number Done by Corrected by Doctor
|
|
- Agatha Black
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 number 25 Done by موسى صبح Corrected by عبد الرحمن الحنبلي Doctor فيصل الخطيب 1 P a g e
2 Introduction The subject of this lecture is glycerophospholipids also known as phosphoglyceridesor phosphoacylglycerols, the sheet will talk about (structure, degradation, synthesis, remodeling and functions) ofphosphoacylglycerols, feel free to refer to the doctor s slides andlippincot chapter 17 for more information. Structure of glycerophospholipids As the name implies, the general structure of phosphoacylglycerol shows glycerol, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group and alcohol,these are the components of phosphoacylglycerol. So 5 different componentsare connected together by4 ester bonds :- - 2 ester bonds between glycerol and fatty acids. - 1 ester bond between glycerol and phosphate. - 1 ester bond between phosphate and alcohol. *phosphate can form 2 ester bonds (diester bond). The parent compound of phosphoacylglycerol is known as phosphatidic acid (glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate), phosphatidate is the ionized form of phosphatidic acid. There are 5 alcohols that bond with phosphatidic acid by ester bond to form the phosphoacylglycerol, we can classify them into two groups:- 1- Alcohols (inositol, glycerol) *Notice that inositol or myo-inositol is a six membered ring with six hydroxyl groups, it is not a sugar, it is an alcohol (refer to slide 4 for the structure) 2 P a g e
3 2- Aminoalcohols: all of these alcohols end up with ine which indicates that they have amino group (ethanolamine, serine, choline). *we will study the structure of these molecules to understand their properties *this is not the way to produce them *ethanolamine is our reference in comparing between these molecules *see the figure below Ethanol ethanolamine If we replace one hydrogen from ethanol by amino group we will get ethanolamine *ethanol doesn t convert into ethanolamine in our bodies, this is just to understand the relationship between the two molecules. Ethanolamine serine If we replace one hydrogen from ethanolamine with carboxyl group (COO-), ethanolamine will be called serine. *serine is a common amino acid. Ethanolamine choline Choline is obtained by replacing three hydrogens from ethanolamine with three methyl groups (CH3). *When phosphatidic acid form ester bond with an alcohol the ending ic becomes yl, for example; phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol 3 P a g e
4 phosphatidyl choline Commonly known as lecithin, you can find it in powdered milk or in chocolate bars. Usually when biochemists want to study a molecule and its properties they make a space filling modelthat represent it. Space filling model:usage of small spheres that represents atoms (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc.) to build a structure of a molecule. Figure 11-6 below is the space filling model of phosphatidyl choline, from the structure we can conclude that this molecule has two regions :- - Hydrophobic/non polar (fatty acids/tails): cannot dissolve in water, hydrophobic molecules will disrupt the hydrogen bonds in water, so it is more comfortable for the water to exclude them. - Hydrophilic/polar (head/choline):the head is negatively charged (oxygen) and positively charged (nitrogen) so it can interact with water. * Thekink/angle in the fatty acid indicates the presence of the double bond in the cis configuration. Because of the hydrophobic (tail) region and the hydrophilic (head) region, when we try to dissolve phosphatidyl choline in water, large number of these molecules aggregate together in a non polar interactions where the head is on the exterior side and the tails on the interior side. These aggregations are calledmicelles. By forming micellesphosphatidyl choline can dissolve in water. *Phospholipids form cells' membranes (phospholipid bilayer) and can also form liposomes which have aqueous cavity inside. 4 P a g e
5 Application (property of forming micelles) As we all know, oil cannot dissolve in water, instead, it forms distinct layer above the water surface. But when phospholipids are added into the mixture, they will form micelles and integrate the nonpolar oil molecules into the interior of the micelles,this process is called emulsification, allows us to dissolve oils, butters and fatty acids in water, The resulted solution is a suspension which has a milky appearance (micelles reflect light) which is called emulsion, and phospholipids are called emulsifiers. So now we can understand why phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) is added to powdered milk and chocolate bars, it acts as emulsifier. Phosphatidyl alcohol structure Phosphatidyl ethanolamine Phosphatidyl serine Phosphatidylinositol, Even if there is no amine group (positive charge) the head is polar (because of the hydroxyl groups. This implies also on phosphatidylglecerol *our cells membranes are made of phospholipids, all of these phospholipids can be found in the plasma membrane in a different ratio or concentrations. 5 P a g e
6 Degradation of phospholipids All of the phospholipids have 4 ester bonds, they can be hydrolyzed to form alcohol and carboxylic acid, this process requires enzymes, each ester bond requires a different enzyme, these enzymes are known as phospholipases. - Phospholipase A 1: hydrolyze the 1stester bond (between glycerol and fatty acid 1). - Phospholipase A 2: hydrolyze the 2ndester bond (between glycerol and fatty acid 2). - Phospholipase C: hydrolyze the ester bond between glycerol and phosphate. - Phospholipase D: hydrolyze the ester bond between alcohol and phosphate. All of these phospholipases work on intact molecules, they don t work sequentially, for example phospholipase A 2doesn t work after phospholipase A 1.each one will work on an intact molecule (have 4 ester bonds). What about phospholipase B? Suppose that the first fatty acid is removed, here comes the work of phospholipase B, so phospholipase B work after phospholipase A (A 1 or A 2), it acts on lysophosphoglycerol (phosphoacylglycerol without one fatty acid) and remove the remaining fatty acid. For example; phospholipase B acts on lysophosphatidylcholine, it is the product of hydrolyzing the second ester bond between glycerol and the second fatty acid by phospholipase A 2. 6 P a g e
7 Pieces of information about phospholipases - Phospholipase A2 1. Phospholipase A 2 is found in snake and bee venoms, so when a snake bites someone, the phospholipases act on the phospholipids of the cell s membranes to produce lysophospholipids, we call them lysophospholipids because they cause lysis of cells. So they have strong detergent actions (like very strong soap) and they cause degradation of tissues. 2. Phospholipase A 2 act on phosphatidylinositol to release arachidonic acid and it isused as a precursor for synthesis of prostaglandins, so if the cell is going to produce prostaglandins phospholipase A 2 act on phosphatidylinositol production of arachidonic acid production of prostaglandins. 3. Phospholipase A 2 is inhibited by glucocorticoids - Phospholipase C: found in the membrane and it causes the release of diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate 7 P a g e
8 Biosynthesis of phosphoacylglycerol We consider the following to understand the synthesis process :- - Glycerol esterified to two fatty acids is diacylglycerol, diacylglycerol is alcohol 1. - Glycerol, serine, choline arealcohol 2. - Phosphate group is one of the components. So we have three components (alcohol 1, phosphate and alcohol 2) and we want to join them together, how they can be joined? 1. Adding phosphate group to alcohol 1 (diacylglycerol) and this is easily done by using ATP. By the end of this step we will have phosphorylated alcohol 1 (phosphoalcohol 1). *alcohol 2 can also be phosphorylated/activated. 2. Transferring the phosphorylated/activated alcohol to the other alcohol.we use activated carriers in this step, it can be done by two ways :- - Transferring phosphorylated alcohol 1 to alcohol 2 - Transferring phosphorylated alcohol 2 to alcohol 1 Production of activated carrier (carrier of activated/phosphorylated alcohol) CTP + phosphorylated alcohol CDP-alcohol + PPi CTP: cytosine ribose triphosphate PPi: pyrophosphate This is a transfer reaction where two phosphates on CTP are replaced by phosphorylated alcohol, so we end up with pyrophosphate and CDP-alcohol. 8 P a g e
9 ΔG of the reaction is almost zero because it includes the breaking of a high energy bond "P-P in CTP", and the formation of a high energy bond "P-P in the CDP-alcohol". Pyrophosphate is hydrolyzed to inorganic phosphates as soon as it is produced, the rapid removal of pyrophosphate will make ΔG of this reaction negative (shift it toward the forward direction). Synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (example on first way of transferring) Transfer of phosphorylated alcohol 1/phosphatidic acid to alcohol 2/inositol and we will end up with CMP and phosphatidyl inositol. CDP-diacylglycerol + inositol Phosphatidyl inositol +CMP Synthesis of phosphatidyl choline (example on the second way of transferring) Transferring of phosphocholine (active form of choline) to diacylglycerol, this reaction will produce CMP and phosphatidyl choline. CDP-choline + diacylglycerol phosphatidyl choline +CMP 9 P a g e
10 Alteration of polar head group Alteration of polar head group means exchange of the polar head group Phosphatidyl serine synthesis Phosphatidyl serine is produced by exchanging ethanolamine with serine, and we will end up havingphosphatidyl serine and ethanolamine, we don t have CDP-serine. Also this is how ethanolamine is produced, we can use it again by phosphorylating it and make phosphatidyl ethanolamine again. The first phosphatidyl ethanolamine is produced from decarboxylation of phosphatidyl serine, so another way to produce phosphatidyl ethanolamine is by decarboxylation of phosphatidyl serine. Methylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine We can make phosphatidyl choline from methylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Methylation means theaddition of methyl groups, the source of methyl groups in this reaction is S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). So we need 3 methyl groups (produced from 3 SAM) to convert phosphatidylethanoleamine into phosphatidylcholine. 10 P a g e
11 S-Adenosyl methionine: it is methionine (sulfur containing amino acid) joined to adenosine, it is the methyl donor in this reaction and many other reactions, because it can let go of methyl group very easily, what makes it an excellent methyl donor is the sulfur in the methionine, it binds three atoms which is unusual (sulfur usually can form two covalent bonds), the third bond is formed with adenosine to make SAM, so this makes it easy to lose CH3 in a methylation reaction. When S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM)loses CH3, it becomes S-adenosyl homocysteine which isthe same as cysteine but it has anextra CH2. Remodeling of phospholipids (changing the fatty acids) - If we have lysophosphatidyl choline (less by 1 fatty acid compared to phosphatidyl choline), when the fatty acid is removed by the action of phospholipase A 2 on phosphatidyl choline, we can replace it by Arachidonic acid in the form of arachidonyl CoA, so we will have phosphatidyl choline again. 11 P a g e
12 - Ether glycerophospholipids : fatty acid connected with glycerol on carbon 1 by ether bond instead of an ester bond. Platelet activating factor is an ether glycerophospholipids, carbon 2 in glycerol is connected with acetic acid instead of long chain fatty acid, so phospholipids function as signal molecules and also as precursors of signal molecules. (The function of platelet activating factor is aggregation of platelets) Surfactant action of phospholipids Surfactant is a substance that lowers the surface tension. Surface tension results from hydrogen bonds between water molecules, each water molecule can form 4 hydrogen bonds therefore large number of hydrogen bonds makes the water droplet has its spherical shape (dome like shape on a glass surface for example) where as other substances like oil or acetone will not form the droplet shape and they will spread, surface tension is a property of water. Surfactants are important in the lung. The smallest unit of the lung is the alveolus. At the end of respiration, alveoli are fully expanded. During expiration, the presence of surfactants allows the alveolus to remain partially deflated. Because of the presence of surfactants, water on the surface of the alveolus spreads and prevents the collapse of the alveolus. If the alveolus lacks surfactants (due to insufficiency in production or secretion), it will collapse. So surfactant action of phospholipids is important for the function of the lung, our lung contain phospholipids to reduce the surface tension in the alveolus. The synthesis of phospholipids in the lungs starts during the fetal life after the 38th week of gestation, if the baby is born before that (7 th or 8 th month) he will suffer from respiratory destresssyndrome (RDS).If the physician expects that the pregnant woman will deliver preterm/premature, they will inject her with something (glucocorticoids by the book, not mentioned by the doctor) that stimulate or accelerate the production of surfactants, so that when the baby is born he will not have any problems in breathing. 12 P a g e
13 Functions of phosphoacylglycerols (summary) 1- Cell membranes 2- Source of arachidonic acid 3- Signaling molecules: platelet-activating factor is an important signaling molecule for platelets activation and aggregation. 4- Used as emulsifiers. 5- Surfactant action of phospholipids is important for the function of the lung. Human potential for evolution is limitless You should enjoy the little detours to the fullest. Because that s where you ll find things more important than what you want 13 P a g e
Biochemistry sheet #19. Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerol and Phosphoacylglycerol
Biochemistry sheet #19 Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerol and Phosphoacylglycerol Slide 1 This slide shows the components of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phosphoacylglycerol. TAG (Glycerol) Esterified to 3(
More informationPHOSPHOLIPIDS METABOLISM. BY Dr. Walid Said Zaki Dr. Marwa Ali LECTURER OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
PHOSPHOLIPIDS METABOLISM BY Dr. Walid Said Zaki Dr. Marwa Ali LECTURER OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1. State the definition and classification of Phospholipids. 2. Describe the general structure
More informationPhospholipids Metabolism
Chapter VI: Phospholipids Metabolism Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Phospholipids Features: Amphipatic: - Hydrophobic head: fatty acids - Hydropholic head: P group+ alcohol Composed of alcohol attached by a phosphodiester
More informationDr. Mamoun. Loai Azar
13 Dr. Mamoun Loai Azar Lipids (2) - To get the best of this sheet PLEASE study it side by side with the doctor s slides. - In this lecture the doctor continued talking about Eicosanoids. Derived Fatty
More informationAhmad O. Olimat. Abdallah Al-Qawasmeh. Dr.Mamoun
10 Ahmad O. Olimat Abdallah Al-Qawasmeh Mohammed Yousef Dr.Mamoun A QUICK RECAP Eicosanoids They are derived from Arachidonic acid, a fatty acid that contains 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds. They
More informationMEMBRANE LIPIDS I and II: GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS AND SPHINGOLIPIDS
December 6, 2011 Lecturer: Eileen M. Lafer MEMBRANE LIPIDS I and II: GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS AND SPHINGOLIPIDS Reading: Stryer Edition 6: Chapter 26 Images: All images in these notes were taken from Lehninger,
More informationTEST BANK FOR LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY 6TH EDITION BY NELSON
Link full download: https://testbankservice.com/download/testbank-for-lehninger-principles-of-biochemistry-6th-edition-bynelson TEST BANK FOR LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY 6TH EDITION BY NELSON
More informationChapter 26 Biochemistry 5th edition. phospholipids. Sphingolipids. Cholesterol. db=books&itool=toolbar
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez? db=books&itool=toolbar 1 The surface of a soap bubble is a bilayer formed by detergent molecules 2 Chapter 26 Biochemistry 5th edition phospholipids Sphingolipids
More informationChapter 8. Functions of Lipids. Structural Nature of Lipids. BCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 8 Lecture Notes. Slide 1. Slide 2.
BCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 8 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 8 Lipids 2 Functions of Lipids Energy Storage Thermal Insulation Structural Components of Membranes Protective Coatings of Plants and Insects Hormonal
More informationTest Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson
Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson Link download full: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-forlehninger-principles-of-biochemistry-5th-edition-by-nelson/ Chapter
More information3.1.3 Lipids. Source: AQA Spec
alevelbiology.co.uk SPECIFICATION Triglycerides and phospholipids are two groups of lipid. Triglycerides are formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid. A
More informationBiological Molecules
Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent
More informationBiological role of lipids
Lipids Lipids Organic compounds present in living organisms, insoluble in water but able to be extracted by organic solvents such as: chloroform, acetone, benzene. Extraction = the action of taking out
More informationBiological Molecules
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds. Carbon may
More informationThe Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Chapter 3
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent
More informationMacromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1.
Macromolecules The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. CARBOHYDRATES 1. LIPIDS 1. NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbon Compounds All compounds
More informationNebal Al - Gallab. Shatha Al - Jabri. Mamoon Ahram
10 Nebal Al - Gallab Shatha Al - Jabri Mamoon Ahram Note: the doctor showed extra examples, they were in the slides, you can refer to them... Naming of Fatty Acids - 1 st Method ( IUPAC system ) We start
More informationGUTS Lecture Syllabus for Lipid Structure and Nomenclature
GUTS Lecture Syllabus for Lipid Structure and Nomenclature For Questions or Assistance contact: Dr. Gwen Sancar, gsancar@ad.unc.edu Learning bjectives After completing the GUTS lecture and associated self-
More informationBy: Dr Hadi Mozafari 1
Biological lipids are a chemically diverse group of compounds, the common and defining feature of which is their insolubility in water. By: Dr Hadi Mozafari 1 Fats and oils are the principal stored forms
More informationSurfactant. An Introduction to Water Tension and Alveoli Structure and the necessity for Septal Cell Surfactant. By Noel Ways
Surfactant An Introduction to Water Tension and Alveoli Structure and the necessity for Septal Cell Surfactant By Noel Ways Gas exchange occurs over the moist surface of the alveoli, but water (H 2 O)
More informationClassification, functions and structure
Classification, functions and structure Elena Rivneac PhD, Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemitanu" Lipids
More informationDr. Nafith Abu Tarboush
6 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 26 th 2013 Noor Salem 1 Not corrected Review Lipids are composed of two main connected parts : o Alcohol Sphingosine Glycerol o Fatty Acids (3 in number) Saturated Long Chain
More informationFrom Atoms to Cells: Fundamental Building Blocks. Models of atoms. A chemical connection
From Atoms to Cells: A chemical connection Fundamental Building Blocks Matter - all materials that occupy space & have mass Matter is composed of atoms Atom simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler
More informationCarbon. Isomers. The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Carbon Chapter 3 Framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to Carbon O, N, S, P or H Can form up to 4 covalent bonds Hydrocarbons molecule
More informationLIPIDS II: TRIACYLGLYCEROLS:
LIPIDS II: TRIACYLGLYCEROLS: How are they broken down? o Hydrolyzed into 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol o Physiologically in body: Enzyme called a LIPASE present in adipocytes and intestines o Saponification
More informationChapter 3. Table of Contents. Section 1 Carbon Compounds. Section 2 Molecules of Life. Biochemistry
Biochemistry Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Section 2 Molecules of Life Section 1 Carbon Compounds Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of
More informationChapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2 Carbohydrates are Polymers of Monosaccharides Three different ways to represent a monosaccharide Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches and provide
More informationChapter 20 Lipids. Organic and Biochem
Chapter 20 Lipids rganic and Biochem 20.1 Introduction Found in living organisms Insoluble in water but Soluble in non-polar substances Example of Lipid Solvent: diethyl ether Polar groups in lipids are
More informationObjectives. Carbon Bonding. Carbon Bonding, continued. Carbon Bonding
Biochemistry Table of Contents Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules. Identify functional groups in biological
More informationLecture-3. Water and Phospholipid
Lecture-3 Water and Phospholipid Life on earth began in water and evolved there for three billion years before spreading onto land. Although most of the water in liquid form, it is also in solid form and
More informationChapter Three (Biochemistry)
Chapter Three (Biochemistry) 1 SECTION ONE: CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON BONDING All compounds can be classified in two broad categories: organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made
More informationMacromolecules. Molecules of Life
Macromolecules Molecules of Life Learning Objectives know the difference between a dehydration synthesis reaction and a hydrolysis reaction know the different types of biological macromolecules be able
More informationGeneral Chemistry. Ch. 10
General Chemistry Ch. 10 Essentials of Organic Chemistry Most biological important molecules are composed of organic compounds. These are mostly produced by biological systems. Organic molecules contain
More informationThe phosphate group replaces the fatty acid on C number 3 of a triacylglycerol molecule O O CH 2 O C R CH 2 O P O X OH.
Phosphoacylglycerols (Phospholipids) Phosphoacylglycerols are fatty acid esters of glycerol which also contain a phosphate group and other specific groups The phosphate group replaces the fatty acid on
More informationLecture 3 6/28/10. Membrane Lipids. Importance of Membranes. Categories of Lipids. Lipids: Chapter 20 Sections 4-7. ! Membranes are important in
Lecture 3 Lipids: Chapter 20 Sections 4-7! The most polar lipids are found in the membranes of cells and organelles! Why?! These lipids are amphipathic! Membranes are complex and have many components Membrane
More informationHow to maximize fat energy? Swine. Poultry. Shrimp. Technical brochure about the molecular structure and mode of action of lysolecithins
Introduction «Lecithin and lysolecithin «Normal fat digestion «Mode of action lysolecithins «Conclusions «Swine Poultry Fish How to maximize fat energy? Shrimp Technical brochure about the molecular structure
More informationBiological molecules
Biological molecules 04-04-16 Announcements Your lab report 1 is due now Quiz 1 is on Wednesday at the beginning of class, so don t be late Review Macromolecues are large molecules necessary for life made
More informationChapter 3- Organic Molecules
Chapter 3- Organic Molecules CHNOPS Six of the most abundant elements of life (make up 95% of the weight of all living things)! What are they used for? Structures, enzymes, energy, hormones, DNA How do
More informationWHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR MICROBIOLOGY WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? An understanding of chemistry is essential to understand cellular structure and function, which are paramount for your understanding
More informationFatty acids and phospholipids
PYS 4xx Intro 2 1 PYS 4xx Intro 2 - Molecular building blocks We now describe in more detail the nomenclature and composition of several classes of compounds of relevance to the cell, including: membrane
More informationFunctions of Lipids. - Storage Fats are long term energy (9 kcal/g) while carbohydrates are quick energy (4 kcal/g).
Chapter 8: Lipids Functions of Lipids - Storage Fats are long term energy (9 kcal/g) while carbohydrates are quick energy (4 kcal/g). - Membrane Components Lipid barriers keep water out. - Messengers Hormones
More informationCHAPTER 28 LIPIDS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
HAPTER 28 LIPIDS SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. The lipids, which are dissimilar substances, are arbitrarily classified as a group on the basis of their solubility in fat solvents and their insolubility
More informationChem 431A-L24-F 07 admin: Last time: We finished Chapt 7, started Chapt 10 FA s and TG s FA=fatty acid, TG=triglycerides or triacylglycerols
Chem 431A-L24-F'07 page 1 of 5 Chem 431A-L24-F 07 admin: Last time: We finished Chapt 7, started Chapt 10 FA s and TG s FA=fatty acid, TG=triglycerides or triacylglycerols (0) REVIEW: FA s are very reduced
More informationWhat are the molecules of life?
Molecules of Life What are the molecules of life? Organic Compounds Complex Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Organic Compounds Carbon- hydrogen based molecules From Structure to Function Ø Carbon
More informationPaper 4. Biomolecules and their interactions Module 22: Aggregates of lipids: micelles, liposomes and their applications OBJECTIVE
Paper 4. Biomolecules and their interactions Module 22: Aggregates of lipids: micelles, liposomes and their applications OBJECTIVE The main aim of this module is to introduce the students to the types
More informationActivity: Biologically Important Molecules
Activity: Biologically Important Molecules AP Biology Introduction We have already seen in our study of biochemistry that the molecules that comprise living things are carbon-based, and that they are thought
More informationBiomolecules. Biomolecules. Carbohydrates. Biol 219 Lec 3 Fall Polysaccharides. Function: Glucose storage Fig. 2.2
Biomolecules Biomolecules Monomers Polymers Carbohydrates monosaccharides polysaccharides fatty acids triglycerides Proteins amino acids polypeptides Nucleic Acids nucleotides DNA, RNA Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
More informationLipid Chemistry. Presented By. Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair
Lipid Chemistry Presented By Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair 4 Objectives: 1. By the end of this chapter the student should be able to: define lipids. describe the biological importance of lipids.
More informationLesson 2. Biological Molecules. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 2 Biological Molecules Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Carbon in Biological Molecules Organic molecules contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) Example: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Inorganic
More informationBiomolecules. Unit 3
Biomolecules Unit 3 Atoms Elements Compounds Periodic Table What are biomolecules? Monomers vs Polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Minerals Vitamins Enzymes Triglycerides Chemical Reactions
More informationBiochemistry Worksheet
Biology 138 Name Section 3.1 Properties of Water Biochemistry Worksheet 1. Why is water such an important molecule to living things? 2. Describe the chemical make up and type of bonding found in water
More informationLipids. Lipids. Jiří Jonák and Lenka Fialová Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Medical Faculty of the Charles University, Prague
Lipids Jiří Jonák and Lenka Fialová Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Medical Faculty of the Charles University, Prague Lipids 1. General introduction 2. Nomenclature of fatty acids 3. Degradation
More informationOCR (A) Biology A-level
OCR (A) Biology A-level Topic 2.2: Biological molecules Notes Water Water is a very important molecule which is a major component of cells, for instance: Water is a polar molecule due to uneven distribution
More informationCHAPTER 28 LIPIDS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
28 09/16/2013 17:44:40 Page 415 APTER 28 LIPIDS SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. The lipids, which are dissimilar substances, are arbitrarily classified as a group on the basis of their solubility in fat solvents
More informationLipids Definition. Definition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups)
Lipids Definition Definition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups) Water Solubility (Hydrophilic) What makes molecules water soluble (hydrophilic)? Like dissolves like
More informationChapter 3 Guided Reading Notes Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
AP Biology Name: Block Chapter 3 Guided Reading Notes Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Most of this chapter is new material. We will discuss it all in detail. Section 1 1. Make an electron distribution
More informationDefinition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups)
Lipids Definition Definition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups) Water Solubility (Hydrophilic) What makes molecules water soluble (hydrophilic)? Like dissolves like
More informationCHAPTER 3. Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life
CHAPTER 3 Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Carbon: The Organic Element Compounds that are synthesized by cells and contain carbon are organic So what is inorganic? Why are carbon compounds so prevalent?
More informationBiology. Chapter 3. Molecules of Life. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr
Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 3 Molecules of Life 2015 3.1 What Are the Molecules of Life? The molecules of life contain a high proportion of carbon atoms: Complex carbohydrates
More informationChapter 2: The Chemical Level of. Organization. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 2: Organization The Chemical Level of Question Of the following functions, the major propose of RNA is to A. Function in the synthesis of protein. B. Transmit genetic information to offspring.
More informationChapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of
Chapter 2 pt 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life Including the lecture Materials of Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida with amendments and additions by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
More informationCELL MEMBRANES (MAS)
CELL MEMBRANES (MAS) 1 CELL MEMBRANE area of the cell immediately surrounding the cytoplasm the most conserved structure in living cells. Every living thing on this planet has some type of membrane 2 Anatomy
More information26.1 Acetyl Coenzyme A
Chapter 26 Lipids Lipids Lipids are naturally occurring substances grouped together on the basis of a common property they they are more soluble in nonpolar solvents than in water. Some of the most important
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 26 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Zaid Emad Doctor فيصل الخطيب 1 P a g e A small note about phosphatidyl inositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) before moving on: This molecule is found in the membrane
More informationBiological Molecules. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids Organic Molecules Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Carbon is missing four electrons Capable of forming 4 covalent bonds
More informationThe Structure and Function of Biomolecules
The Structure and Function of Biomolecules The student is expected to: 9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
More informationCHAPTER 2- BIOCHEMISTRY I. WATER (VERY IMPORTANT TO LIVING ORGANISMS) A. POLAR COMPOUND- 10/4/ H O KENNEDY BIOLOGY 1AB
CHAPTER 2- BIOCHEMISTRY KENNEDY BIOLOGY 1AB I. WATER (VERY IMPORTANT TO LIVING ORGANISMS) WATER S UNIQUE PROPERTIES MAKE IT ESSENTIAL FOR ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS IT IS POLAR, AND HAS BOTH ADHESIVE AND COHESIVE
More informationBiology Chapter 2 Review
Biology Chapter 2 Review Vocabulary: Define the following words on a separate piece of paper. Element Compound Ion Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Molecule Hydrogen Bon Cohesion Adhesion Solution Solute Solvent
More informationII- Compound Lipids. 1- Phospholipids
II- ompound Lipids ompound (conjugated) lipids are lipids conjugated with other substances. They include: 1- Phospholipids formed of lipid, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base. 2- Glycolipids, formed
More informationInorganic compounds: Usually do not contain carbon H 2 O Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 NaCl Carbon containing molecules not considered organic: CO 2
Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. Biochemistry: Made by living things All contain the elements carbon and hydrogen Inorganic: Inorganic compounds: All other
More informationChapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 1. Name the four main classes of organic molecules found in all living things. Which of the four are classified as macromolecules. Define
More information15.1 Lipids 15.2 Fatty Acids. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 15 Lipids 15.1 Lipids 15.2 Fatty Acids Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Lipids Lipids are biomolecules that contain fatty acids or a steroid nucleus. soluble in organic solvents, but
More informationSeminar 6 Theoretical part
Seminar 6 Theoretical part Lipids are a heterogeneous group of naturally occurring organic compounds, classified together on the basis of their common solubility properties. Lipids are insoluble in water,
More informationReview Session 1. Control Systems and Homeostasis. Figure 1.8 A simple control system. Biol 219 Review Sessiono 1 Fall 2016
Control Systems and Homeostasis Review Session 1 Regulated variables are kept within normal range by control mechanisms Keeps near set point, or optimum value Control systems local and reflex Input signal
More informationLipids. Polar bears have a large reserve of lipids.
Chapter 28 Lipids Polar bears have a large reserve of lipids. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan Arena Course 28.1 Lipids:
More informationCarbohydrates and Lipids
Carbohydrates and Lipids Chapter 5: Macromolecules Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules o macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: o Carbohydrates o
More informationMacromolecule modeling lab
Macromolecule modeling lab Goal: Use ball and stick models to build some of the macromolecules that make up cells also see how complex and large these macromolecules can be Directions to read before starting:
More informationCarbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Is it made of carbohydrates? Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. A carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms would have
More informationChemistry 212 Fall Semester 1996 Examination #2
Chemistry 212 Fall Semester 1996 Examination #2 University of Missouri Columbia Prof. Rainer Glaser Wednesday, October 16, 1996 103 Schlundt Hall, 8:40-9:30 featuring Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid
More information3. Hydrogen bonds form between which atoms? Between an electropositive hydrogen and an electronegative N, O or F.
Chemistry of Life Answers 1. Differentiate between an ionic and covalent bond. Provide an example for each. Ionic: occurs between metals and non-metals, e.g., NaCl Covalent: occurs between two non-metals;
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY. How Are Macromolecules Formed? Dehydration Synthesis or condensation reaction Polymers formed by combining monomers and removing water.
BIOCHEMISTRY Organic compounds Compounds that contain carbon are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.
Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function
More informationBiochemistry. 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds.
Biochemistry Carbon compounds Section 3-1 1. What is an organic compound? 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds. 3. Carbon dioxide, CO 2, is NOT an organic compound.
More informationWHAT IS A LIPID? OBJECTIVE The objective of this worksheet is to understand the structure and function of lipids
WHAT IS A LIPID? OBJECTIVE The objective of this worksheet is to understand the structure and function of lipids PART A: Understanding Lipids Lipids are more commonly known as fats and include triglycerides,
More informationChapters 9 and 10 Lipids and Membranes
Chapters 9 and 10 Lipids and Membranes Lipids- a class of biological molecules defined by low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar solvents. Lipids contain or are derived from fatty acids.
More information2. Simple lipids: Triacylglycerols and waxes are classified as simple lipids. The characteristics of each are described in the sections below.
Paper 4: Biomolecules and their interactions Module 21: Classification of Lipids: simple and compound lipids, phospholipids, Cholesterol OBJECTIVE The main aim of this module is to introduce the students
More informationOrganic molecules highly hydrophobic and water insoluble.
UNIT 5. LIPIDS OUTLINE 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Fatty acids. 5.3. Eicosanoids. 5.4. Triacylglycerols = Triglycerides. 5.5. Waxes. 5.6. Membrane lipids: glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. 5.7. Isoprenoids
More informationLipids and Membranes
Lipids and Membranes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Lipids and Membranes I. overview Lipids are related
More informationChapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Name Period Concept 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers 1. The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them. 2. Circle the three classes that are called
More informationI. Structure and Properties of Lipids
I. Structure and Properties of Lipids Lipids: A diverse group of compounds characterized by their low solubility in water and a high solubility in organic solvents such as chloroform and methanol. Nonpolar
More informationThe main biological functions of the many varied types of lipids include: energy storage protection insulation regulation of physiological processes
Big Idea In the biological sciences, a dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) is typically defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecules. This reaction
More informationANSC (NUTR) 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Membrane Lipids and Sphingolipidsd
ANSC (NUTR) 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Membrane Lipids and Sphingolipidsd I. Classes of membrane lipids A. Glycerolipids (quantitatively the most important of the three membrane lipids) B. Shingolipids
More informationMacromolecules. Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own.
Macromolecules Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own. Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of thousands or hundreds
More informationChapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function Architecture of Membranes Subcellular fractionation techniques can partially separate and purify several important biological membranes, including the plasma and
More informationLipids and Biological Membranes
Lipids and Biological Membranes Lipids: Found in all living organisms Especially important as components of biological membranes Defined functionally, not structurally, as compounds that are totally or
More informationChemistry 107 Exam 3 Study Guide
Chapter 7 Chemistry 107 Exam 3 Study Guide 7.1 Recognize the aldehyde, ketone and hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups found in carbohydrates. Differentiate between mono-, di-, and polysaccharides. Master
More informationBiomolecule Stations
AP Biology Biomolecule Stations Names Per. In this two-day activity, you will move through several different stations and learn about the four macromolecules in the biological world. Day 1: Modeling Carbohydrates
More informationLecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
More information