190 Index Case studies, abdominal pain, 2 Crohn s disease, 2 3, cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), 2 fecal incontinence (FI), 2 medical c

Transcription

1 Index Abdominal pain, case study, 2 Achalasia, 75 Acupuncture 108 American Academy of Pediatrics, 49 Anxiety, 8 9, 98 Autism, GI disorders and, BASC. See Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Behavioral intervention and treatment fecal incontinence (FI), 141 (NRFI), Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC), 100 Biofeedback fecal incontinence (FI), 141, 142 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Biomedical model, 14 Biopsychosocial approach to pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, biopsychosocial model, brain-gut interaction, brain-gut axes, explained, enteric nervous system, history of, 21 irritable bowel syndrome and, Crohn s disease, case study, 163 fecal incontinence (FI) medical conditions, due to, case study, 176 functional dyspepsia, 19 functional gastrointestinal disorders, classification of, 19t extant motility disorders, 18f GI motility disorder distinguished, 17 Biopsychosocial approach to pediatric gastrointestinal disorders (contd.) (GERD) case study, 166 disorders), 61 62, cognitive behavior management, education, 66 history taking, 66 team building, 66 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) case study, 163 irritable bowel syndrome, 19 brain-gut interaction, 24f mind/body relationship historical review, history of gastrointestinal disorders, model of, 15 (NRFI) case study, 182 rationale for, , 96f case study, recurrent vomiting case study, retentive fecal incontinence (RFI) case study, rumination case study, Body-image, 1 Brain-gut interaction, brain-gut axis, explained, brain-gut axis mechanism, 23f enteric nervous system, history of, 21 irritable bowel syndrome and,

2 190 Index Case studies, abdominal pain, 2 Crohn s disease, 2 3, cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), 2 fecal incontinence (FI), 2 medical conditions, due to, (GERD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 2 3, (NRFI), recurrent vomiting, rumination, CBCL. See Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) CCFA. See Crohn s and Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA) CCPQ. See Children s Comprehensive Pain Questionnaire (CCPQ) CD. See Crohn s disease Central nervous system (CNS) brain-gut interaction, 21, 25 Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), 66, 100, 138, 163 Childhood Depression Inventory (CDI), 66, 163 Children s Comprehensive Pain Questionnaire (CCPQ), 100 Choking. See Globus sensation (esophageal disorders) CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS) Cognitive-behavioral management (GERD), disorders), recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) family intervention, Colectomy, 41 Colon, described, 127 Colonoscopy, 26 Computed tomography (CT) scan, 23 Conditioned learning responses disorders), 61 Contingency management training Costs of GI disorders, 3 7 functioning and costs, 5 6t prevalence of pediatric GI disorders, 4t Crohn s and Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA), 42, 48, 49 Crohn s disease biopsychosocial approach, 16 case study, 163 rationale for, 8 case studies, 2 3, commonly asked questions, 165 diagnosis, case study, 162 distribution of inflammation in children with, 32f epidemiology, etiology, family functioning, plan, 48, 163 prognosis, 41 psychological variables family concerns, 42 functioning, 43 school-related problems, 48 social and academic functioning, treatment, 41 case study, CT scan. See Computed tomography (CT) scan CVS. See Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Association (CVSA), 89 Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), case study, 2 causes/conceptualization, clinical evaluation, prevalence, 86 prognosis, 86 symptom-free interval, 89 treatment, 88 89

3 Index 191 Defecation disorders, constipation prevalence, course and prognosis, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, fecal incontinence (FI). See Fecal incontinence (FI) infant dyschezia, 128 new directions, physiology and behavior, interactive nature, prevention, 153 prognosis, specific disorders, See also specific topic stooling diary, 154f Depression, 8, DES. See Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) Developmental milestones, 1 Diaries pain diary, 103t stooling diary, 154 Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES), 76 Drug side effects, fecal incontinence (FI), 131 DSM-III defecation disorders 137 DSM-IV defecation disorders (NRFI), , 137 rumination, 81 Education biopsychosocial approach to pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, 66 fecal incontinence (FI), (GERD), Electrocardiogram (ECG) biofeedback, Encopresis, 128, Endoscopy, Enteric nervous system (ENS), 21 22, 127 Environmental factors disorders), 63 Esophageal disorders, described, 56 esophageal functioning, generally, 55 esophageal motility disorders, See also Esophageal motility disorders for detailed treatment (GERD), See also Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) for detailed treatment gastroesophageal reflux (GER), See also Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) for detailed treatment globus sensation, See also Globus sensation (esophageal disorders) for detailed treatment hiatal hernia and esophageal structure, 72 Esophageal motility disorders, achalasia, 75 diffuse esophageal spasm (DES), 76 new directions, 77 nonspecific esophageal motility disorders in children without GER, Extant motility disorders, 18f Fecal incontinence (FI), anorectal malformations, 130 behavioral intervention, 141 biofeedback interventions, 141, 142 biopsychosocial conceptualization medical conditions, due to, case study, 176 case studies, 2 medical conditions, due to, classification of, 130t commonly asked questions case study, 178 course and prognosis, developmental/behavioral issues, 131

4 192 Index Fecal incontinence (FI) (contd.) diagnosis, medical assessment, medical conditions, due to, case study, 175 psychological assessment, 140 treatment, distinguishing features, 136 drug side effects, 131 endocrine disorders, 131 epidemiology, evidence-based treatment modalities, functional encopresis, gender differences, 136 laxative therapy, 142 medical assessment, medical conditions, due to, case study, commonly asked questions, 178 etiology, 137 proposed treatment, treatment, case study, neurological causes, 130 new directions, noncompliance with treatment plan, 148 (NRFI), case study, etiology, primary versus secondary, 134 proposed treatment plan, 152 oppositional behavior, treatment, 148 prognosis, proposed treatment plan, assessing type of toileting problem, 146 caregiver, meeting with, 144 child, meeting with, 145 clinical interviews, 143 educating child and family, family, meeting with, 144 medical/behavioral problems, FI due to, medical/developmental issues, identification of, 147 noncompliance with treatment plan, 148 Fecal incontinence (FI) (contd.) proposed treatment plan (contd.) (NRFI), 152 oppositional behavior, treatment, stooling, effect of medical and behavioral problems, 148 subtypes, treatment by, 147t psychological assessment, case study, epidemiology, 135 etiology, guidelines for assessing, 139t paradoxical contraction of external anal sphincter muscle, 132f proposed treatment, relaxation of external anal sphincter muscle, 133f stooling, effect of medical and behavioral problems, 148 subtypes, prevalence, 135t treatment by, 147t treatment biofeedback interventions, 141, 142 evidence-based treatment modalities, medical/behavioral problems, FI due to, medical conditions, due to, case study, medical intervention category, 141 noncompliance with treatment plan, 148 (NRFI), 152 oppositional behavior, treatment, 148 proposed treatment plan, subtype, by, 147t two extensive behavioral interventions plus medical intervention, 141

5 Index 193 fmri. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) FGIDs. See Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) FI. See Fecal incontinence (FI) 504 plan, 48, 163 Freudian theory mind/body relationship, history, 14 Functional dyspepsia biopsychosocial approach, 19 Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) biopsychosocial approach, classification of FGID, 19t extant motility disorders, 18f GI motility disorder distinguished, 17 brain-gut interaction. See Brain-gut interaction classification of, 19t costs, 4 twins, 19 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri), 24 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), See also Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) assessment, diagnosis, 166 biopsychological conceptualization, case study, 166 case study, clinical presentation, 72 cognitive-behavioral management, commonly asked questions, 168 course and prognosis, 71 diagnosis, case study, 166 epidemiology, 71 etiology, evaluation of child, 74 health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 75 history taking, 74 new directions, 75 overview, prognosis, 71 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (contd.) team building, 74 treatment, case study, cognitive-behavioral management, education, 74 evaluation of child, 74 history taking, 74 team building, 74 Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), See also Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) assessment, 70 biopsychosocial approach, rationale for, 9 clinical presentation, 69 course and prognosis, 68 definition of condition, epidemiology, 68 esophageal capacitance, 69f etiology, medical treatment, 70 prognosis, 68 psychosocial treatment, 70 treatment, 70 vomiting, 68 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 127 Gender differences fecal incontinence (FI), 136 GER. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) GETS. See Glasgow-Edinburgh Throat Scale (GETS) GI motility disorder FGID distinguished, 17 GI tract. See Gastrointestinal (GI) tract Glasgow-Edinburgh Throat Scale (GETS), 62 Globus sensation (esophageal disorders), assessment, 62 biopsychosocial approach, cognitive behavior management, education, 66 explanation, 61 62

6 194 Index Globus sensation (esophageal disorders) (contd.) biopsychosocial approach (contd.) history taking, 66 team building, 66 clinical presentation, 58 cognitive behavior management, conditioned learning responses, 61 course and prognosis, 59 definition of condition, diagnosis, 62 environmental factors, 63 epidemiology, etiology, 59 new directions, physical explanation, posttraumatic stress response, 62 prognosis, 59 psychological explanation, psychological factors, 62 swallowing, treatment, algorithm, 65f biopsychosocial treatment, cognitive behavior management, education, 66 history taking, 66 team building, 66 Health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 6 7 biopsychosocial model and, 16 (GERD), 75 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 41, family functioning, psychological assessment, questions, 45t, 46 psychological functioning, 43 social and academic functioning, Helicobacter pylori, 15 Heller s operation, 75 Hiatal hernia and esophageal structure, 72 Hippocrates, 57 Hirschsprung disease, 178 HRQOL. See Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) Hypnotherapy IBD. See Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) IBS. See Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Impact of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, 1 3 abdominal pain case, 2 body-image, 1 costs of GI disorders, 3 7 Crohn s disease case, 2 3 cyclic vomiting case, 2 developmental milestones, 1 fecal incontinence (FI) case, 2 health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 6 6 inflammatory bowel disease case, 2 3 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 2 2 biopsychosocial approach, rationale for, 9 costs, 4 Infant dyschezia, 128 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), biopsychological conceptualization, case study, 163 case studies, 2 3, clinical care, new directions, clinical features, commonly asked questions, 165 Crohn s disease, distribution of inflammation in children with, 32f described, 31 diagnosis, case study, 162 epidemiology, etiology, evaluation, family concerns, plan, 163 health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 41, 43 46

7 Index 195 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (contd.) health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (contd.) family functioning, psychological assessment, questions, 45t, 46 psychological functioning, 43 social and academic functioning, irritable bowel syndrome, compared, 31, 33t medical aspects, patient concerns, prognosis, clinical features, Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) evaluation, medical aspects, treatment, psychological treatment, at diagnosis, intervention guidelines, 49 at recurrence, 47 school-related problems, 48 treatment-related issues, psychological variables, assessment, 45t family concerns, 42 patient concerns, relationship, recurrence, 47 research, new directions, school-related problems, 48 treatment, case study, ulcerative colitis, distribution of inflammation in children with, 32f International Scientific Symposium on Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome, 85 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 2, biofeedback, 124 biopsychosocial approach, 19 brain-gut interaction, 24f brain-gut interaction and, causes/conceptualization, clinical evaluation, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (contd.) inflammatory bowel disease, compared, 31, 33t pain behavior management, 123 prevalence, psychological treatment, 122 recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and, 118, 121 relaxation training, 124 skin temperature biofeedback, 124 stress management training, 124 symptoms, 117 treatment, biofeedback, 124 pain behavior management, 123 psychological treatment, 122 relaxation training, 124 stress management training, 124 suggested treatment program, Jewish ancestry IBD, incidence of, 34 Kids Inpatient Database (KID), 3 Laxative therapy fecal incontinence (FI), Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), 83 March Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), 66, 74 Medical cost-offset effect, 8 Mental retardation rumination, 82 Mind/body relationship historical review, history of gastrointestinal disorders, Motility disorders altered gastrointestinal motility, 97 esophageal motility disorders, GI motility disorder, FGID distinguished, 17 Multicomponent targeted therapy

8 196 Index NEMDs. See Nonspecific esophageal motility disorders (NEMDs) Neurogastroenterology, 22 Neuroimaging, 23 Nissen fundoplication, 73 Noncompliance, treatment fecal incontinence (FI), 148 (NRFI), 152 Nonretentive fecal incontinence (NRFI), answers to commonly asked questions, 183 behavioral treatment plan, 152 biopsychosocial conceptualization, case study, 182 case study, developmental history, case study, 181 diagnosis, case study, 181 etiology, noncompliance, treatment, 152 oppositional behavior, treatment, 152 proposed treatment plan, 152 noncompliance, treatment, 152 oppositional behavior, treatment, 152 structured behavioral plan, 152 treatment, case study, Nonspecific esophageal motility disorders (NEMDs), North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 70 NRFI. See Nonretentive fecal incontinence (NRFI) Oppositional behavior, treatment fecal incontinence (FI), 148 (NRFI), 152 Pain association disability syndrome (PADs), 110 Pain behavior management irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 123 Pain diary 103t Parent management training PASCET. See Primary and Secondary Control Training Manual (PASCET) Pasteur, Louis, 14 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 16 Pediatric GERD Caregiver Impact Questionnaire (PGCIQ), 73 PET. See Positron emission tomography (PET) Pneumograph (PNG) biofeedback 107 Positron emission tomography (PET), 23 PPQ. See Varni-Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ) Prevalence of pediatric GI disorders, 4t Primary and Secondary Control Training Manual (PASCET), 50 Psychological assessment and treatment. See also Biopsychosocial approach to pediatric gastrointestinal disorders; Psychological variables; Psychosocial treatment fecal incontinence (FI), 140 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), , cognitive-behavioral family intervention, multicomponent targeted therapy, Psychological variables disorders), 60 61, 62 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), assessment, 45t, 46 diagnosis, treatment at, family concerns, 42 intervention guidelines, 49 patient concerns, recurrence, treatment at, 47 school-related problems, 48 treatment, Psychosocial treatment. See also Psychological assessment and treatment gastroesophageal reflux (GER), 70 Psychosomatic model, 14

9 Index 197 Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms (QPGS), 20 RAP. See Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), 2, acupuncture, 108 altered gastrointestinal motility, 97 alternative treatments, answers to commonly asked questions, 174 anxiety, 98 Apley s criteria, 93 biofeedback, biopsychosocial conceptualization, 20, 96f case study, rationale for, 9 case study, clinical evaluation, medical evaluation, outline of clinical interview for assessing, 101t pain diary, 103t psychological assessment, questionnaires and checklists, 102t cognitive-behavioral family intervention, conceptual models, contingency management training, costs, 4 course of pain, 96f diagnosis, case study, 172 electrocardiogram (ECG) biofeedback, epidemiology, etiology, familial contributors, modifying, follow-up to treatment, 113 functional behaviors, increasing, 110 hypnotherapy, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and, 118, 121 Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) (contd.) life contributors, modifying, medical evaluation, medical management, multicomponent targeted therapy, outline of clinical interview for assessing, 101t pain association disability syndrome (PADs), 110 pain diary, 103t parent management training, physiological features, pneumograph (PNG) biofeedback, 107 practical issues, psychological assessment and treatment, , cognitive-behavioral family intervention, multicomponent targeted therapy, psychological features, questionnaires and checklists, 102t reassurance, 109 recommendations, self-regulation training for children, 110 social contributors, modifying, stress, 98 treatment, acupuncture, 108 alternative treatments, biofeedback, case study, follow-up, 113 hypnotherapy, medical management, psychological treatment, sample treatment protocol, visceral sensation, abnormalities, Recurrent vomiting answers to commonly asked questions,

10 198 Index Recurrent vomiting (contd.) biopsychosocial conceptualization, case study, case study, diagnosis, case study, 169 treatment, case study, 170 Regurgitation. See Rumination; Vomiting Relaxation training irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 124 Retentive fecal incontinence (RFI), answers to commonly asked questions, behavior therapy, biopsychosocial conceptualization case study, rationale for, 9 case study, developmental history, case study, 177 diagnosis, case study, 177 dietary changes, 151 epidemiology, 135 etiology, guidelines for assessing, 139t paradoxical contraction of external anal sphincter muscle, 132f proposed treatment, behavior therapy, dietary changes, 151 laxatives, use of, medical management, 149 noncompliance, stool softeners, use of, relaxation of external anal sphincter muscle, 133f treatment, case study, RFI. See Retentive fecal incontinence (RFI) Rome Classification System irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 117 Rome Group functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), 19 Rome Group II cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), 85 esophageal disorders, 57 FGIDs, 20 Rome Group II (contd.) irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 117 rumination, 81 Rome International Group Rome Working Team infant dyschezia, , 95 Rumination, answers to commonly asked questions, aversive strategies, 84 biopsychosocial conceptualization, case study, case study, causes/conceptualization, clinical evaluation, diagnosis, 81 case study, 169 etiology, lower esophageal sphincter (LES), 83 nonaversive behavioral treatments, 84 prevalence, 82 prognosis, 82 treatment, 84 case study, 170 typical features of, 81 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 23 Self-regulation training for children 110 Self-talk strategies, 63 Serotonin, 23 Siblings, IBD patients, 44 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Stooling diary, 154f Stool softeners Stool toileting refusers. See Nonretentive fecal incontinence (NRFI)

11 Index 199 Stress, 98 99, (GERD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), stress management training, 124 Swallowing disorders), Twins, FGIDs, 19 Ulcerative colitis distribution of inflammation in children with, 32f Ulcerative colitis (contd.) epidemiology, etiology, prognosis, clinical features, 38 U.S. Public Health Service, 4 Varni-Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ), 100 Visceral sensation, abnormalities, Vomiting, 68 cyclic vomiting syndrome. See Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) World Health Organization, 36