3. Describe the study in mimicry, using king snakes and coral snakes. Identify the control in the experiment.

Transcription

1 Biology Semester 1 Exam Review Guide Chapter 1 Biology in the 21 st Century 1. Distinguish between the following key terms: Biology Name : Pd: Hypothesis Variable Controlled experiment Theory Model Technology 2. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data. Define Examples Qualitative Quantitative 3. Describe the study in mimicry, using king snakes and coral snakes. Identify the control in the experiment. 4. Apply hypothesis based science to a failed flashlight to fill in the blanks. Draw in arrows showing the sequence of steps used in hypothesis- based science. Include those that show what occurs if the test DOES and DOES NOT support the hypothesis. Observation: Question: Hypothesis: Prediction: Test: 5. How is communication an important part of science? Describe the benefits scientists gain by sharing information with one another?

2 Unit 2 Chemistry of Life 6. Distinguish between the following key terms: Element Compound Atom Polar Molecule ph scale Acid Base 7. List the four most abundant elements in your body, in order of decreasing percent of body mass. 8. Describe the three types of subatomic particles. Draw how they are arranged in an atom. 9. What information does a chemical equation provide about a chemical reaction? Explain what happens to the atoms. 10. Explain how hydrogen bonding affects the following properties of water a. Cohesion b. Adhesion c. Temperature moderation - d. Ability to dissolve many substances e. Lower density of ice compared to liquid water Explain the connection between monomers and polymers. 12. What molecule is released during construction of a polymer? What is this reaction called? 13. When cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them, this process is called. is used to break down the polymer. 14. What is a carbohydrate? What is the function of sugar molecules, particularly glucose?

3 15. Explain the difference between monosaccharide and a disaccharide. Give an example of each. Characteristics Example (draw simplified representation ) Monosaccharide Disaccharide 16. Fill in the blanks Sugars include Carbohydrates include include Such as- Such as- Stores sugar in Gives structural support to Glycogen Stores sugar in Plant cells 17. Compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose. 18. What property do lipids share? What are two classifications of lipids? 19. What are the parts of a fat molecule? Include a drawing of glycerol and the fatty acid chains. 20. List examples of saturated and unsaturated fats a. Saturated b. Unsaturated -

4 21. Distinguish between the following key terms: Protein Amino Acid Denaturation Activation energy Catalyst Enzyme Substrate Active site 22. The 20 amino acids vary only in their. 23. How does denaturation affect the ability of a protein to function? 24. How does an enzyme affect activation energy? 25. List two factors that can greatly affect how an enzyme works or if it can work at all. Unit 3 and 4 A Tour of the Cell 26. What are the three principles of the cell theory? How is a eukaryotic cell different from a prokaryotic cell? 28. Identify which of the following is a plant and animal cell. Highlight the location of the the plasma membranes, Golgi apparatus, rough and smooth ERs, and nucleus in the diagrams below.

5 29. Compare and Contrast animal and plant cell structures in a Venn diagram. 30. How do the various kinds of microscopes differ as tools in the study of cells? a. Light microscope b. Electron microscope (SEM, TEM) 31. Describe how phospholipid molecules are oriented in the plasma/cell membrane of a cell. Draw a section of the phospholipid bilayer and label the hydrophobic tails and the hydrophilic heads. What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean? 32. What is the function of a transport protein? 33. Distinguish between the following methods used to move materials across a cellular membrane. Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis Exocytosis 34. Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions, and give an example of how each affects an animal cell. a. hypertonic- b. hypotonic c. isotonic Organelle means. Distinguish between the following organelles. Nucleus Ribosome Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Chloroplast Mitochondria 36. Compare and contrast chloroplasts and mitochondria. Include where they obtain their energy from, the process used to release the energy, and the cells where these organelles are found. 37. How do flagella differ in structure and function from cilia?

6 Unit 5 - Cellular Energetics 38. Define autotroph and heterotroph, and give an example of each. Define Autotroph Example Heterotroph 39. Explain the role of food (glucose) in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 40. Define kinetic and potential energy. Identify the types of energy you have at the top of a staircase and as you go down the stairs. 41. What is ATP? Describe how energy is stored in an ATP molecule? 42. Draw a diagram showing ATP being converted to ADP as energy is released. (Fig. 7-9) 43. What is cellular respiration? 44. Fill in the following diagram with the reactants and products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Reactants Products Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis 45. Identify the three stages of cellular respiration, Name of Stage What occurs in this process Location of process # of ATP molecules used # of ATP molecules produced Net gain of ATP molecules Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage How is fermentation different from cellular respiration? What is the difference between an aerobic and anaerobic environment? 47. What is the waste product of fermentation in your muscle cells? What feeling does this cause? Chapter 8 The Working Cell: Energy from Sunlight 48. What is the ultimate source for the energy in most food? 49. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoids.

7 50. Describe the two main stages of photosynthesis. Name of Stage Inputs Outputs Location Stage 1 Stage What are the chemical compounds located in chloroplasts. Explain why a leaf containing chloroplasts looks green in color. Unit 6: Cell Reproduction 52. Contrast the two main ways that organisms reproduce Sexual Reproduction Definition Examples Asexual Reproduction 53. Name the stages of the cell cycle and explain in words and draw a diagram of what happens during each stage Phase Description G1 S G2 Mitotic Phase 54. Name the stages of mitosis and explain in words and draw a diagram of what happens during each stage Stage Explanation Diagram

8 55. Explain and diagram how cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells. Explain In Animal Cells Diagram In Plant Cells 56. Compare benign and malignant tumors 57. Contrast haploid and diploid cells Haploid Diploid 58. Summarize the process of meiosis- 59. Explain how crossing over contributes to genetic variation and draw a diagram of crossing over occurring.

9