Salon Ecology. Copyright 2014 SAP

Transcription

1 Salon Ecology Copyright 2014 SAP

2 BACTERIOLOGY Bacteriology is the science that deals with the study of microorganisms called bacteria. Bacteria are minute, one-celled microorganisms that are found nearly everywhere. Bacteria are prominent in dust, dirt, refuse, and diseased tissues. Bacteria are also known as germs or microbes. Bacteria can exist almost anywhere. Bacteria can only be seen through a microscope. 1,500 rod-shaped bacteria will fit on the head of a pin.

3 TWO TYPES OF BACTERIA NONPATHOGENIC PATHOGENIC These are helpful or harmless. They have useful functions: Decompose refuse Improve soil fertility Help metabolize food Protect against microorganisms Stimulate immune response Saprophytes are nonpathogenic bacteria that live on dead matter and do not produce disease. These are harmful. Disease-producing When invading plant or animal tissue Parasites require living matter for their growth.

4 THREE GENERAL FORMS OF BACTERIA Cocci round shape Bacilli rod shape Spirilla spiral corkscrew shape

5 COCCI Are round-shaped Appear singly or in groups Rarely show active mobility or movement Transmitted via air, dust, or in substances in which they settle

6 COCCI Staphylococci are pus-forming. grow in bunches or clusters. cause abscesses, pustules, and boils. Streptococci are pus-forming. grow in chains. cause infections such as strep throat and blood poisoning. Diplococci grow in pairs. cause pneumonia.

7 BACILLI and SPIRILLA Bacilli are short, rod-shaped bacteria. are the most common type bacteria. produce diseases such as: tetanus. influenza. typhoid fever. tuberculosis. diphtheria. Spirilla are spiral or corkscrewshaped bacteria. are subdivided into several groups: Treponema pallida causes syphilis (STD). Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease.

8 MOVEMENT OF BACTERIA Cocci rarely show active movement. Bacilli and spirilla are both motile. use slender, hair-like extensions for locomotion flagella and cilia make a whip-like motion that moves the bacteria in liquid.

9 GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION Bacteria generally consist of an outer cell wall and internal protoplasm. Bacteria manufacture their own food. give off waste products. grow and reproduce.

10 TWO PHASES IN LIFE CYCLE Active or vegetative stage Inactive or spore-forming stage

11 ACTIVE OR VEGETATIVE PHASE Bacteria thrive in a warm, moist, dark, and dirty environment. Bacteria take about 20 to 30 minutes to reach full growth. When bacteria reach their largest size, they divide into two new cells. This division is called mitosis. The new cells are called daughter cells.

12 INACTIVE OR SPORE- FORMING PHASE Anthrax and tetanus bacilli form spherical spores with tough outer coating makes them resistant to adverse conditions. Dormant bacteria can withstand long periods without food. Spores can be blown about and come to rest on surfaces within the salon. When favorable conditions are restored, the spores become active or vegetative and begin to grow and reproduce again. Bacteria in the inactive stage can ultimately be a threat to spread disease or infection in the salon.

13 BACTERIAL INFECTIONS An infection occurs when body tissues are invaded by disease-causing or pathogenic bacteria. The presence of pus is a sign of infection. Pus is a fluid product of inflammation and contains white blood cells and the debris of dead cells, tissue elements, and bacteria.

14 LOCAL INFECTION A local infection is confined to a single area. Pimple Boil Infected cut Presence of pus is a sign of infection. Staphylococci are the most common pus-forming bacteria.

15 GENERAL INFECTION Pathogenic bacteria and their toxins are carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body. Blood poisoning and syphilis are two well-known examples.

16 CONTAGIOUS OR COMMUNICABLE INFECTIONS Disease spread by one person to another Through direct or indirect contact such as coughing sneezing unclean hands unclean implements open sores common drinking cups or common towels, etc. Common contagious diseases preventing cosmetologists from working are tuberculosis. colds. ringworm. scabies. head lice. viral infections.

17 DID YOU KNOW? A rod-shaped bacteria called Mycobacterium fortuitum furunculosis was long thought to be harmless. This bacteria is now causing concern in California. In 2000, this bacteria caused infection in over 100 clients who received pedicures in the same salon. The infection caused stubborn, ugly sores that lingered for months, required the use of strong antibiotics and in some cases caused scarring. The source of infection was traced to the salon s whirlpool foot spas.

18 DID YOU KNOW? Failure to follow the manufacturer s cleaning instructions left built-up debris and created the perfect breeding ground for the normally harmless bacteria. The outbreak proved to be expensive and hard to treat and created a need for a regulatory change in the industry. The salon owner s license was revoked. Foot spa chlorination is now recommended.

19 VIRUSES Are submicroscopic structures capable of infesting almost all plants, animals, and bacteria Can pass through the pores of a porcelain filter

20 VIRUSES Cause common colds and other respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, including: Measles Mumps Chicken pox Smallpox Rabies Yellow fever Polio Influenza HIV (AIDS) Live by penetrating cells Are resistant to antibiotics Vaccination will help prevent; however, not available for all viruses

21 HEPATITIS Hepatitis is a disease marked by inflammation of the liver and caused by a bloodborne virus similar to HIV in transmission. This virus is present in all body fluids. Types of hepatitis include: Hepatitis A. Hepatitis B (HBV). Hepatitis C (HCV).

22 HEPATITIS A Illness lasts about three weeks. Symptoms are similar to flu symptoms. Adults often have yellowing of skin or the eyes The disease is spread through close contact. poor sanitation and poor personal hygiene. contaminated food, milk, water, and shellfish. infected food handlers. sexual contact. A vaccine is available.

23 HEPATITIS B (HBV) This illness can cause long-term hepatitis, cirrhosis, and/or liver cancer. There may be flu-like symptoms or no symptoms at all. The disease is primarily transmitted through sexual contact or parenteral exposure (piercing mucous membranes or skin barrier) to blood or blood products. A vaccine is available.

24 HEPATITIS C (HCV) Progresses slowly, and about one third of those with the illness show no symptoms Symptoms: Fatigue Stomach pain Also transferred through parenteral contact and sexual activity with infected partners No vaccine

25 HIV/AIDS HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). AIDS breaks down the body s immune system. One can be infected for 11 years without symptoms. A person may be HIV-positive and transmitting the disease without even knowing it.

26 HIV/AIDS HIV is passed through blood and body fluids through unprotected sexual contact. sharing of iv needles with infected drug users. accidents with needles in health care facilities. cuts and sores. HIV is NOT transmitted by Holding hands. hugging. kissing. sharing food or household items such as telephones or toilet seats. There are no documented cases of the virus being transmitted by food handlers, insects, or casual contact.

27 HOW PATHOGENS ENTER THE BODY Break in the skin a cut, pimple, or scratch Mouth by breathing or swallowing air, water, or food Nose air Eyes or ears dirt Unprotected sex

28 HOW BODY FIGHTS Unbroken skin INFECTION Body secretions such as perspiration and digestive juices White blood cells Antitoxins Remember: Infections can be prevented and controlled through personal hygiene and public sanitation.

29 BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS These are disease-causing bacteria or viruses that are carried through the body in the blood or body fluids. They are passed through contaminated implements. Take extra precautions for disinfecting implements anytime there is the presence of blood.

30 PARASITES Parasites are vegetable or animal organisms that live in or on (and draw nourishment from) other living organisms. Parasites are responsible for contagious diseases. A parasite carried by a mosquito causes malaria. Insects carrying diseases from one person to another are known as disease vectors. Contagious diseases caused by parasites are never treated in a cosmetology school or salon; refer the client to a physician.

31 VEGETABLE PARASITES OR FUNGI Molds, mildews, and yeasts (fungi) can produce contagious skin diseases such as ringworm. favus. Nail fungus can be contracted through implements that have not been disinfected properly or by moisture trapped under nail enhancements. Nail fungus is chronic and usually localized but can be spread to other nails, and from client to client.

32 A skin disease caused by an infestation of head lice is called pediculosis capitis. HEAD LICE Head lice are called pediculosis.

33 Scabies is a contagious skin disease that is caused by the itch mite. The itch mite burrows under skin and causes scabies. SCABIES

34 IMMUNITY Immunity is the body s ability to fight off or resist infections and disease, and to destroy bacteria that have entered the body.

35 NATURAL IMMUNITY An inborn ability to resist certain diseases Partly inherited and partly developed through hygienic living Helpful factors: Proper rest Exercise Wholesome diet

36 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY The body acquires immunity after it has overcome a disease or through inoculation. The disease or inoculation causes the blood cells to produce antibodies, which are proteins that fight disease germs. Acquired immunity may be temporary or permanent.

37 HUMAN DISEASE CARRIER A carrier is personally immune to a disease but can transmit germs to others. Typhoid fever and diphtheria can be transmitted this way.

38 PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION Proper care must be taken to meet rigorous health standards in order to prevent the spread of disease. Clients depend on us to ensure their safety.

39 CONTAMINATION To contaminate is to make impure by contact; to taint or pollute. A contaminant is any substance that causes contamination.

40 DECONTAMINATION Decontamination is the removal of pathogens and other substances from tools or surfaces by sterilization. disinfection. sanitation. Only sanitation and disinfection are required in the salon.

41 STERILIZATION Is the highest level of decontamination Destroys every organism on surface whether beneficial or harmful Kills bacterial spores

42 STERILIZATION Includes: Steam autoclave is most popular. works like a pressure cooker. injects steam to raise temperature above that of boiling water. will eventually kill all living organisms, including bacterial spores. Dry Heat works like an oven. bakes objects until all forms of life are dead.

43 IMPORTANT POINT Use the word sterilize correctly. You can only sterilize nonporous surfaces such as metal implements. You cannot sterilize the skin or nails. Sterilization is impractical and unnecessary in salons.

44 DISINFECTION Controls microorganisms on hard nonporous surfaces such as instruments or implements Is a higher level of decontamination than sanitation Is second only to sterilization Does not kill bacterial spores Is NOT for human skin, hair, nails Always follow manufacturers directions. Products that are developed to be safe may be dangerous if used incorrectly. Disinfectants must be used in strict accordance with directions.

45 EPA Environmental Protection Agency Disinfectants must be approved by the EPA in your state: Product label must contain EPA registration number. Label lists organisms the product has been tested for. Label gives directions for use. Label lists safety precautions. Label lists active ingredients.

46 AN EFFICACY LABEL The EPA-approved disinfectant label must have a registration number. The number ensures that the disinfectant has proven effective against certain organisms. The label will tell you exactly which organisms the disinfectant has been tested for, such as HIV-1. Hepatitis B virus.

47 MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets Federal law requires manufacturers to provide you with important information such as directions for use. safety precautions. list of active ingredients. content. associated hazards. combustion levels. storage requirements.

48 SAMPLE MSDS

49 OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA was created as part of the U.S. Department of Labor. OSHA enforces safety and health standards in the workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 established the Hazard Communication Rule that requires manufacturers to assess hazards associated with their products. OSHA standards are important to cosmetology because of the nature of the chemicals used.

50 CHOOSING A DISINFECTANT Disinfectants are chemicals. We must read and follow directions. Efficacy means effectiveness against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

51 HOSPITAL-GRADE DISINFECTANT This disinfectant must be pseudomonacidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal. Effective February 28, 1997, OSHA s Bloodborne Pathogens Standard requires use of EPA-registered tuberculocidal disinfectant OR an EPA-registered disinfectant labeled as effective against HIV-1 and HBV.

52 HOSPITAL-GRADE DISINFECTANT If school and/or salon implements come into contact with blood or body fluids, they must be cleaned and completely immersed in an EPA-registered disinfectant that kills HIV-1 and HBV, or in a tuberculocidal disinfectant. The National Interstate Council of State Cosmetology Boards (NICS) follows this standard for testing as well.

53 Clean implements thoroughly before immersing. PROPER USE OF Change solutions daily. Completely submerge implements for proper disinfection. DISINFECTANTS

54 ULTRASONIC BATH High-frequency sound waves create powerful, cleansing bubbles in the liquid that clean tiny crevices impossible to reach with a brush.

55 TYPES OF DISINFECTANTS Quats Phenols Alcohol Bleach Household cleaners

56 QUATS Quaternary ammonium compounds Quats are nontoxic, odorless, and fast-acting. Most disinfect in 10 to 15 minutes. Long-term exposure may damage fine steel; oil metal implements regularly. Quats are effective for cleaning surfaces.

57 PHENOLS Phenolic disinfectants Phenols are caustic poisons, but are safe and effective if used properly. They may soften and discolor certain rubber and plastic. A 5% solution is used most often for metal implements. Avoid skin contact phenols can cause skin irritation, and concentrated phenols can seriously burn skin and eyes. Keep out of reach of children; some phenols are poisonous if ingested.

58 ALCOHOL Methyl alcohol is not used in salons. Ethyl alcohol needs to be no less than 70% to be effective. Isopropyl alcohol must be 99% to be effective. Alcohols are not EPA-registered as disinfectants. They are not permitted for use with implements in states requiring hospital-grade disinfection. Disadvantages: They are extremely flammable. They evaporate quickly. They are slow-acting, less effective. They corrode tools and dull sharp edges. Vapors can cause headaches and nausea.

59 HOUSEHOLD BLEACH AND CLEANERS BLEACH sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) Effective as a disinfectant but not tested for disinfection of salon implements Effective as a laundering additive OTHER HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS Other household cleaners can be effective disinfectants but should not be used on salon implements.

60 DISINFECTANT SAFETY Disinfectants are hazardous if used incorrectly. Some are poisonous if ingested. Some may cause skin and eye damage. Wear gloves and safety glasses. Add disinfectant to water; never add water to disinfectant. Use tongs, gloves, or draining basket when removing implements from disinfectants. Keep them away from children. Do not pour quats, phenols, etc. over your hands. Carefully weigh and measure products. Never place anything in unmarked containers. Always follow manufacturer s recommendations.

61 CAUTIONS Formalin (formaldehyde) is not safe for salon use. Formalin may cause cancer. Formalin is poisonous when inhaled and is extremely irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs; it can cause allergies. Electric or bead sterilizers do NOT sterilize. For dry heat to effectively sterilize, the entire implement including handle is submerged in an EPAregistered disinfectant solution and then heated to 325 F for at least 30 minutes.

62 DISINFECTION PROCEDURES

63 IMPLEMENTS Preclean to remove hair, filings, and other loose matter by scrubbing with soap and water. Rinse thoroughly and pat dry. Wear gloves and/or safety glasses. Mix solution by following directions. Use gloves and tongs to immerse and remove implements. Rinse thoroughly; air-dry. Place in clean container.

64 DISINFECTION PROCEDURES Linens and capes launder and bleach according to label directions. Electrical equipment wipe and spray with EPA-registered, hospital-grade, tuberculocidal disinfectant created for electrical equipment. Work surfaces use EPA-registered disinfectant.

65 WHIRLPOOL FOOT SPAS Drain water and remove all foreign matter. Clean surfaces and walls with soap; rinse with clean, clear water. Disinfect with EPA-registered disinfectant. Rinse and wipe dry with clean towel. At end of each day, remove screen and remove trapped debris.

66 WHIRLPOOL FOOT SPAS Wash screen and inlet with soap and chlorine solutions. Immerse in EPA-registered disinfectant. Flush system with low-sudsing soap and water for 10 minutes. Rinse, drain, and let air-dry. Every two weeks: Fill with 5 gallons of water and 4 tsps of 5% bleach solution. Circulate solution through system for 5 to 10 minutes. Let solution sit overnight (6 to 10 hours). Drain and flush.

67 BLOOD SPILL DISINFECTION Stop service and clean injured area. Apply antiseptic or spray styptic. Cover injury with bandage or other appropriate dressing. Use finger guard or gloves as needed. Clean client and workstation. Discard of all disposable contaminated objects by double-bagging. Deposit sharp disposables in a sharps box. Wash hands with soap and warm water. Disinfect all tools contaminated with blood or body fluids by complete immersion in an EPA-registered disinfectant that kills HIV-1 and HBV, or in a tuberculocidal disinfectant.

68 OPEN SORES OR WOUNDS Never touch an open sore or wound. Refer your client to a physician. If a cut occurs, after properly disinfecting all implements and surfaces, seal contaminated wipes or cotton balls in a plastic bag before disposing. Wash your hands thoroughly.

69 DISPENSARY Keep the dispensary clean and orderly. Clearly label all containers. Maintain an MSDS on all chemicals.

70 HANDLING DISPOSABLES Place in closed container. Double-bag anything that comes in contact with blood and mark the bag with a biohazard sticker. Use puncture-proof containers for sharp instruments.

71 SANITATION Lowest level of decontamination To sanitize is to: significantly reduce the number of pathogens or disease-producing organisms found on a surface. clean with soaps or detergents.

72 MOLD AND MILDEW Mold is a fungus growth that usually grows in dark, damp places. Mildew is a moldy coating produced by fungi and can appear on walls, fabrics, and the like. Spores carry toxins that cause allergic reactions and sickness. Dirt on surfaces provides nutrients for mold. Proper sanitation prevents growth. Avoid use of bar soaps in salons; pump-type liquids are safer.

73 WASHING HANDS Wet your hands with warm water. Use liquid soap and scrub hands together for 15 to 20 seconds. Give attention to areas between fingers, nails, both sides of hands, and exposed portions of arms. Rinse well with warm water. Dry with disposable paper towel or air blower. Do not use cloth towels.

74 CAUTION Hand-washing is the single most effective measure for reducing the spread of infectious disease. Be aware that antibacterial soap may not kill more germs than regular soap and water, and can be harmful in that it can leave the skin vulnerable to skin problems such as eczema.

75 ANTISEPTICS Can kill, retard, or prevent the growth of bacteria, but are not classified as disinfectants Are weaker than disinfectants and are safe for use on the skin

76 UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS OSHA sets the standards that must be used in the industry for dealing with bloodborne pathogens. Universal Precautions are a set of guidelines and controls published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guidelines require the employer and employee to assume that all human blood and specified human body fluids are infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens. Clients who are infected with Hepatitis B or other bloodborne pathogens are often asymptomatic (show no symptoms).

77 PRECAUTIONS Hand-washing Wearing gloves Using personal protective equipment such as goggles Injury prevention Proper handling and disposal of needles, sharp instruments, and products contaminated by blood or other body fluids

78 THE PROFESSIONAL IMAGE SALON GUIDELINES Deposit waste in self-closing receptacle. Mop floor and vacuum daily. Control dust. Keep windows, screens, and curtains clean. Clean fans, vents, and humidifiers regularly. Sweep floors after each client. Keep work areas well lighted. Keep hot and cold running water.

79 SALON GUIDELINES Keep restrooms clean and tidy. Maintain toilet tissue, paper towels, and pump soap. Clean sinks and water fountains regularly. Provide disposable drinking cups. Keep salon free of insects and rodents. Never use salon area for cooking or living quarters. Never store food with salon products. Keep service areas free of food, drink, and smoke. Empty waste receptacles daily.

80 SALON GUIDELINES Properly mark containers. Keep exteriors of containers clean. Do not place tools in your mouth or pockets. Avoid touching your face, mouth, or eyes during services. Use only freshly laundered linens. Disinfect all surfaces between client services. Do not allow pets or animals except trained service animals. Use an air purification system.

81 YOUR PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY Learn your state rules regarding sanitation and client safety. Never take shortcuts in sanitation or disinfection. Put client and personal safety first at all times.

82 SUMMARY The state regulatory agency and local health board require that businesses serving the public follow certain sanitary precautions. Contagious diseases, skin infections, and blood poisoning are caused either by infectious bacteria transmitted from one individual to another or by the use of unsanitary implements. Protecting both yourself and your clients from infections or disease is critical to success in your salon. It is essential to follow Universal Precautions. Do not take shortcuts when it comes to sanitation and disinfection.