendency of components of food to adhere to one another. 3. Antifoaming agent A food additive, which prevents or reduces foaming. 4. A food additive, which prolongs the shelflife of foods by protecting against deterioration caused by oxidation. 5. Bleaching agent A food additive (non-flour use) used to decolourize food. Bleaching agents do not include pigments. 6. A food additive, which contributes to the bulk of a food without contributing significantly to its available energy value. 7. Carbonating agent A food additive used to provide carbonation in a food. 8. A food additive used to dissolve, dilute, disperse or otherwise physically modify a food additive or nutrient without altering its function (and without exerting any technological effect itself) in order to facilitate its handling, application or use of the food additive or nutrient. 9. Colour A food additive, which adds or restores colour in a food. 10. Colour retention agent A food additive, which stabilizes, retains or intensifies the colour of a food. 11. A food additive, which forms or maintains a uniform emulsion of two or more phases in a food. 12. A food additive, which, in the manufacture of processed food, rearranges proteins in order to prevent fat separation. 13. Firming agent A food additive, which makes or keeps tissues of fruit or vegetables firm and crisp, or interacts with gelling agents to produce or strengthen a gel. 14. Flavour enhancer A food additive, which enhances the existing taste and/or odour of a food. TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSE, acid, acidifier, alkali, base, buffer, buffering agent, ph adjusting agent, anti-stick agent, drying agent, dusting agent antifoaming agent, defoaming agent antioxidant, antioxidant synergist, antibrowning agent bleaching agent, filler carbonating agent, solvent, nutrient, diluent for other food additives, encapsulating agent colour, decorative pigment, surface colourant colour retention agent, colour fixative, colour, colour adjunct, plasticizer, dispersing agent, surface active agent, crystallization inhibitor, density adjustment agent (flavouring oils in beverages), suspension agent, clouding agent, melding salt firming agent flavour enhancer, flavour synergist

4 CAC/GL FUNCTIONAL CLASSES 15. Flour treatment agent DEFINITION A food additive, which is added to flour or dough to improve its baking quality or colour. 16. Foaming agent A food additive, which makes it possible to form or maintain a uniform dispersion of a gaseous phase in a liquid or solid food. 17. Gelling agent A food additive, which gives a food texture through formation of a gel. 18. A food additive, which when applied to the external surface of a food, imparts a shiny appearance or provides a protective coating. 19. A food additive, which prevents food from drying out by counteracting the effect of a dry atmosphere. 20. Packaging gas A food additive gas, which is introduced into a container before, during or after filling with food with the intention to protect the food, for example, from oxidation or spoilage. 21. A food additive, which prolongs the shelflife of a food by protecting against deterioration caused by microorganisms. 22. Propellant A food additive gas, which expels a food from a container. 23. A food additive or a combination of food additives, which liberate(s) gas and thereby increase(s) the volume of a dough or batter. 24. A food additive, which controls the availability of a cation. 25. A food additive, which makes it possible to maintain a uniform dispersion of two or more components. 26. Sweetener A food additive (other than a mono- or disaccharide sugar), which imparts a sweet taste to a food. 27. A food additive, which increases the viscosity of a food. TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSE, flour bleaching agent, flour improver, dough conditioner, dough strengthening agent foaming agent, whipping agent, aerating agent gelling agent, sealing agent, coating agent, surface-finishing agent, polishing agent, filmforming agent, moisture-retention agent, wetting agent packaging gas, antimicrobial, antimycotic agent, bacteriophage control agent, fungistatic agent, antimould and antirope agent, antimicrobial synergist propellant, foam, colloidal, emulsion, synergist sweetener, intense sweetener, bulk sweetener, bodying agent,,, synergist

5 CAC/GL SECTION 3 INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES List in numerical order INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 100 Curcumins 100(i) Curcumin Colour colour 100(ii) Turmeric Colour colour 101 Riboflavins 101(i) Riboflavin, synthetic Colour colour 101(ii) Riboflavin 5'-phosphate sodium Colour colour 101(iii) Riboflavin from Bacillus subtilis Colour colour 102 Tartrazine Colour colour 103 Alkanet Colour colour 104 Quinoline yellow Colour colour 105 Carthamus yellow Colour colour 107 Yellow 2G Colour colour 110 Sunset yellow FCF Colour colour 120 Carmines Colour colour 121 Citrus red No. 2 Colour colour 122 Azorubine (Carmoisine) Colour colour 123 Amaranth Colour colour 124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal red A) Colour colour 125 Ponceau SX Colour colour 127 Erythrosine Colour colour 128 Red 2G Colour colour 129 Allura red AC Colour colour 130 Manascorubin Colour colour 131 Patent blue V Colour colour 132 Indigotine (Indigo carmine) Colour colour 133 Brilliant blue FCF Colour colour 140 Chlorophylls Colour colour 141 Chlorophylls and chlorophyllins, copper complexes 141(i) Chlorophylls, copper complexes Colour colour 141(ii) Chlorophyllins, copper complexes, potassium and sodium salts Colour colour 142 Green S Colour colour 143 Fast Green FCF Colour colour

6 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 150 Caramels 150a Caramel I plain caramel Colour colour 150b Caramel II - sulfite caramel Colour colour 150c Caramel III - ammonia caramel Colour colour 150d Caramel IV - sulfite ammonia caramel Colour colour 151 Brilliant black (Black PN) Colour colour 152 Carbon black (Hydrocarbon) Colour colour 153 Vegetable carbon Colour colour 154 Brown FK Colour colour 155 Brown HT Colour colour 160a Carotenes 160a (i) Carotenes, beta-, synthetic Colour colour 160a(ii) Carotenes, beta-, vegetable Colour colour 160a(iii) Carotenes, beta-, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour 160a(iv) Carotenes, beta-, algae Colour colour 160b Annatto extracts 160b(i) Annatto extracts, bixin-based Colour colour 160b(ii) Annatto extracts, norbixin-based Colour colour 160c(i) Paprika oleoresin Colour colour 160c(ii) Paprika extract Colour colour 160d Lycopenes 160d(i) Lycopene, synthetic Colour colour 160d(ii) Lycopene, tomato Colour colour 160d(iii) Lycopene, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour 160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8 - Colour colour 160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta- apo-8'- Colour colour 161a Flavoxanthin Colour colour 161b Luteins 161b(i) Lutein from Tagetes erecta Colour colour 161b(ii) Tagetes extract Colour colour 161c Kryptoxanthin Colour colour 161d Rubixanthin Colour colour 161e Violoxanthin Colour colour 161f Rhodoxanthin Colour colour 161g Canthaxanthin Colour colour

7 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 161h Zeaxanthins 161h(i) Zeaxanthin, synthetic Colour colour 161h(ii) Zeaxanthin-rich extract from Tagetes erecta Colour colour 162 Beet red Colour colour 163 Anthocyanins 163(ii) Grape skin extract Colour colour 163(iii) Blackcurrant extract Colour colour 163(iv) Purple corn colour Colour colour 163(v) Red cabbage colour Colour colour 163 (vi) Black carrot extract Colour colour 164 Gardenia yellow Colour colour 165 Gardenia blue Colour colour 166 Sandalwood Colour colour 170 Calcium carbonates 170(i) Calcium carbonate Colour Firming agent surface colourant firming agent dough conditioner 170(ii) Calcium hydrogen carbonate Colour Firming agent surface colourant firming agent dough conditioner 171 Titanium dioxide Colour colour 172 Iron oxides 172(i) Iron oxide, black Colour colour 172(ii) Iron oxide, red Colour colour 172(iii) Iron oxide, yellow Colour colour 173 Aluminium powder Colour colour surface colourant 174 Silver Colour colour 175 Gold, metallic Colour colour

8 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 176 Potassium aluminium silicate-based pearlescent pigments (PAS-BPP) Potassium aluminium silicate-based 176 (i) pearlescent pigments coated with Colour colour titanium dioxide, Type I 176 (ii) Potassium aluminium silicate-based pearlescent pigments coated with Iron Colour oxide, Type II colour 176 (iii) Potassium aluminium silicate-based pearlescent pigments coated with titanium dioxide and iron oxide, Type III Colour colour 180 Lithol rubine BK Colour colour 181 Tannic acid (Tannins) Colour colour 182 Orchil Colour colour 200 Sorbic acid 201 Sodium sorbate 202 Potassium sorbate 203 Calcium sorbate 209 Heptyl para-hydroxybenzoate 210 Benzoic acid 211 Sodium benzoate 212 Potassium benzoate 213 Calcium benzoate 214 Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate 215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate 216 Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate 217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate 218 Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate 219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate 220 Sulfur dioxide Bleaching agent antioxidant bleaching agent 221 Sodium sulfite antioxidant

9 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 222 Sodium hydrogen sulfite 223 Sodium metabisulfite 224 Potassium metabisulfite 225 Potassium sulfite 226 Calcium sulfite 227 Calcium hydrogen sulfite 228 Potassium bisulfite Bleaching agent Bleaching agent Bleaching agent bleaching agent antioxidant antioxidant bleaching agent antioxidant bleaching agent antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant 230 Diphenyl 231 Ortho-phenylphenol 232 Sodium ortho-phenylphenol 233 Thiabendazole 234 Nisin 235 Natamycin (Pimaricin) 236 Formic acid 237 Sodium formate 238 Calcium formate 239 Hexamethylene tetramine 240 Formaldehyde 241 Gum guaicum 242 Dimethyl dicarbonate 243 Lauric arginate ethyl ester Antimicrobial

10 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 249 Potassium nitrite 250 Sodium nitrite 251 Sodium nitrate 252 Potassium nitrate 260 Acetic acid, glacial 261 Potassium acetates Colour retention agent Colour retention agent Colour retention agent Colour retention agent colour fixative colour fixative colour fixative colour fixative 261(i) Potassium acetate 261(ii) Potassium diacetate 262 Sodium acetates 262(i) Sodium acetate 262(ii) Sodium diacetate 263 Calcium acetate 264 Ammonium acetate 265 Dehydroacetic acid 266 Sodium dehydroacetate 270 Lactic acid, L-, D- and DL- 280 Propionic acid 281 Sodium propionate 282 Calcium propionate 283 Potassium propionate 290 Carbon dioxide Carbonating agent Foaming agent Packaging gas carbonating agent foaming agent packaging gas

11 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose Propellant propellant 296 Malic acid, DL- 297 Fumaric acid 300 Ascorbic acid, L- antioxidant 301 Sodium ascorbate antioxidant 302 Calcium ascorbate antioxidant 303 Potassium ascorbate antioxidant 304 Ascorbyl palmitate antioxidant 305 Ascorbyl stearate antioxidant 307 Tocopherols 307a Tocopherol, d-alpha- antioxidant 307b Tocopherol concentrate, mixed antioxidant 307c Tocopherol, dl-alpha- antioxidant 308 Tocopherol, gamma-, synthetic antioxidant 309 Tocopherol, delta-, synthetic antioxidant 310 Propyl gallate antioxidant 311 Octyl gallate antioxidant 312 Dodecyl gallate antioxidant 313 Ethyl gallate antioxidant 314 Guaiac resin antioxidant 315 Erythorbic acid (Isoascorbic acid) antioxidant 316 Sodium erythorbate (Sodium isoascorbate) antioxidant 317 Potassium isoascorbate antioxidant 318 Calcium isoascorbate antioxidant 319 Tertiary butylhydroquinone antioxidant 320 Butylated hydroxyanisole antioxidant 321 Butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant 322 Lecithins 322(i) Lecithin antioxidant 322(ii) Lecithin, partially hydrolysed antioxidant

12 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 323 Anoxomer antioxidant 324 Ethoxyquin antioxidant 325 Sodium lactate 326 Potassium lactate 327 Calcium lactate 328 Ammonium lactate 329 Magnesium lactate, DL- 330 Citric acid 331 Sodium citrates Firming agent Colour retention agent antioxidant synergist bodying agent antioxidant synergist s firming agent antioxidant colour retention agent 331(i) Sodium dihydrogen citrate emulsifing salt 331(ii) Disodium monohydrogen citrate emulsifing salt

13 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 331(iii) Trisodium citrate emulsifing salt 332 Potassium citrates 332(i) Potassium dihydrogen citrate emulsifing salt 332(ii) Tripotassium citrate emulsifing salt 333 Calcium citrates Firming agent firming agent 333(i) Monocalcium citrate emulsifing salt Firming agent firming agent 333(ii) Dicalcium citrate emulsifing salt Firming agent firming agent 333(iii) Tricalcium citrate emulsifing salt 334 Tartaric acid, L(+)- 335 Sodium tartrates Flavour enhancer antioxidant synergist flavour synergist 335 (i) Monosodium tartrate

14 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose emulsifing salt 335(ii) Sodium L(+)-tartrate emulsifing salt 336 Potassium tartrates 336(i) Monopotassium tartrate emulsifing salt 336(ii) Dipotassium tartrate emulsifing salt 337 Potassium sodium L(+)-tartrate 338 Phosphoric acid 339 Sodium phosphates emulsifing salt antioxidant synergist buffer emulsifing salt 339(i) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 339(ii) Disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer

15 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose emulsifing salt emulsifing salt 339(iii) Trisodium phosphate antimicrobial synergist 340 Potassium phosphates buffer emulsifing salt 340(i) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer emulsifing salt 340(ii) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate

16 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose emulsifing salt 340(iii) Tripotassium phosphate 341 Calcium phosphates emulsifing salt Firming agent firming agent 341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate dough conditioner emulsifing salt Firming agent firming agent 341(ii) Calcium hydrogen phosphate dough conditioner 341(iii) Tricalcium phosphate buffer clouding agent

17 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose Firming agent emulsifing salt firming agent 342 Ammonium phosphates 342(i) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate 343 Magnesium phosphates 343(i) Magnesium dihydrogen phosphate 343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate 343(iii) Trimagnesium phosphate 344 Lecithin citrate

18 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 345 Magnesium citrate 349 Ammonium malate 350 Sodium malates 350(i) Sodium hydrogen DL-malate 350(ii) Sodium DL-malate 351 Potassium malates 351(i) Potassium hydrogen malate 351(ii) Potassium malate 352 Calcium malates 352(i) Calcium hydrogen malate 352(ii) Calcium malate, D,L- 353 Metatartaric acid 354 Calcium tartrate, DL- 355 Adipic acid 356 Sodium adipates 357 Potassium adipates 359 Ammonium adipates 363 Succinic acid 364 Sodium succinates 364(i) Monosodium succinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 364(ii) Disodium succinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 365 Sodium fumarates 366 Potassium fumarates 367 Calcium fumarates 368 Ammonium fumarate 370 Heptonolactone, 1,4-375 Nicotinic acid Colour retention agent colour retention agent 380 Triammonium citrate 381 Ferric ammonium citrate 383 Calcium glycerophosphate Gelling agent gelling agent

19 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 384 Isopropyl citrates antioxidant antioxidant 385 Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate Colour retention agent colour retention agent antioxidant 386 Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate Colour retention agent colour 387 Oxystearin antioxidant 388 Thiodipropionic acid antioxidant 389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate antioxidant 390 Distearyl thiodipropionate antioxidant 391 Phytic acid 392 Rosemary extract antioxidant 399 Calcium lactobionate 400 Alginic acid 401 Sodium alginate Foaming agent Gelling agent Foaming agent Gelling agent foaming agent gelling agent foaming agent gelling agent

20 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 402 Potassium alginate 403 Ammonium alginate 404 Calcium alginate Foaming agent Gelling agent Foaming agent Gelling agent Antifoaming agent Foaming agent Gelling agent foaming agent gelling agent foaming agent gelling agent antifoaming agent foaming agent gelling agent

21 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 405 Propylene glycol alginate 406 Agar 407 Carrageenan Foaming agent Gelling agent Gelling agent Gelling agent Gelling agent foaming agent gelling agent coating agent gelling agent gelling agent coating agent gelling agent 407a Processed euchema seaweed (PES) coating agent 408 Bakers yeast glycan Gelling agent gelling agent

22 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 409 Arabinogalactan 410 Carob bean gum 411 Oat gum 412 Guar gum 413 Tragacanth gum 414 Gum arabic (Acacia gum) 415 Xanthan gum 416 Karaya gum 417 Tara gum 418 Gellan gum 419 Gum ghatti Gelling agent Foaming agent Gelling agent gelling agent foaming agent bodying agent gelling agent

23 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 420 Sorbitols 420(i) Sorbitol Sweetener sweetener 420(ii) Sorbitol syrup Sweetener sweetener 421 Mannitol 422 Glycerol Sweetener sweetener bodying agent 423 Octenyl succinic acid (OSA) modified gum arabic Firming agent firming agent 424 Curdlan 425 Konjac flour Gelling agent Gelling agent gelling agent gelling agent

24 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 426 Soybean hemicellulose 427 Cassia gum 428 Gelatin Gelling agent Gelling agent gelling agent gelling agent 429 Peptones 430 Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate 431 Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate 432 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate dispersing agent emulsion 433 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate dispersing agent emulsion 434 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate dispersing agent 435 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate dispersing agent emulsion 436 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate dispersing agent emulsion Gelling agent gelling agent 440 Pectins 441 Superglycerinated hydrogenated

25 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose rapeseed oil 442 Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid 443 Brominated vegetable oils 444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate 445 Glycerol esters of rosin 445(i) Glycerol ester of gum rosin 445(ii) Glycerol ester of tall oil rosin density adjustment agent density adjustment agent 445(iii) Glycerol ester of wood rosin density adjustment agent 446 Succistearin 450 Diphosphates buffering agent 450(i) Disodium diphosphate 450(ii) Trisodium diphosphate 450(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate buffering agent

26 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 450(iv) Dipotassium diphosphate 450(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate buffering agent 450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent

27 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 450(vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate dough conditioner 450(viii) Dimagnesium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent 450(ix) Magnesium dihydrogen diphosphate 451 Triphosphates 451(i) Pentasodium triphosphate 451(ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate 451(iii) Sodium potassium trisphospate

28 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 452 Polyphosphates 452(i) Sodium polyphosphate 452(ii) Potassium polyphosphate 452(iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate 452(iv) Calcium polyphosphate

29 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose Acid regulator acid regulator 452(v) Ammonium polyphosphate 452(vi) Sodium potassium hexametaphosphate 453 Ferric(III)-orthophosphate Colour colour 454 Ferric(III)-pyrophosphate 455 Yeast mannoproteins 457 Cyclodextrin, alpha- 458 Cyclodextrin, gamma- 459 Cyclodextrin, beta- 460 Celluloses 460(i) Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose gel) coating agent dispersing agent Foaming agent foaming agent

30 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose coating agent 460(ii) Powdered cellulose dispersing agent 461 Methyl cellulose 462 Ethyl cellulose 463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose 464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Binder Foaming agent coating agent filler diluent for other food additives coating agent suspension agent foaming agent coating agent film-forming agent coating agent

31 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 465 Methyl ethyl cellulose Foaming agent Firming agent foaming agent suspension agent firming agent 466 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cellulose gum) Gelling agent gelling agent coating agent 467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose 468 Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cross-linked cellulose gum) 469 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, enzymatically hydrolysed (Cellulose gum, enzymatically hydrolyzed) 470 Salts of fatty acids, with base aluminium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium 470(i) Salts of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids with ammonia, calcium, potassium and sodium 470(ii) Salts of oleic acid with calcium, potassium and sodium 470(iii) Magnesium stearate

32 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose Antifoaming agent 471 Mono- and di- glycerides of fatty acids antifoaming agent 472a 472b Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol antioxidant synergist 472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol dough conditioner 472d Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 472e Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol 472g Succinylated monoglycerides 473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids 473a Sucrose oligoesters, type I and type II 474 Sucroglycerides 475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids 476 Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid 477 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids 478 Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propylene glycol 479 Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

33 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 480 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate 481 Sodium lactylates wetting agent dough conditioner 481(i) Sodium stearoyl lactylate Foaming agent whipping agent 481(ii) Sodium oleyl lactylate 482 Calcium lactylates 482(i) Calcium stearoyl lactylate Foaming agent dough conditioners whipping agent 482(ii) Calcium oleyl lactylate 483 Stearyl tartrate 484 Stearyl citrate antioxidant 485 Sodium stearoyl fumarate 486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate 487 Sodium laurylsulfate 488 Ethoxylated mono- and di-glycerides 489 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester 491 Sorbitan monostearate 492 Sorbitan tristearate 493 Sorbitan monolaurate 494 Sorbitan monooleate 495 Sorbitan monopalmitate 496 Sorbitan trioleate Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols 500 Sodium carbonates 500(i) Sodium carbonate

34 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 500(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate 500(iii) Sodium sesquic arbonate 501 Potassium carbonates 501(i) Potassium carbonate 501(ii) Potassium hydrogen carbonate 503 Ammonium carbonates 503(i) Ammonium carbonate 503(ii) Ammonium hydrogen carbonate 504 Magnesium carbonates 504(i) Magnesium carbonate Colour retention agent colour retention agent 504(ii) Magnesium hydroxide carbonate drying agent Colour retention agent colour retention agent 505 Ferrous carbonate 507 Hydrochloric acid 508 Potassium chloride Firming agent Flavour enhancer firming agent flavour enhancer

35 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 509 Calcium chloride Firming agent synergist synergist firming agent synergist synergist 510 Ammonium chloride 511 Magnesium chloride 512 Stannous chloride Colour retention agent Firming agent Colour retention agent colour retention agent firming agent antioxidant colour retention agent 513 Sulfuric acid 514 Sodium sulfates 514(i) Sodium sulfate 514(ii) Sodium hydrogen sulfate 515 Potassium sulfates 515(i) Potassium sulfate 515(ii) Potassium hydrogen sulfate 516 Calcium sulfate 517 Ammonium sulfate 518 Magnesium sulfate 519 Cupric sulfate Firming agent Firming agent Flavour enhancer Colour retention agent firming agent firming agent flavour enhancer colour fixative 520 Aluminium sulfate Firming agent firming agent 521 Aluminium sodium sulfate Firming agent firming agent 522 Aluminium potassium sulfate 523 Aluminium ammonium sulfate Aciditiy regulator Colour retention agent aciditiy regulator buffer colour fixative

36 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose Firming agent firming agent 524 Sodium hydroxide 525 Potassium hydroxide 526 Calcium hydroxide Firming agent firming agent 527 Ammonium hydroxide 528 Magnesium hydroxide 529 Calcium oxide 530 Magnesium oxide Colour retention agent colour retention agent dough conditioner 535 Sodium ferrocyanide 536 Potassium ferrocyanide 537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate 538 Calcium ferrocyanide 539 Sodium thiosulfate 541 Sodium aluminium phosphates antibrowning agent antioxidant 541(i) Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic 541(ii) Sodium aluminium phosphate, basic 542 Bone phosphate

37 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 550 Sodium silicates 550(i) Sodium silicate 550(ii) Sodium metasilicate 551 Silicon dioxide, amorphous Antifoaming agent defoaming agent 552 Calcium silicate 553 Magnesium silicates 553(i) Magnesium silicate, synthetic 553(ii) Magnesium trisilicate dusting agent dusting agent dusting agent 553(iii) Talc coating agent surface-finishing agent 554 Sodium aluminosilicate 555 Potassium aluminium silicate 556 Calcium aluminium silicate 557 Zinc silicate 558 Bentonite 559 Aluminium silicate 560 Potassium silicate 570 Fatty acids 574 Gluconic acid, D- 575 Glucono delta-lactone Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent foam

38 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 576 Sodium gluconate 577 Potassium gluconate 578 Calcium gluconate Firming agent firming agent 579 Ferrous gluconate Colour retention agent colour retention agent colour 580 Magnesium gluconate Firming agent Flavour enhancer firming agent flavour enhancer 585 Ferrous lactate Colour retention agent colour retention agent 586 Hexylresorcinol, 4- Colour retention agent antioxidant colour retention agent 620 Glutamic acid, L(+)- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 621 Monosodium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 622 Monopotassium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 623 Calcium di-l-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 624 Monoammonium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 625 Magnesium di-l-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 626 Guanylic acid, 5 - Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 627 Disodium 5 -guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 628 Dipotassium 5 -guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 629 Calcium 5 -guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 630 Inosinic acid, 5 - Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 631 Disodium 5 -inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 632 Potassium 5 -inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 633 Calcium 5 -inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 634 Calcium 5 -ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 635 Disodium 5 -ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 636 Maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 637 Ethyl maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 638 Sodium L-aspartate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 639 Alanine, DL- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer

39 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 640 Glycine Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 641 Leucine, L- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 642 Lysin hydrochloride Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 650 Zinc acetate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 900a Polydimethylsiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent 900b Methylphenylpolysiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent 901 Beeswax 902 Candelilla wax 903 Carnauba wax clouding agent coating agent texturing agent clouding agent surface finishing agent coating agent 904 Shellac, bleached surface-finishing agent 905a Mineral oil, food grade Antifoaming agent sealing agent antifoaming agent 905b Petroleum jelly (Petrolatum) sealing agent 905c Petroleum wax sealing agent 905c(i) Microcrystalline wax Antifoaming agent defoaming agent

40 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 905c(ii) Paraffin wax Antifoaming agent defoaming agent 905d Mineral oil, high viscosity sealing agent 905e Mineral oil, medium viscosity sealing agent 905f 905g Mineral oil, medium and low viscosity, class II Mineral oil, medium and low viscosity, class III sealing agent sealing agent 906 Benzoin gum 907 Hydrogenated poly-1-decenes 908 Rice bran wax 909 Spermaceti wax 910 Wax esters 911 Methyl esters of fatty acids 913 Lanolin 915 Glycerol, methyl, or pentaerithrytol esters of colophane 916 Calcium iodate 917 Potassium iodate 918 Nitrogen oxides 919 Nitrosyl chloride 920 Cysteine, L- and its hydrochlorides sodium and potassium salts 921 Cystine, L-and its hydrochlorides sodium and potassium salts 922 Potassium persulfate 923 Ammonium persulfate 925 Chlorine flour bleaching agent 926 Chlorine dioxide 927a Azodicarbonamide 927b Urea (Carbamide) 928 Benzoyl peroxide Bleaching agent bleaching agent

41 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 929 Acetone peroxide 930 Calcium peroxide 940 Dichlorodifluormethane Propellant propellant 941 Nitrogen 942 Nitrous oxide Foaming agent Packaging gas Propellant Foaming agent Packaging gas Propellant foaming agent packaging gas propellant antioxidant foaming agent packaging gas propellant 943a Butane Propellant propellant 943b Isobutane Propellant propellant 944 Propane Propellant propellant 945 Chloropentafluorethane Propellant propellant 946 Octafluorcyclobutane Propellant propellant 949 Hydrogen Packaging gas packaging gas 950 Acesulfame potassium 951 Aspartame 952 Cyclamates Flavour enhancer Sweetener Flavour enhancer Sweetener flavour enhancer sweetener flavour enhancer sweetener 952(i) Cyclamic acid Sweetener sweetener 952(ii) Calcium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener 952(iv) Sodium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener 953 Isomalt (Hydrogenated isomaltulose) 954 Saccharins Sweetener sweetener 954(i) Saccharin Sweetener sweetener 954(ii) Calcium saccharin Sweetener sweetener 954(iii) Potassium saccharin Sweetener sweetener 954(iv) Sodium saccharin Sweetener sweetener 955 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) Sweetener sweetener

42 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 956 Alitame Sweetener sweetener 957 Thaumatin 958 Glycyrrhizin Flavour enhancer Sweetener Flavour enhancer Sweetener flavour enhancer sweetener flavour enhancer sweetener 959 Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone Sweetener sweetener 960 Steviol glycosides Sweetener sweetener 961 Neotame Flavour enhancer Sweetener flavour enhancer sweetener 962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt Sweetener sweetener 963 Tagatose, D- Sweetener sweetener 964 Polyglycitol syrup Sweetener sweetener 965 Maltitols 965(i) Maltitol Sweetener sweetener 965(ii) Maltitol syrup Sweetener sweetener 966 Lactitol 967 Xylitol Sweetener Sweetener sweetener sweetener 968 Erythritol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer

43 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 969 Advantame 999 Quillaia extracts 999(i) Quillaia extract type 1 999(ii) Quillaia extract type 2 Sweetener Sweetener Flavour enhancer Foaming agent Foaming agent sweetener sweetener flavour enhancer foaming agent foaming agent 1000 Cholic acid 1001 Choline salts and esters 1001(i) Choline acetate 1001(ii) Choline carbonate 1001(iii) Choline chloride 1001(iv) Choline citrate 1001(v) Choline tartrate 1001(vi) Choline lactate 1100 Amylases 1100 (i) alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae var (ii) alpha-amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus 1100 (iii) alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis 1100 (iv) alpha-amylase from Bacillus megaterium expressed in Bacillus subtilis 1100 (v) alpha-amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus expressed in Bacillus subtilis 1100 (vi) Carbohydrase from Bacillus licheniformis 1101 Proteases 1101(i) Protease Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 1101(ii) Papain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer

44 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 1101(iii) Bromelain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 1101(iv) Ficin Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 1102 Glucose oxidase antioxidant 1103 Invertases 1104 Lipases Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 1105 Lysozyme 1200 Polydextroses 1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone 1202 Polyvinylpyrrolidone, insoluble 1203 Polyvinyl alcohol 1204 Pullulan Colour retention agent coating agent dispersing agent coating agent bodying agent colour colloidal coating agent sealing agent surface-finishing agent film-forming agent 1205 Methacrylate copolymer, basic 1206 Methacrylate copolymer, neutral 1207 Methacrylate copolymer, anionic 1209 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) graft co-polymer

45 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose 1503 Castor oil solvent plasticizer 1504(i) Cyclotetraglucose 1504(ii) Cyclotetraglucose syrup 1505 Triethyl citrate solvent plasticizer foam 1517 Glycerol diacetate 1518 Triacetin solvent plasticizer 1519 Benzyl alcohol 1520 Propylene glycol 1521 Polyethylene glycol Antifoaming agent dispersing agent wetting agent antifoaming agent plasticizer 1522 Calcium lignosulfonate, encapsulating agent

46 CAC/GL SUPPLEMENTARY LIST - MODIFIED STARCHES List in numerical order INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional Class Technological purpose 1400 Dextrins, roasted starch 1401 Acid-treated starch 1402 Alkaline treated starch 1403 Bleached starch 1404 Oxidized starch 1405 Starches, enzyme treated 1410 Monostarch phosphate 1411 Distarch glycerol 1412 Distarch phosphate

47 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional Class Technological purpose 1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate 1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate 1420 Starch acetate 1422 Acetylated distarch adipate 1440 Hydroxypropyl starch 1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate 1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate 1451 Acetylated oxidized starch

48 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional Class Technological purpose 1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Anticaking Agent

49 CAC/GL SECTION 4 INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES List in alphabetical order INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 950 Acesulfame potassium 260 Acetic acid, glacial Flavour enhancer Sweetener flavour enhancer sweetener 472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol 929 Acetone peroxide 355 Adipic acid 969 Advantame 406 Agar Sweetener Flavour enhancer Gelling agent sweetener flavour enhancer coating agent gelling agent 639 Alanine, DL- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 400 Alginic acid Foaming agent Gelling agent foaming agent gelling agent 956 Alitame Sweetener sweetener 103 Alkanet Colour colour

50 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 129 Allura red AC Colour colour 173 Aluminium powder Colour Aciditiy regulator colour surface colourant aciditiy regulator buffer 523 Aluminium ammonium sulfate 522 Aluminium potassium sulfate Colour retention agent Firming agent colour fixative firming agent 559 Aluminium silicate 521 Aluminium sodium sulfate Firming agent firming agent 520 Aluminium sulfate Firming agent firming agent 123 Amaranth Colour colour 264 Ammonium acetate 359 Ammonium adipates 403 Ammonium alginate Foaming agent Gelling agent foaming agent gelling agent 503(i) Ammonium carbonate 503 Ammonium carbonates 510 Ammonium chloride 342(i) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate

51 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 368 Ammonium fumarate 503(ii) Ammonium hydrogen carbonate 527 Ammonium hydroxide 328 Ammonium lactate 349 Ammonium malate 923 Ammonium persulfate 342 Ammonium phosphates Acid regulator acid regulator 452(v) Ammonium polyphosphate 442 Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid 517 Ammonium sulfate 1100 Amylases 1100 (i) alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae var (ii) alpha-amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus 1100 (iii) alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis 1100 (iv) alpha-amylase from Bacillus megaterium expressed in Bacillus subtilis 1100 (v) alpha-amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus expressed in Bacillus subtilis 160b Annatto extracts 160b(i) Annatto extracts, bixin-based Colour colour 160b(ii) Annatto extracts, norbixin-based Colour colour 323 Anoxomer antioxidant 163 Anthocyanins 409 Arabinogalactan Gelling agent gelling agent

52 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 300 Ascorbic acid, L- antioxidant 304 Ascorbyl palmitate antioxidant 305 Ascorbyl stearate antioxidant 951 Aspartame Flavour enhancer Sweetener flavour enhancer sweetener 962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt Sweetener sweetener 927a Azodicarbonamide 122 Azorubine (Carmoisine) Colour colour 408 Bakers yeast glycan 901 Beeswax Gelling agent gelling agent clouding agent coating agent texturing agent 162 Beet red Colour colour 558 Bentonite 210 Benzoic acid 906 Benzoin gum 928 Benzoyl peroxide Bleaching agent bleaching agent 1519 Benzyl alcohol 163 (vi) Black carrot extract Colour colour 163(iii) Blackcurrant extract Colour colour 542 Bone phosphate

53 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 151 Brilliant black (Black PN) Colour colour 133 Brilliant blue FCF Colour colour 1101(iii) Bromelain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 443 Brominated vegetable oils 154 Brown FK Colour colour 155 Brown HT Colour colour 943a Butane Propellant propellant 320 Butylated hydroxyanisole antioxidant 321 Butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant 629 Calcium 5 -guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 633 Calcium 5 -inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 634 Calcium 5 -ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 263 Calcium acetate 404 Calcium alginate Antifoaming agent Foaming agent Gelling agent antifoaming agent foaming agent gelling agent 556 Calcium aluminium silicate 302 Calcium ascorbate antioxidant 213 Calcium benzoate 170(i) Calcium carbonate Colour surface colourant Firming agent firming agent dough conditioner

54 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 170 Calcium carbonates 509 Calcium chloride 333 Calcium citrates Firming agent firming agent synergist synergist 952(ii) Calcium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener 450(vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate Firming agent firming agent 341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate dough conditioner 623 Calcium di-l-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer antioxidant 385 Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate Colour retention agent colour retention agent 538 Calcium ferrocyanide 238 Calcium formate 367 Calcium fumarates 578 Calcium gluconate Firming agent firming agent

55 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 383 Calcium glycerophosphate Gelling agent gelling agent 170(ii) Calcium hydrogen carbonate Colour Firming agent surface colourant firming agent dough conditioner 352(i) Calcium hydrogen malate Firming agent firming agent 341(ii) Calcium hydrogen phosphate dough conditioner 227 Calcium hydrogen sulfite 526 Calcium hydroxide Firming agent antioxidant firming agent 916 Calcium iodate 318 Calcium isoascorbate antioxidant 327 Calcium lactate Firming agent firming agent 399 Calcium lactobionate 482 Calcium lactylates 1522 Calcium lignosulfonate, encapsulating agent

56 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 352(ii) Calcium malate, D,L- 352 Calcium malates 482(ii) Calcium oleyl lactylate 529 Calcium oxide dough conditioner 930 Calcium peroxide 341 Calcium phosphates 452(iv) Calcium polyphosphate 282 Calcium propionate 954(ii) Calcium saccharin Sweetener sweetener 552 Calcium silicate 203 Calcium sorbate 486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate 482(i) Calcium stearoyl lactylate Foaming agent dough conditioners whipping agent Firming agent firming agent 516 Calcium sulfate 226 Calcium sulfite antioxidant 354 Calcium tartrate, DL- 902 Candelilla wax clouding agent

57 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose surface finishing agent 161g Canthaxanthin Colour colour 150a Caramel I plain caramel Colour colour 150b Caramel II - sulfite caramel Colour colour 150c Caramel III - ammonia caramel Colour colour 150d Caramel IV - sulfite ammonia caramel Colour colour 150 Caramels 1100 (vi) Carbohydrase from Bacillus licheniformis 152 Carbon black (Hydrocarbon) Colour colour 290 Carbon dioxide Carbonating agent Foaming agent Packaging gas Propellant carbonating agent foaming agent packaging gas propellant 120 Carmines Colour colour 903 Carnauba wax 410 Carob bean gum 160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8 - Colour colour 160a Carotenes 160a(iv) Carotenes, beta-, algae Colour colour 160a(iii) Carotenes, beta-, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour 160a (i) Carotenes, beta-, synthetic Colour colour 160a(ii) Carotenes, beta-, vegetable Colour colour 160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta- apo-8'- Colour colour 407 Carrageenan

58 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose Gelling agent gelling agent coating agent 105 Carthamus yellow Colour colour 427 Cassia gum 1503 Castor oil 460 Celluloses Gelling agent gelling agent solvent plasticizer 925 Chlorine flour bleaching agent 926 Chlorine dioxide 945 Chloropentafluorethane Propellant propellant 141(ii) Chlorophyllins, copper complexes, potassium and sodium salts Colour colour 140 Chlorophylls Colour colour 141 Chlorophylls and chlorophyllins, copper complexes 141(i) Chlorophylls, copper complexes Colour colour 1000 Cholic acid 1001(i) Choline acetate 1001(ii) Choline carbonate 1001(iii) Choline chloride 1001(iv) Choline citrate 1001(vi) Choline lactate 1001 Choline salts and esters 1001(v) Choline tartrate

59 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 330 Citric acid Colour retention agent antioxidant colour retention agent antioxidant synergist 472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol dough conditioner 121 Citrus red No. 2 Colour colour 468 Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cross-linked cellulose gum) 519 Cupric sulfate Colour retention agent colour fixative 100(i) Curcumin Colour colour 100 Curcumins 424 Curdlan 952 Cyclamates Firming agent Gelling agent firming agent gelling agent 952(i) Cyclamic acid Sweetener sweetener 457 Cyclodextrin, alpha- 459 Cyclodextrin, beta- 458 Cyclodextrin, gamma- 1504(i) Cyclotetraglucose 1504(ii) Cyclotetraglucose syrup 920 Cysteine, L- and its hydrochlorides sodium and potassium salts 921 Cystine, L-and its hydrochlorides sodium and potassium salts 265 Dehydroacetic acid

60 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 472e Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol 342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate 333(ii) Dicalcium citrate Firming agent firming agent buffering agent 450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent 940 Dichlorodifluormethane Propellant propellant 389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate antioxidant dough conditioner 450(viii) Dimagnesium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent 242 Dimethyl dicarbonate 480 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate wetting agent 230 Diphenyl 450 Diphosphates

61 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 628 Dipotassium 5 -guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 450(iv) Dipotassium diphosphate buffer 340(ii) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 336(ii) Dipotassium tartrate 627 Disodium 5 -guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 631 Disodium 5 -inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 635 Disodium 5 -ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer buffering agent 450(i) Disodium diphosphate 386 Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate Colour retention agent antioxidant colour

62 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose buffer 339(ii) Disodium hydrogen phosphate 331(ii) Disodium monohydrogen citrate 364(ii) Disodium succinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 390 Distearyl thiodipropionate antioxidant 312 Dodecyl gallate antioxidant 315 Erythorbic acid (Isoascorbic acid) antioxidant 968 Erythritol Flavour enhancer Sweetener flavour enhancer sweetener 127 Erythrosine Colour colour 488 Ethoxylated mono- and di-glycerides 324 Ethoxyquin antioxidant 462 Ethyl cellulose Binder filler diluent for other food additives coating agent 313 Ethyl gallate antioxidant 467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose

63 CAC/GL INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose 637 Ethyl maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 214 Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate 143 Fast Green FCF Colour colour 570 Fatty acids Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent foam 381 Ferric ammonium citrate 453 Ferric(III)-orthophosphate Colour colour 454 Ferric(III)-pyrophosphate 505 Ferrous carbonate 579 Ferrous gluconate Colour retention agent colour retention agent colour 537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate 585 Ferrous lactate Colour retention agent colour retention agent 1101(iv) Ficin Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer 161a Flavoxanthin Colour colour 240 Formaldehyde 236 Formic acid 297 Fumaric acid 165 Gardenia blue Colour colour 164 Gardenia yellow Colour colour 428 Gelatin 418 Gellan gum 574 Gluconic acid, D- Gelling agent gelling agent 575 Glucono delta-lactone