Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 11

Transcription

1 Dog Cecum Pylorus Esophagus Rectum Stomach Fundus A Colon Body Horse Colon Esophagus Rectum Stomach Apex Haustra B Ileum Cecum Ruminant Small colon Rumen Cecum Esophagus Reticulum Ileum Omasum C Spiral colon Abomasum Figure 11-1

2 Muscles constricted Muscles relaxed A Peristaltic wave of contraction B Segmentation Figure 11-2

3 Muscle Mucosa Nerve plexus Muscle Lumen of large intestine C Opiate or narcotic analgesic antidiarrheals work here B Protectant/adsorbent antidiarrheal drugs work here Parasympathetic ganglia A Anticholinergic antidiarrheal drugs work here Figure 11-3

4 Figure 11-4

5 C Bulk-forming laxatives work here Nerve plexus B Stimulant laxatives work here Mucosa Muscle Muscle Lumen of large intestine A Osmotic laxatives work here D Emollient laxatives work here Parasympathetic ganglia Figure 11-5

6 Higher cortical centers Chemoreceptor trigger zone Vomiting center (medulla) Vomiting reflex Stomach Small intestine Inner ear Figure 11-6

7 CRTZ dopamine drugs toxins serotonin drugs neurokinin 1 Vestibular apparatus histamine (H 1 ) (acetylcholine) motion sickness labyrinthitis Vomiting Center acetylcholine (histamine H 1 ) elevated CSF pressure CNS disorders A Peripheral receptors acetylcholine abdominal and thoracic organs irritation distension hyperosmolarity inflammation neurokinin 1 Vagal and sympathetic nerves Stomach Vagus Higher centers (cerebrum) acetylcholine (histamine) psychogenic Vomition acetylcholine retrograde antral contraction relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter Figure 11-7A

8 CRTZ phenothiazines serotonin receptor agonists procainamide derivatives NK 1 receptor antagonists Vestibular apparatus antihistamines Vomiting center anticholinergics Peripheral receptors anticholinergics serotonin receptor agonists procainamide derivatives NK 1 receptor antagonists Vagal and sympathetic nerves Stomach Vagus Higher centers anticholinergics B Figure 11-7B

9 Vagus nerve Acetylcholine H 2 blocker (blocks the H 2 receptor) Histamine 2 receptor Antacids (neutralize stomach acid) HCl Prostaglandin analogs (suppress gastric secretions) Mucosal protective drug Coats ulcer Proton pump inhibitor (binds to enzyme on stomach cell surface and blocks HCl production) Stomach cells (increases mucus production) Figure 11-8

10 Rumen Abomasum Figure 11-9

11 Figure 11-10

12 Table 11-1 Veterinary Dental Products and Their Uses Product Type Trade Name Considerations Cleansing C.E.T. Dentifrice Oxydent Nolvadent Oral Cleansing Solution Oral Dent C.E.T. Oral Hygiene Spray C.E.T. Chews C.E.T. Toothbrush CHX Oral Cleansing Solution MaxiGuard Oral Cleansing Gel Hill s t/d Diet C.E.T. Prophypaste (polishing paste) C.E.T. Veggiedent Chews Purina Dental Health Diets Del Monte Tartar Check Dog Biscuit These products are used to clean oral surfaces with or without antiseptic components. These products may help with plaque removal and breath freshening. Most of these products need not be rinsed. These products contain either enzymes such as lactoperoxidase or antiseptics such as chlorhexidine. Dentifrices are substances that clean the teeth. Friskies Cheweez Beefhide Treats for Dogs (continued ) Table 11-1

13 Product Type Fluoride containing Trade Name Greenies Edible Dog Treats Iams Chunk Dental Defense Diet for Dogs Science Diet Oral Care Diet for Dogs C.E.T. Oral Hygiene Spray with Fluoride FluroFom Considerations Fluoride-containing products designed for animals have lower concentrations of fluoride than human products. Fluoride desensitizes exposed dentin, strengthens tooth enamel, and stimulates remineralization of the enamel. Disclosing First Sight Disclosing Swab 2-Tone Disclosing Solution Plak-Check Disclosing Solution Reveal Disclosing Solution Vaccine Porphyromonas denticanis-gulae-salivosa Bacterin Single color systems may have dyes (such as fluorescein or stain plaque 2-color systems stain new plaque red and old plaque blue. Disclosing solutions are used as client education or after dental prophylaxis to check dental technique. Inactivated P. denticanis, P. gulae, and P. salivosa bacterin Approved for the vaccination of healthy dogs to aid in preventing periodontitis (demonstrated by a reduction in bone changes [osteolysis/ osteosclerosis]). Healthy dogs should receive 2 doses administered 3 weeks apart. Duration of immunity for this product has not been determined; 6 and 12 month intervals are being evaluated. Table 11-1 continued

14 Table 11-2 Category Drugs Covered in This Chapter Examples Antisialogues Anticholinergics: glycopyrrolate and atropine Antidiarrheals Anticholinergics: atropine, aminopentamide, isopropamide, propantheline, methscopolamine, and N-butylscopolammonium bromide Protectants/adsorbents: bismuth subsalicylate, kaolin/pectin, and activated charcoal Opiate or narcotic agents: diphenoxylate, loperamide, and paregoric Probiotics: beneficial bacteria-containing products Anaerobic antibiotic: metronidazole (continued ) Table 11-2

15 Category Examples Laxatives Osmotics: lactulose, sodium phosphate with sodium biphosphate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, and polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution Stimulant: bisacodyl and castor oil Bulk forming: psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid, polycarbophil, and bran Emollients: docusate sodium, docusate calcium, docusate potassium, and petroleum products Antiemetics Phenothiazine derivatives: acepromazine, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, and perphenazine Antihistamines: trimethobenzamide, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, and meclizine Anticholinergics: aminopentamide, atropine, and propantheline Procainamide derivatives: metoclopramide Serotonin receptor antagonists: ondansetron and dolasetron Neurokinin receptor antagonist: maropitant citrate Emetics Centrally acting: apomorphine and xylazine Peripherally acting: ipecac syrup and various home remedies Antiulcer drugs Systemic antacids: sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate Nonsystemic antacids: magnesium hydroxide, aluminum/magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide H 2 -receptor antagonists: cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine Mucosal protective drugs: sucralfate Prostaglandin analogs: misoprostol Proton pump inhibitors: omeprazole and lansoprazole Antifoaming agents Defoaming agents: poloxalene and polymerized methyl silicone Prokinetic agents Parasympathomimetic agents: neostigmine and dexpanthenol Dopaminergic antagonists: metoclopramide and domperidone Serotonergic agents: cisapride Digestive enzyme supplements Digestive enzyme replacement: pancrealipase (continued ) Table 11-2 continued

16 Table 11-2 (Continued ) Category Appetite stimulants Appetite depressants Examples Serotonin antagonist antihistamine: cyproheptadine Benzodiazepines: diazepam and oxazepam Tetracyclic antidepressant: mirtazapine Glucocorticoids: prednisone Anabolic steroid: boldenone undecylenate Progestin: megestrol acetate Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor: dirlotapide (weight management) Table 11-2 continued