Progress in varicella vaccine research

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1 40 1, 1, 1, 2 1., ; 2., : - ( VZV) VZV 1995,, Oka,,, VZV : - ; Oka ; Progress in varicella vaccine research GAN Lin 1, WANG Ming-Li 1, Jason Chen 1, 2 1. Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei , China; 2. Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA Abstract: Varicella is a highly contagious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus ( VZV). Vaccination has provided the best means to control infection. A number of countries maintain a universal childhood vaccination policy since 1995, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the incidence, morbidity and mortality related to varicella. In this article, we review the development of varicella Oka vaccine, the research in vaccine efficiency and safety, the molecular mechanism of attenuation, as well as new ideas in immunization strategy, summarizing the current advances and limits of the varicella vaccine since its worldwide application. Key words: Varicella-zoster virus; Oka strains; Varicella vaccine - ( varicella-zoster virus, VZV), DNA,,,,,,,, 50% VZV,,,,, ( World Health Organization, WHO) VZV v-oka Oka,,, VZV Takahashi 1 Oka ( p- : ( ) ; ( ) :, columbia. edu Corresponding author: Jason Chen, jc28@ columbia. edu Oka), ( WI-38, MRC-5), VZV v-oka,

2009 3 4 1 Journal of Microbes and Infection, March 2009, Vol. 4, No.

2 Journal of Microbes and Infection, March 2009, Vol. 4, No. 1 41,,, 98% VZV, [ 1],, 1 Oka ( Merck ) 1, 100% [ 2], Oka ( GlaxoSmithKline ) > 90% [ 3 ], 3, 3 80%, 88%, 66%, [ 4 ] 1999 Oka, 1 4 [ 5] VZV PubMed ( < 50 ) ( ) ( > 500 ), 44% 100%, 86% 100%, 100% [ 6 ], 10, v-oka 2, v-oka, v-oka p- Oka ( polymerase chain reaction, PCR ), PCR PCR [ 7 ] v-oka p-oka, 42 DNA, 20, 17, 5, ( open reading frame, ORF) 62, 8, ORF62 p-oka ORF62 ( ORF71) IE62, IE62 VZV, IE62, 12 ORF6 9A ( 1) 55( 2) 59 64( 1) NCR: noncoding region; ORF: open reading frame ( Gomi Y, et al., ) [ 7] 1 v-oka p-oka Fig 1. Mutations between the Oka vaccine virus ( v-oka) and the parent virus ( p-oka)

3 42, v-oka v- Oka 13 [ 8 ] ORF62, p- Oka 8 ( S7-01 ), 5 ( S7-13 ), S7-01 S7-13 v-oka p-oka, p-oka, S7-13 v-oka S7-01 ( infectious center assay), p-oka v-oka 2. 1, S , S , v-oka, p-oka v- Oka, IE62 [ 9 ] VZV ORF62, p-oka, ORF62 15 v-oka [ 7, 8] ORF62 p-oka ORF62, BssH, Nae Sma ORF62 Sma V-Oka VZV [ 10 ] v-oka, ( bacterial artificial chromosome, BAC) p-oka [ 1 1] p- Oka BAC ( Escherichia coli, E. coli) DH10B, E. coli DNA, p-oka BAC v-oka 3 Merck v-oka Varivax 1995, 46 Merck Spontaneous Postmarketing Adverse Experience Varicella Zoster Virus Identification Program ( VZVIP) [ 12, 13 ] Merck Varivax,, ( breakthrough ) ( secondary transmission) 42 d ( 42 d ),, v-oka Merck Varivax, VZV ( VZV identification program, VZVIP) PCR, VZV : 42 d >50,, : 42 d : d, 51%, 65% 14 d VZVIP, VZV, 2 84% VZV ;, % v-oka : 5 054, 0. 9 /10 1% ( >50 ), v-oka VZV : 697, 13 68, 3. 4 PCR 95, v-oka 57, VZV 38, : PCR 30, 2 VZV DNA, 1 VZV, 1 : VZVIP 3, 1 30, , 16, 1 4, 19 d

4 Journal of Microbes and Infection, March 2009, Vol. 4, No , 1 17 d 12 3 :, 7 VZV v-oka, 6, 1 10, v-oka ( Varivax) : 2 /3 ;,, v-oka, 4 [ 14 ],, Gershon [ 1 5], VZV,, ( fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen, FAMA), 76% [ 16 ],, VZV ( enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) VZV, % 99%, u/ ml 588 u/ ml [ 17 ] 3 ( - - ), VZV, 10, [ 18 ], 1,, 1987 > 12,, % 32. 1%, [ 19 ],, 1 VZV, VZV, VZV 5,,, VZV 1 v-oka,, 1, 1 T,,,, [ 1] Asano Y, Takahashi M. Clinical and serologic testing of a live varicella vaccine and two-year follow-up for immunity of the vaccinated children [ J]. 1977; 60( 6) : Pediatrics, [ 2] Weibel R, Neff BJ, Kuter BJ, et al. Live attenuated varicella virus vaccine: efficacy trial in healthy children [ J]. N Engl J Med, 1984; 310( 22) : [ 3] Varis T, Vesikari T. Efficacy of high titer live attenuated varicella vaccine in healthy young children[ J]. J Infect Dis, 1996, 174( Suppl 3) : S330-S334 [ 4] Reynolds MA, Chaves SS, Harpaz R, et al. The impact of the varicella vaccination program on herpes zoster epidemiology in the United States: A review [ J]. J Infect Dis, 2008; 197( Suppl 2) : S224-S227 [ 5] Macartney KK, Burgess MA. Varicella vaccination in Australia and New Zealand[ J]. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197 ( Suppl 2) : S191-S195 [ 6] Seward JF, Marin M, V zquez M. effectiveness in the US vaccination program: Varicella vaccine [ J]. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197( Suppl 2) : S82-S89 A review

5 44 [ 7] Gomi Y, Sunamachi H, Mori Y, et al. Comparison of the complete DNA sequences of the Oka varicella vaccine and its parental virus[ J]. J Virol, 2002, 76( 5) : [ 8] Gomi Y, Imagawa T, Takahashi M, et al. Comparison of DNA sequence and transactivation activity of open reading frame 62 of Oka varicella vaccine and its parental viruses[ J]. Arch Virol Suppl, 2001, ( 17) : [ 9] Yamanishi K. Molecular analysis of the Oka vaccine strain of varicella-zoster virus[ J]. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197( Suppl 2) : S45-S48 [ 10] Loparev VN, Argaw T, Krause PR, et al. Improved identification and differentiation of varicella-zoster virus ( VZV ) wild-type strains and an attenuated varicella vaccine strain using a VZV open reading frame 62-based PCR[ J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2000, 38( 9) : [ 11] Nagaike K, Mori Y, Gomi Y, et al. Cloning of the varicella-zoster virus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome in Escherichia coli[ J]. Vaccine, 2004, 22( 29-30) : [ 12] Chaves SS, Haber P, Walton K, et al. Safety of varicella vaccine after licensure in the United States: Experience from reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system, [ J]. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197( Suppl 2) : S170-S177 [ 13] Galea SA, Sweet A, Beninger P, et al. The safety profile of varicella vaccine: a 10-year review[ J]. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197( Suppl2) : S165-S169 [ 14] Leung J, Rue A, Lopez A, et al. Varicella outbreak reporting, response, management, and national surveillance[ J]. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197 ( Suppl 2) : S108-S113 [ 15] Gershon AA, Katz SL. Perspective on live varicella vaccine [ J]. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197( Suppl 2) : S242- S245 [ 16] Michalik D, La Russa P, Steinberg S, et al. Primary immune failure after 1 dose if varicella vaccine may be the main cause of breakthrough infections in healthy vaccinated children[ M]. In: Program and Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America ( Toronto). Arlington, VA: Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2006, 146 [ 17] Shinefield H, Black S, Digilio L, et al. Evaluation of a quadrivalent measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine in healthy children [ J]. Pediatr Infect Dis, 2005, 24( 8) : [ 18] Kuter B, Matthews H, Shinefield H, et al. Ten year follow-up of healthy children who received one or two injections of varicella vaccine [ J]. Pediatr Infect Dis, 2004, 23( 2) : [ 19] Sadzot-Delvaux C, Rentier B, Wutzler P, et al. Varicella vaccination in Japan, South Korea, and Europe [ J]. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197( Suppl 2) : S185-S190. ( : )

Persistence of Immunity to Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine in Healthy Adults

MAJOR ARTICLE Persistence of Immunity to Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine in Healthy Adults Krow Ampofo, 1 Lisa Saiman, 1,2 Philip LaRussa, 1 Sharon Steinberg, 1 Paula Annunziato, 1 and Anne Gershon 1