Phospholipids, Triglycerids. Léránt István

Transcription

1 Phospholipids, Triglycerids Léránt István

2 Membran lipids Phosphatidic acids COMMON INTERMEDIER IN Biosynthesis of Glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid Fatty acid Glycerol Fatty acid Fatty acid P Alcohol phospholipids Neutral fats Glycerol-phosphat acyltransferase Neutral fats Phospholipids

3 In most tissues Glycerol - glycerol-kinase ADIPOCYTES: Glycolysis - DHAP

4 BIOSYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE LIPIDS Phosphatidic acids COMMON INTERMEDIER IN Biosynthesis of phospholipids Neutral fats ACYL-GLYCEROL-SYNTHETASE COMPLEX Endoplasmatic reticulum phosphatase Diacylglycerol acyltransferase

5 BIOSYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE LIPIDS BIOSYNTHESIS of PHOSPHOLIPIDS Phosphatidic acid / alcohol - activation

6 SYNTHESIS of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4,5 DIPHOSPHATE CDP-diacylglycerol phosphatidyl-inositol phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5 diphosphate Phospholipase C

7 Mitochondria - Cardiolipin R2 C O O H 2 C C H 2 C O H O C R1 O O P O O H H 2 C O P C CH 2 OH O O O CH 2 O H C O C R4 C O CH 2 O R3 Phosphatidyl - glycerol Diphosphatidyl glycerol; Cardiolipin P - P - ph ~ / = 7,0 pk H 3 PO 4 ~ / = 1-2 Mitochondria / Lues

8 Mitochondria - Cardiolipin Glycerol -3- P 2 glycerol-3-phosphate acyltranspherase phosphatidate CDP-DAG synthase phosphatidate CDP diacylglyc erol P GP synthase CDP diacylglyc erol phosphatidylglycerol - P (PGP) phosphatidylglycerol dephosphor ylation - P (PGP) phosphatidylglycerol phosphatidylglycerol CDP-diacylglycerol cardiolipi n P - P - CTP CDP

9 PHOSPHATIDYL-CHOLINE CHOLINE FOOD CIRCULATION Cholinergic presynaptical membrane Choline transport high affinity Liver: phosphatidyl-etanolamine Cytoplasm Endoplasmatic reticulum Choline-kinase CTP:phosphocholine cytidyliltranspherase CDP-CHOLINE: 1,2-diglyceride Phosphocholine ltranspherase Endoplasmatic reticulum

10 LIVER BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHATIDYL-ETANOLAMINE & PHOSPHATIDYL-CHOLINE CHOLINE CHOLINE-P CDP-CHOLINE CO 2 PHOSPHATIDYL SERINE 3 SAM PHOSPHATIDYL- CHOLINE 3 S-adenosylhomocysteine

11 LIVER BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHATIDYL-ETANOLAMINE & PHOSPHATIDYL-CHOLINE Rate limiting enzyme: CTP:phosphocholine cytidyliltranspherase CHOLINE CHOLINE-P Cytoplasm endoplasmatic reticulum translocation activation + fatty acid fatty-acyl-coa / DAG CDP-CHOLINE camp dep protein kinase Lipidtransport PCh dependent [Choline] / VLDL / fatty liver PHOSPHATIDYL- CHOLINE CO 2 PHOSPHATIDYL SERINE 3 SAM 3 S-adenosylhomocysteine

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18 ABO blood group system Glu Gal GalNAc Gal O antigen Fuc Glu Gal GalNAc Gal GalNAc A antigen Fuc Glu Gal GalNAc Gal Gal B antigen Fuc

19 ABO blood group system Fucosyl-transferase 9 fucosyl-transferase (human) 3 fucosyl-transferase ABH

20 ABO system

21 People of certain ABO groups susceptibility to certain infections Bubonic plaque Small pox Bubonic plaque Yersinia pestis. Related bacteria: Pasteurella pestis - H antigén People of O group no anti-h antibody Frequency of O group is significantly lower in Mongólia, Turkey and in North Africa Extrapolation many hundred years ago?

22 People of ABO groups may be more susceptible to certain infections The Bubonic Plague There has been some suggestions that people of certain ABO groups may be more susceptible to certain infections. In particular it is thought that some historical pandemics have influenced the current distribution of the ABO gene frequencies in different parts of the world. In particular the bubonic plague and small pox The bubonic plague is caused by a bacterium Yersinia pestis. A related bacteria Pasteurella pestis possess a H like antigen. It has been extrapolated that the bacteria causing plague also expressed a similar H like antigen (25, 43). Therefore group O individuals who do not form an anti H are likely to be more susceptible to plague infection and mortality than A, B or AB people. This is supported by the observation that the frequency of the O gene is lower in areas that did experience significant plague epidemics such as Mongolia, Turkey and North Africa. These observations are not concrete. It is virtually impossible to extrapolate back to the organisms that were causing the plague centuries ago and confirm the H like antigen was present on the bacteria. The Bubonic Plague There has been some suggestions that people of certain ABO groups may be more susceptible to certain infections. In particular it is thought that some historical pandemics have influenced the current distribution of the ABO gene frequencies in

23 SMALLPOX A antigen-like structures Higher resistency of people of O és B groups Smallpox pandemic: Iceland Asia Africa Frequency of A substance is there significantly lower.

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25 Gangliosides G M3 Gal Glu Ceramid NANA G M2 GalNAc Gal Glu Ceramid NANA Cholera toxin G M1 GalNAc Gal Glu Ceramid Gal NANA

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27 Sphingolipidoses Demyelinisation: Sclerosis multiplex White matter [phospholipid], [plasmenyl ethanolamine], [sphingolipids] White matter ~ grey matter Sphingoliopidosis: Accumulation of complex lipids Synthesis of complex lipids is not affected. Lack of lysosomal enzymes All tissueas are affected Multiple sulfatase defficiency

28 Sphingolipidoses Niemann-Pick Ceramid P-Kol sphingomyelinase Accumulation of sphingomyelin

29 Gaucher disease Spleen, liver, bone-marrow, reticuloendothelial cells Accumulation of glucocerebrozides Gaucher cells Mentális retardáció Gaucher Ceramid Glu b-glucosidase

30 Krabbe disease Accumulation of Galactosyl ceramide Krabbe Ceramid Gal b-galaktosidase

31 Lack of Hexosaminidase A N-acetyl-galactosamine is not cleaved from the GM2 gangliosids Paralysis, deafness, Mental retardation Macrocephalia Death at age 2-4 1:3500 Tay-Sachs desease

32 Tay-Sachs disease Tay - Sachs Ceramid Glu Gal GalNAc NANA hexoseaminidase

33 Sphingolipidoses Fabry Ceramid Glu Gal Gal a-galaktosidase