4) Which one of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells? 4) A) ribosomes B) a membrane-bound nucleus C) a cell wall D) a capsule E) pili

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1 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude that the cells 2) A) are plant cells. B) could be either plant or bacterial. C) are animal cells. D) could be plant, animal, or bacterial. E) are bacteria. 3) Cells acquire LDLs by 3) A) receptor-mediated endocytosis. B) pinocytosis. C) phagocytosis. D) osmosis. E) diffusion. 4) Which one of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells? 4) A) ribosomes B) a membrane-bound nucleus C) a cell wall D) a capsule E) pili 5) A scientist wants to examine living cells lining the respiratory tract to determine how the cells use tiny hairs to move dirt and mucus away from the lungs. Which one of the following instruments would be best, and why? 5) A) a transmission electron microscope, because it has high resolving power B) a light microscope, because it allows observations of whole, live cells C) a transmission electron microscope, because it is capable of very high magnification D) a scanning electron microscope, because it can reveal structures on cell surfaces E) a scanning electron microscope, because it can be used to observe whole cells without slicing them 7) Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusion is considered a type of 7) A) endocytosis. B) exocytosis. C) active transport. D) passive transport. E) phagocytosis. 8) Which of the following is not a true statement about diffusion? Diffusion 8) A) requires no input of energy into the system. B) is driven by entropy. C) is a result of the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules. D) proceeds until equilibrium is reached. E) occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated. 9) You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result, 9) A) you dehydrate yourself. B) you quench your thirst. C) your cells lyse, due to the excessive intake of salt. D) your cells become turgid.

2 10) Osmosis can be defined as 10) A) the diffusion of nonpolar molecules. B) endocytosis. C) the diffusion of a solute. D) the diffusion of water. E) active transport. 11) Cilia differ from flagella in that 11) A) cilia are composed of microfilaments and flagella are composed of intermediate filaments. B) cilia contain nine microtubule doublets surrounding a central pair of microtubules; flagella contain only nine microtubule doublets. C) cilia are anchored only in the proteins of the cell membrane; flagella are anchored in a special structure called the basal body. D) cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella. E) the protein filaments of cilia are "naked"; those of flagella are wrapped in an extension of the cell membrane. 12) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 12) A) helps assemble ribosomes for protein synthesis. B) stores calcium ions in muscle cells. C) produces proteins for cell membranes. D) is the major site of carbohydrate synthesis in eukaryotic cells. E) produces antibodies. 13) The diameter of most animal and plant cells ranges from 13) A) 1.0 to 10 microns. B) 0.01 to 0.1 microns. C) 10 to 100 microns. D) 100 to 1000 microns. E) 0.1 to 1.0 microns. 14) A bacterial cell's DNA is found in its 14) A) capsule. B) nucleoid region. C) nucleus. D) peroxisome. E) ribosomes. 15) Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following choices best describes the route of insulin from its production to its exit from the cell? 15) A) rough ER, transport vesicles, cell membrane B) rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane C) rough ER, lysosomes, transport vesicles, cell membrane D) rough ER, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, cell membrane 16) Plasmodesmata 16) A) carry nutrients between plant cells. B) carry chemical messages between plant cells. C) are one type of cell junction in plants. D) penetrate plant cell walls. 17) Lysosomes 17) A) destroy harmful bacteria engulfed by white blood cells.

3 B) help to digest worn-out or damaged organelles. C) recycle materials within the cell. D) fuse with food vacuoles to expose nutrients to lysosomal enzymes. 18) The function of chloroplasts is 18) A) intracellular transport of proteins. B) intracellular digestion. C) lipid synthesis. D) photosynthesis. E) cellular respiration. 19) Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are cells. 19) A) plant B) animal C) fungal D) prokaryotic E) eukaryotic 20) The function of the nucleolus is 20) A) intracellular digestion. B) to manufacture polypeptides. C) to produce H with subscript((2) ) O with subscript((2) ). D) to store chromatin. E) to help manufacture ribosomes. 21) A cell that neither gains nor loses water when it is immersed in a solution is 21) A) isotonic to its environment. B) dead. C) hypotonic to its environment. D) metabolically inactive. E) hypertonic to its environment. 22) The nucleus of a cell 22) A) is the region of the cell where ribosomes are degraded. B) contains DNA. C) is contained within the nucleolus. D) is surrounded by a single layer of membrane. E) both is contained within the nucleolus and contains DNA. 23) Microfilaments differ from microtubules in that microfilaments 23) A) help to anchor organelles, whereas microtubules primarily function to help cells change shape and move. B) are found only in plants whereas microtubules are found in plants and animal cells. C) are larger than microtubules. D) form the inner core of cilia and flagella whereas microtubules regulate metabolism. E) are mainly composed of actin whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin. 24) In lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water but not sucrose to make an "artificial cell." The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. Which of the following will occur? 24) A) Water will enter the balloon. B) Sucrose will enter the balloon. C) Sucrose will leave the balloon. D) Water will leave the balloon. E) None of the choices will occur.

4 25) The two main functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are the production of 25) A) mitochondria and proteins that are to be secreted by the cell. B) ribosomes and steroid hormones. C) hydrogen peroxide and steroid hormones secreted by the cell. D) chromatin and mitochondria. E) membrane and proteins to be secreted by the cell. 26) Which one of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane? The plasma membrane 26) A) has receptors for chemical messages. B) plays a role in signal transduction. C) is involved in self-recognition. D) is the control center of the cell. E) forms a selective barrier around the cell. 27) If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference? 27) A) the fact that plant cells are isotonic to tap water B) expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole C) the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall E) the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water 28) The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell 28) A) contains the cell's nucleoli. B) is surrounded by a nucleoid membrane. C) separates the RNA from the cytoplasm. D) contains the cell's DNA. E) is the site of organelle production. 29) A major function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane is to 29) A) allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs. B) help the cell retain its shape. C) help the cell resist swelling. D) glue cells together to form tissues. E) attach the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton. 30) The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is 30) A) phagocytosis. B) osmosis. C) diffusion. D) pinocytosis. E) receptor-mediated endocytosis. 31) Contractile vacuoles 31) A) allow organisms to avoid dehydration by absorbing water from the environment. B) help in the excretion of excess salt. C) are generally found in protists that inhabit salt water. D) prevent cells from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water. 32) A scientist wants to magnify a pollen grain 8,000 times and examine the ridges and pores on its surface. Which one of the following instruments would be best? 32) A) a scanning electron microscope B) an inverted light microscope

5 C) a transmission light microscope D) a scanning light microscope E) a transmission electron microscope 33) Which of these is not a component of the endomembrane system? 33) A) transport vesicles B) mitochondria C) endoplasmic reticulum D) Golgi apparatus E) nuclear envelope 34) Many of the enzymes that control a firefly's ability to produce light energy from chemical energy are located 34) A) in the nucleus. B) within mitochondria. C) within chloroplasts. D) in membranes. E) outside of cells. 35) As cell size increases, the 35) A) volume and surface area decrease. B) volume increases faster than the surface area. C) surface area and volume increase at the same rate. D) surface area increases faster than the volume. 36) Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? 36) A) diffusion B) pinocytosis C) exocytosis D) passive transport E) endocytosis 37) Which one of the following cells would have the greatest surface-to-volume ratio? 37) A) ostrich egg B) human red blood cell C) bacterium D) human muscle cell E) frog egg 38) The membranous compartmentalization of a cell 38) A) allows different metabolic processes to occur simultaneously. B) divides the cell into two equal-sized halves. C) requires the presence of a cell wall. D) is common in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. E) requires the presence of a large central vacuole. 39) Secretory proteins are 39) A) chemically modified in the nucleus. B) produced by ribosomes on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. C) produced by the cell for internal use. D) incorporated into the mitochondrial membrane. E) released from the cell through the plasma membrane.

6 40) Chronic administration of a drug (such as a barbiturate or an antibiotic) may cause the liver to 40) A) increase the production of enzymes that break down certain other drugs or foreign substances. B) produce additional smooth endoplasmic reticulum. C) increase the production of enzymes that detoxify the drug in question. D) increase the body's tolerance to the drug. 41) The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of 41) A) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them. B) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids. C) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer. D) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates. E) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane. 42) In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will 42) A) experience turgor. B) neither gain nor lose water. C) shrivel. D) lyse. E) lose water. 43) Unlike animal cells, plant cells have and. Unlike plant cells, animal cells have. 43) A) chloroplasts... cell walls... cell membranes B) centrioles... cell walls... large central vacuoles C) chloroplasts... cell walls... a nucleus D) centrioles... chloroplasts... cell walls E) chloroplasts... cell walls... centrioles 44) One centimeter = millimeters. 44) A) 0.10 B) 10 C) 1,000 D) 100 E) ) Which one of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings? 45) A) active transport B) diffusion C) osmosis D) facilitated diffusion 46) Which one of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system? 46) A) ribosomes B) smooth ER C) nucleus D) Golgi apparatus E) lysosomes 47) All cells on Earth 47) A) are enclosed in a membrane that maintains internal conditions different from the surroundings. B) can interconvert chemical materials. C) have DNA as the genetic material. D) can interconvert forms of energy.

7 48) When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. As a result of this, that cell will 48) A) undergo self-digestion and die. B) recycle damaged organelles. C) produce additional ER. D) undergo cell division. E) produce replacement lysosomes. 49) An inherited lack (or shortage) of functional LDL receptors causes 49) A) cystic fibrosis. B) hypercholesterolemia. C) Marfan's syndrome. D) hyperbilirubinemia. E) type I diabetes. 50) Which of the following cell structures is not associated with the breakdown of harmful substances or substances that are no longer needed by the cell? 50) A) peroxisomes B) mitochondria C) vacuoles D) lysosomes E) All of the choices play a role in these functions. 51) Which one of the following statements about cellular metabolism is false? Cellular metabolism 51) A) often occurs on the surfaces of internal membranes. B) can occur within organelles. C) occurs in animal but not plant cells. D) includes different processes that require different conditions. E) can involve the synthesis of steroid hormones. 52) Most animal cells are 52) A) attached to each other via plasmodesmata. B) embedded in an endomembrane system. C) embedded in an extracellular matrix. D) surrounded by a cell wall. E) embedded in a lipid matrix. 53) The of a mitochondrion is/are an adaptation that increases the surface area and enhances a mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP. 53) A) stroma B) intermembrane space C) grana D) matrix E) cristae 54) Which of the following structures are used by prokaryotes for attaching to surfaces? 54) A) pili B) anchoring junctions C) capsules D) flagella E) both pili and capsules 55) When two aqueous solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will 55) A) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration.

8 B) exhibit a net movement to the side with higher water concentration. C) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute concentration. D) not cross the membrane. E) exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the membrane. 56) In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes 56) A) provide additional area where many metabolic processes occur. B) form membranous compartments called organelles. C) contain proteins essential for metabolic processes. D) greatly increase a cell's total membrane area. 57) Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called 57) A) self-recognition. B) selective permeability. C) inhibition. D) competition. E) signal transduction. 58) Which of these processes can move a solute against its concentration gradient? 58) A) active transport B) passive transport C) facilitated diffusion D) diffusion E) osmosis 59) A plant cell in a hypotonic solution 59) A) lyses. B) is flaccid. C) is turgid. D) wilts. E) shrivels. 60) Active transport 60) A) can move solutes up a concentration gradient. B) requires the cell to expend energy. C) uses ATP as an energy source. D) is necessary to allow nerves to function properly. 61) The Golgi apparatus 61) A) forms fats from glycerols and fatty acids. B) is composed of stacks of membranous vesicles that are continuous with one another. C) is the site of carbohydrate breakdown. D) stores, modifies, and packages proteins. E) strings together amino acids to produce proteins. 62) Which one of the following statements is true about electron microscopes? 62) A) Scanning electron microscopes are used to study the details of internal cell structure. B) Electron microscopes use glass lenses to focus and magnify the image. C) Electron beams are focused to create a magnified image of an object. D) Transmission electron microscopes are mainly used to study cell surfaces. E) Specimens must be sectioned to be viewed under a scanning electron microscope.

9 63) The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines: 63) A) inheritance of acquired characteristics. B) the laws of inheritance. C) central dogma. D) cell theory. E) organelle theory. 64) Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires and moves a substance its concentration gradient. 64) A) transport proteins... against B) energy... down C) energy and transport proteins... down D) transport proteins... down E) energy and transport proteins... against 65) A cell is exposed to a substance that prevents it from dividing. The cell becomes larger and larger. This situation 65) A) should be beneficial since the cell will be able to divert the ATP normally used for cell division to other processes. B) should present no problem to the cell because the surface area of the cell will increase as the volume of the cell increases. C) should present no problem to the cell since it can continue to perform all other necessary functions. D) will eventually be problematic since the cell's ability to absorb nutrients through its outer membrane will not keep increasing as quickly as its cytoplasmic needs. 66) A scanning electron microscope is used to study, whereas a transmission electron microscope is used to study. 66) A) plant tissue... animal tissue B) internal cell structures... cell surfaces C) cell surfaces... internal cell structures D) live cells... dead cells E) dead cells... live cells 67) The cholesterol associated with cell membranes 67) A) is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell. B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature. C) is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol. D) makes the cell membrane fluid at room temperature. 68) In lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water but not sucrose to make an "artificial cell." The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. The solution in the balloon is relative to the solution in the beaker. 68) A) hypertonic B) hydrophilic C) isotonic D) hypotonic E) hydrophobic 69) The molecules responsible for membrane transport are 69) A) carbohydrates. B) ATP. C) steroids.

10 D) phospholipids. E) proteins. 70) Most of the functions of a cell membrane are performed by 70) A) proteins. B) cholesterol. C) phospholipids. D) nucleotides. E) glycolipids. 71) Which one of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? Membrane proteins 71) A) provide cellular identification tags. B) attach the membrane to the cytoskeleton. C) serve as enzymes. D) form junctions between cells. E) All of the choices are membrane protein functions. 72) Long fibers of DNA and protein are called a 72) A) lysosome. B) chromatin. C) ribosome. D) central vacuole. E) nucleolus. 73) Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment 73) A) is isotonic to the protozoan. B) is hypertonic to the protozoan. C) contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan. D) is hypotonic to the protozoan. 74) Your throat is dry, and you want the last cough drop in the box to last a long time in your mouth. What should you do? 74) A) Break the cough drop into little pieces and put them all in your mouth. This decreases the surface-tovolume ratio, and slows the dissolution of the cough drop. B) Break the cough drop into little pieces and put them all in your mouth. Since each little piece must be dissolved separately, the drop will last longer. C) Keep the cough drop whole. This maintains the largest surface-to-volume ratio, and slows the dissolution of the cough drop. D) It doesn't matter if the cough drop is in one piece or many pieces; the total amount of cough drop is all that matters. E) Break the cough drop into little pieces, put them all in your mouth, and drink plenty of water. 76) Which one of the following is a typical feature of an ATP-driven active transport mechanism? 76) A) The transport protein is irreversibly phosphorylated as transport takes place. B) The solute must be phosphorylated before it can bind to the transport protein. C) The transport protein must cross to the correct side of the membrane before the solute can bind to it. D) The transport protein catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP. 78) Resolving power is the 78) A) ability of an optical instrument to show two close objects as separate. B) size of an image. C) distance between the lenses of a microscope.

11 D) ability of an optical instrument to magnify an image. E) ability of an optical instrument to estimate the size of an image. 79) Which of the following pieces of evidence would prove that a substance enters a cell by active rather than passive transport? 79) A) The substance is moved across the cell membrane by a carrier protein. B) The breakdown of ATP is needed for transport to occur. C) The substance enters the cell when its concentration is higher outside the cell than inside. D) All of the choices are correct. 80) When physicians perform an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as possible. Which of the following cell components are being matched? 80) A) plasma membrane phospholipids B) cell-surface carbohydrates C) plasma membrane proteins D) cytoskeletal elements E) plasma membrane cholesterols 81) Which one of the following statements is false? The endomembrane system 81) A) includes the nuclear envelope. B) is involved in the synthesis, storage, and export of important molecules. C) is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected. D) includes the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. E) divides the cell into compartments. 83) Membrane phospholipids 83) A) have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water. B) remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another. C) have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water. D) often have "kinks" in their tails caused by the presence of a single rather than a double bond between carbons. 84) The function of mitochondria is 84) A) intracellular transport of proteins. B) photosynthesis. C) intracellular digestion. D) cellular respiration. E) lipid synthesis. 85) Which one of the following statements is false? The Golgi apparatus 85) A) works closely with the endoplasmic reticulum. B) modifies chemicals received from the endoplasmic reticulum. C) sorts molecules according to their destination. D) decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production. E) serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory. 87) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that 87) A) glucose cannot enter the cell. B) cholesterol cannot enter the cell. C) anything can pass into or out of a cell as long as the membrane is intact and the cell is healthy. D) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others. E) plasma membranes must be very thick. 88) The functions of the central vacuoles of plant cells include 88)

12 A) storing pigments that will help attract pollinating insects. B) storing poisons. C) storing waste products. D) helping increase the size of cells by absorbing water. 89) The cells that produce hair contain a lot of. The cells that produce the oils that coat the hair contain a lot of. 89) A) nuclei... chromatin B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum... lysosomes C) rough endoplasmic reticulum... smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) microbodies... lysosomes E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum... rough endoplasmic reticulum 90) Intermediate filaments can be found 90) A) within cilia and flagella. B) supporting the inner mitochondrial membrane. C) guiding the movements of chromosomes. D) guiding the movements of organelles. E) surrounding a nucleus. 91) Light microscopes 91) A) work by reflecting electrons off the surface of an object being studied. B) can generally magnify objects about 10,000 times without blurring. C) use light and glass lenses to magnify an image. D) typically provide more resolution than an electron microscope.