Impact of ensiling on the traceability and authentication of foods of animal origin. Frank Monahan, Aidan Moloney, Olaf Schmidt and Padraig O Kiely

Transcription

1 Impact of ensiling on the traceability and authentication of foods of animal origin Frank Monahan, Aidan Moloney, Olaf Schmidt and Padraig O Kiely

2 Definitions Food traceability - the ability to follow the movement of a food through specified stages of production, processing and distribution (WHO/FAO, 2007). Food authenticity the process by which a food is verified as complying with its label description (Dennis, 1998)

3 Interest in traceability/authenticity? Consumers want assurance about mode of production, country of origin High value food products, require traceability/ authentication Food fraud

4 Tracers in meat and milk evidence of grass/silage feeding?

5 Potential tracers of animal feed in meat and milk Fatty acids Volatiles, terpenes, aldehydes Carotenoids Vitamin E Stable isotopes Genes expressed Fingerprinting We are what they eat...

6 Potential tracers of animal feed in meat and milk Fatty acids Volatiles, terpenes, aldehydes Carotenoids Vitamin E Stable isotopes Genes expressed Fingerprinting We are what they eat...

7 % total fatty acids Feed fatty acids 60.0 grass maize silage barley-based concentrate grass silage whole crop wheat silage :0 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3 French et al, 2000, J. Anim. Sci., 78, 2849 Moloney et al, 2013, Meat Sci.,95,608 Noci et al, 2005, J. Anim. Sci., 83,1167

8 % total fatty acids Fatty acids in beef grass grass silage maize silage whole crop wheat silage barley-based concentrate 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 18:2 CLA 18:3 n-6/n-3 French et al, 2000, J. Anim. Sci., 78, 2849 Moloney et al, 2013, Meat Sci.,95,608 Noci et al, 2005, J. Anim. Sci., 83,1167

9 % total fatty acids Fatty acids in beef grass maize silage barley-based concentrate grass silage whole crop wheat silage 0 18:2 CLA 18:3 n-6/n-3 French et al, 2000, J. Anim. Sci., 78, 2849 Moloney et al, 2013, Meat Sci.,95,608 Noci et al, 2005, J. Anim. Sci., 83,1167

10 Fatty acid, % of total Human platelet n-3 fatty acids grass-fed beef concentrate-fed beef :5n-3 EPA 22:5n-3 DPA 22:6n-3 DHA LC n-3 PUFA Total n-3 PUFA McAfee et al., 2011, Brit J Nutr, 105, 80 89

11 Alfaia et al., 2009, Food Chemistry 114,

12 6 month NOV - APRIL Pasture outdoor Grass silage indoor Grass silage indoor Concentrate indoor 6 month MAY - OCT Pasture outdoor Pasture outdoor Pasture/Concentrate outdoor Concentrate indoor Pasture P Silage - Pasture SiP Silage Pasture/ Concentrate SiPC Concentrate C

13 Canonical discriminant analysis Silage-Pasture fed Silage- Pasture/Concentrate fed Pasture fed Concentrate fed Röhrle et al, 2015

14 Potential tracers of animal feed in meat and milk Fatty acids Volatiles, terpenes, aldehydes Carotenoids Vitamin E Stable isotopes Genes expressed Fingerprinting We are what they eat...

15 Volatiles - terpenes Monoterpenes: Sesquiterpenes: pinene sabinene limonene b-gurjunene b-caryophyllene germacrene g-cadinene

16 Arbitray units Terpenes in sheep fat Grass-fed Concentrate-fed *Suzuky & Bailey, 1985, JAFC, 33, 343 **Young et al., 1997, Meat Sci., 45, 183 ***Priolo et al., 2004, Meat Sci., 66, 475

17 ppm Terpenes in beef Grass-fed Concentrate-fed phyt-1-ene phyt-2-ene neophytadiene phytane Larick et al., 1987, IJFST, 38, 445

18 Fernandez et al., 2003, IJFST, 38, 445 Terpenes in milk

19 Factorial discriminant analysis using four terpenes to discriminate lamb Pasture-fed lamb Priolo et al, 2004, Meat Sci,66,475

20 6 month NOV - APRIL Pasture outdoor Grass silage indoor Grass silage indoor Concentrate indoor 6 month MAY - OCT Pasture outdoor Pasture outdoor Pasture/Concentrate outdoor Concentrate indoor Pasture P Silage - Pasture SiP Silage Pasture/ Concentrate SiPC Concentrate C

21 Discriminating volatile compounds P SiP SiPC C P skatole undecanone cuminic alcohol methyl butanol ethenyl benzene buten-1-ol Unidentified Vasta et al, 2011, Meat Sci, 87, 282

22 Silage-Pasture fed Pasture fed Silage- Pasture/Concentrate fed Concentrate fed Vasta et al, 2011, Meat Sci, 87, 282

23 Potential tracers of animal feed in meat and milk Fatty acids Volatiles, terpenes, aldehydes Carotenoids Vitamin E Stable isotopes Genes expressed Fingerprinting We are what they eat...

24 Röhrle et al. 2010, Meat Science 88,

25 Proportion of light reflected Wavelength, nm Pasture fed Concentrate fed Silage-Pasture fed Röhrle et al. (2011). Meat Sci. 88,

26 Potential tracers of animal feed in meat and milk Fatty acids Volatiles, terpenes, aldehydes Carotenoids Vitamin E Trace elements Stable isotopes Genes expressed Fingerprinting We are what they eat...

27 Vitamin E stereoisomers in animal feeds Röhrle et al. 2010, Food Chemistry 124, Pasture Silage Concentrate

28 Pasture Silage- Silage Concentrate Pasture Pasture/Conc. Production system Röhrle et al. 2010, Food Chemistry 124,

29 Potential tracers of animal feed in meat and milk Fatty acids Volatiles, terpenes, aldehydes Carotenoids Vitamin E Trace elements Stable isotopes Genes expressed Fingerprinting We are what they eat...

30 2 H/ 1 H, 13 C/ 12 C, 15 N/ 14 N, 18 O/ 16 O, 34 S/ 32 S d 2 H d 13 C d 15 N d 18 O d 34 S Ratio of heavy isotope / light isotope in meat Ratio of (per mil, ) heavy isotope / light isotope in the feed/water animals consume

31 13 C/ 12 C ratio (d 13 C) differs in different feeds High 13 C/ 12 C ratio Maize Sugar cane Tropical grasses C 4 plants 5.6 to 18.6 Low 13 C/ 12 C ratio Grass (temperate areas) Barley, wheat Soya bean Sugar beet C 3 plants 23.2 to 34.3

32 15 N/ 14 N ratio (d 15 N) in feed is affected by fertilizers used in growing the feed High 15 N/ 14 N ratio Organic fertilizer Animal/fish protein Low 15 N/ 14 N ratio Artificial fertilizer e.g. animal manure d 15 N ~ 5 d 15 N ~ 0

33 34 S/ 32 S ratio (d 34 S) in feed is affected by sea spray / inclusion of fishmeal? High 34 S/ 32 S ratio Close to the sea Marine plants (seaweed) Low 34 S/ 32 S ratio Inland

34 Zazzo et al. (2011). Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 25, 2371 d 34 S Ireland in Sheep s wool

35 Hydrogen and oxygen ratios (d 2 H, and d 18 O) in water (and feed) are affected by climate, proximity to the sea, altitude, latitude High 2 H/ 1 H and 18 O/ 16 O ratios At high temperatures In lowlands Close to the sea Western Europe Low 2 H/ 1 H and 18 O/ 16 O ratios At low temperatures At mountains Inland Eastern Europe

36 (Bowen et al. 2006)

37 6 month NOV - APRIL Pasture outdoor Grass silage indoor Grass silage indoor Concentrate indoor 6 month MAY - OCT Pasture outdoor Pasture outdoor Pasture/Concentrate outdoor Concentrate indoor Pasture P Silage - Pasture SiP Silage Pasture/ Concentrate SiPC Concentrate C

38 δ 13 C d 13 C Stable isotopes Feed Beef d 15 N Concentrate (barley-based) Pasture (grass) Concentrate - fed Silage- Pasture/Concentrate Osorio et al. 2011, J Agric Food Chem, 59, 3295 Pasture- fed Silage-Pasture δ 15 N

39 Muscle stable isotope ratios: C, N, H, S P SiP SiPC C δ 13 C δ 15 N δ 2 H δ 34 S Osorio et al. 2011, J Agric Food Chem, 59, 3295

40 Grass Silage d 13 C = Maize Silage d 13 C = δ 13 C in muscle, Bahar et al., 2005, RCMS, 19,

41 Irish vs non-irish beef Brazil d 13 C USA Mainland Europe Ireland: concentrate Ireland: organic d 15 N Ireland : silage-pasture/concentrate Ireland :Pasture/silage Osorio et al. 2011, J Agric Food Chem, 59, 3295

42 Potential tracers of animal feed in meat and milk Fatty acids Volatiles, terpenes, aldehydes Carotenoids Vitamin E Trace elements Stable isotopes Genes expressed Fingerprinting We are what they eat...

43 Genetic markers? Authors Cassar-Malek et al. (2009) Duckett et al. (2009) Shibato et al. (2009) Lejeune et al (2015) Genes Selenoprotein W up-regulated in outdoor pasture vs indoor concentrate Stearoyl CoA desat and FAS up-regulated in concentrate finished vs pasture Differential expression attributed to changes in fibre type and metabolic enzymes 21 genes differentially expressed in outdoor pasture vs indoor concentrate-fed beef cattle

44 PCA gene expression data Concentrate-fed Pasture-fed Lejeune et al. (2015)

45 Potential tracers of animal feed in meat and milk Fatty acids Volatiles, terpenes, aldehydes Carotenoids Vitamin E Trace elements Stable isotopes Genes expressed Fingerprinting We are what they eat...

46 NIR spectroscopy (on milk) Comparison % Milk samples correctly classified Pasture vs Maize Silage 95.5 Pasture vs Hay 91.5 Pasture vs Silage/Haylage 93.3 Coppa et al. 2012, Journal of Dairy Science, 95,

47 FTIR spectroscopy (on butter) Gori et al. 2012, Journal of Food Engineering, 105,

48 Key messages Strong tracers exist in animal-derived food products (e.g. meat, milk) to underpin authenticity-based traceability systems Enabling Unique product signatures based on production system Links to geographical origin, regional assignment Consumer assurance Market opportunities

49 Acknowledgements Dr Padraig O Kiely Dr Olaf Schmidt Dr Aidan Moloney Dr Sabine Harrison Dr Teresa Osorio- Arguelo Florian Roehrle Dr Alex Lejeune Dr Antoine Zazzo