AVIAN INFLUENZA IN WILD BIRDS FOR RISK MAPPING IN THE FRENCH WEST INDIES AND FRENCH GUIANA

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1 AVIAN INFLUENZA IN WILD BIRDS FOR RISK MAPPING IN THE FRENCH WEST INDIES AND FRENCH GUIANA 3 RD CARIBAEA INITIATIVE RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION WORKSHOP MANON GATTI, VET STUDENT AND MSC STUDENT IN ANIMAL HEALTH MANON.GATTI@CIRAD.FR

2 SUMMARY Context I. Avian influenza and wildbirds II. Material and Methods a) Qualitative Risk Assessment b) Probability of introduction by wild birds c) Probability of exposure III. Results IV. Discussion

3 3/22 CONTEXT : AVIAN INFLUENZA H3N8 H5N1 H3N2 H1N2 Influenza virus (A) HxNy Host diversity Consequences Michel Lamarche Public health Poultry production Wild birds H5N1, H3N2, H7N9 PNR Martinique RESERVOIR H5N1, H3N2, H7N9 1 Alexander, «An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza», 2007

4/22 CONTEXT : AVIAN INFLUENZA REPORTED CASES IN AMERICAS FROM LITTERATURE GATTI, 2018 Both North and South Americas are concerned Caribbean region exposed : Trading (CARICOM) Migratory birds 2

4 4/22 CONTEXT : AVIAN INFLUENZA REPORTED CASES IN AMERICAS FROM LITTERATURE GATTI, 2018 Both North and South Americas are concerned Caribbean region exposed : Trading (CARICOM) Migratory birds 2 Gonzalez-Reiche et al. «where do AIV meets the Americas?» Alfanador-Villamizar, «Avian influenza in Latin America: A systematic review of serological and molecular studies from », IRD Influenza Research Database

5 5/22 CONTEXT : DETECTED CASES OF AVIAN INFLUENZA IN CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES FROM LITTERATURE GATTI, 2018

6 5/22 CONTEXT : DETECTED CASES OF AVIAN INFLUENZA IN CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES FROM LITTERATURE GATTI, 2018

7 6/22 AVIAN INFLUENZA AND WILDBIRDS Reservoir LP Co infection Pathogenesis (Exception H5N8) [10] Sensitivity and receptivity [11] HaNa Michel Lamarche HbNb Flyways : American flyways [] HaNb Transmission and contamination Wintering / breeding / stop examples [12] Transmission to poultry Resident / migratory Direct / indirect 5 Alexander, «Evolution and ecology of AI», 2000

Creative Commons CC0 Martin Lofgren Anas

Lamarche Jardin des colibris 5 Alexander,

8 6/22 AVIAN INFLUENZA AND WILDBIRDS Reservoir Co infection Age Flyways : American flyways [] Transmission and contamination Wintering / breeding / stop examples [12] Transmission to poultry Resident / migratory Direct / indirect Creative Commons CC0 Martin Lofgren Anas discors Taxonomy Arenaria interpres Michel Lamarche Jardin des colibris 5 Alexander, «Evolution and ecology of AI», 2000 Ruedi Aeschlimann Sylvie Gauthier

9 6/22 AVIAN INFLUENZA AND WILDBIRDS Reservoir LP Co infection Flyways : American flyways Wintering / breeding / stop Transmission to poultry Resident / migratory Direct / indirect 6 Olsen, «Global Patterns of Influenza A Virus in Wild Birds» 2006

6/22 AVIAN INFLUENZA AND WILDBIRDS Infected birds Reservoir LP Co infection Flyways : American flyways Wintering / breeding / stop Indirect: environment

10 6/22 AVIAN INFLUENZA AND WILDBIRDS Infected birds Reservoir LP Co infection Flyways : American flyways Wintering / breeding / stop Indirect: environment Indirect: bridge host species Transmission to poultry Resident / migratory Direct / indirect Direct : contact 5 Alexander, «Evolution and ecology of AI», 2000

7/2 2 RISK ASSESSMENT METHOD Assess the risk of introduction, exposure and spread of avian influenza (LP/HP) in poultry in Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana Pradel, 2018

11 7/2 2 RISK ASSESSMENT METHOD Assess the risk of introduction, exposure and spread of avian influenza (LP/HP) in poultry in Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana Pradel, 2018 CaribVET (Caribbean Region) : Caribbean animal health network Methods: Introduction : legal and illegal trade and wild birds Exposure : poultry density Spread : SNA, mobility, accessibility

12 8/2 2 RISK ASSESSMENT APPLIED FOR WILDBIRDS : VARIOUS STEPS New method : actually sill in discussion with experts Introduction Exposure Risk assessment Migratory birds Maintenance Transmission to poultry Bird community : Resident and migratory birds Negligible Low High Very hig Local scale (admin3) Score /12 Score /12 Score /12 Score /12 4 Risk level 7 Gaidet, «Understanding the ecological drivers of avian influenza virus infection in wildfowl», 2011

13 10/22 RISK ASSESSMENT : AVIAN INFLUENZA INTRODUCTION BY WILD BIRDS Taxonomy Species 2 : Anseriformes, Charadriformes 1 : Others Density SCORE /12 3 : very common 2 : common 1 : rare, accidental Origin* maximum

14 12/22 RISK ASSESSMENT : AVIAN INFLUENZA MAINTENANCE COMMUNITY* Urban Periurban Rural Forest Mangrove Coast Wetland s PNR Martinique Density Bird community Taxonomy Reproduction rate Composition and diversity Capacity to maintain Feeding behavior * Actually still in discussion with experts Gregariousness

15 12/22 RISK ASSESSMENT : AVIAN INFLUENZA MAINTENANCE COMMUNITY* Urban Periurban Rural Forest Mangrove Coast Wetland s Capacity to maintain and amplify avian influenza viruses if introducted At each administrative level : 1 environment 1 capacity % of each environment * capacity to maintain the virus * Actually still in discussion with experts Capacity to maintain virus

13/22 RISK ASSESSMENT : AVIAN INFLUENZA TRANSMISSION TO POULTRY Proximity farm wetlands (1/2/5 km) Direct contact with infected migratory birds Indirect contact via environment Distance Risk factors

16 13/22 RISK ASSESSMENT : AVIAN INFLUENZA TRANSMISSION TO POULTRY Proximity farm wetlands (1/2/5 km) Direct contact with infected migratory birds Indirect contact via environment Distance Risk factors for transmission to poultry Sharing habitat capacity Urban Wet forest Dry Forest Coast Wetlands 1 environment 1 capacity of transmission % bird with mixed habitat with rural / periurban environment % environment * capacity of transmission * Actually still in discussion with experts Capacity to transmit the virus to poultry if infected

17 14/22 RISK ASSESSMENT : AVIAN INFLUENZA RISK ASSESSMENT OF WILDBIRDS Introduction Maintenance Transmission RISK ASSESSMENT FOR AIV ASSOCIATED TO WILDBIRDS IN EACH ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL Non migratory season Migratory season

spatialization Proportion wetlands Proportion protected

18 15/22 RESULTS : INTRODUCTION Temporary methods : Taxonomie Abundance Spatula discors Donald Lapointe Local spatialization Proportion wetlands Proportion protected areas Donald Lapointe * Waiting for method validation Aythya affinis

19 16/22 RESULTS : EXPOSURE Distance between farms and wetlands * Waiting for method validation

20 17/22 RESULTS : RISK ASSESSMENT OF AVIAN INFLUENZA Introduction * Exposure * Waiting for method validation

21 18/22 APPLICATION OF THE METHODS Further applications Risk-based surveillance (wild and domestic animals) Schedule emergency sanitary plan Communication Prevention «reducing contact domestic and wild animals» Improve biosecurity

real risk associated with wildlife Compared to other country (French Guiana )

22 19/22 DISCUSSION : ABOUT THE METHODS Limits of the methods Data necessary : quantity and quality Subjectivity : expert advices Benefits of the methods : Proxying the real risk associated with wildlife Compared to other country (French Guiana ) Compared to other risk factors (trading) Apply for other disease (WNV)

23 20/22 DISCUSSION : WILDBIRDS AND AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS PERSPECTIVES WHY STUDING WILD BIRDS? AIV ecology Wild bird ecology (reservoir) Wildbirds as sentinelles : surveillance on wildbirds Active (sampling risky areas) «caller ducks» Passive : mortality rate, clinical signs observance Wildbirds Flyways Ecology Behaviour Habitat AIV Serotypes Transmission Spreading Recombination Interdisciplinary cooperation between experts Expertise, Helps, Knowledge Fight and controll Surveillance

24 THANKS Jennifer Pradel Pachka Hammami Cécile Squarzoni Diaw Caroline Coste Jessica Pic

25 21/2 2 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION Questions? We need your help! manon.gatti@cirad.fr Manon Gatti Manon Gatti

26 SOURCES Alvarez et al. «First isolation of H1N1 AIV from wild terrestrial non migratory birds», 2009 Ghersi et al. «Avian influenza in wild birds in central coast of Peru», 2007 Douglas et al. «IAV surveillance of migratory waterfowl in Barbados», 2000 Gonzalez- Reiche, et al. «AV from wild birds in Guatemala belong to north Amrican lineage» 2012 Afanador-Villamizar et al. «AIV in latin america a systematic review of serological and molecular studies from 2000 to 2015» 2015 Gonzalez-Reiche et al. «where do AIV meets the Americas?» 2012 Ferro et al. «IAV in waterfowl from wintering grounds texas coast americas», 2010 Nelson et al. «Genetic diversity of IAV in wild birds Peru», 2015 Coffe et al. «Avian IV in shorebirds and gulls», 2010 Deliberto et al «Surveillance for HPAI in wild birds in the USA.», 2009 Douglas et al. «Isolation and genetic charactirization of AIV from wild birds in Barbados », 2007 Pereda et al «IAV isolated in wild waterfowl in Argentina», 2008 Senne et al. «IAV in North / south America the Caribbean and Australia», 2010 Brown et al. «Serological evidence for IAV exposure in WB in Trinidad and Tobago», 2018 Bluhm et al. «Detection of IAV isolated from domestic poultry on colombian live animal market», 2016 Brown et al. «Review of 8 high priority pathogens economically important of poultry within Caribbean region», 2018 Senne et al «IAV in South and North America », 2007 Brown et al. «Serological evidence for a globally important poultry virus in trinidad and tobago», 2015 IRD Influenza Research Database

Agricultural Outlook Forum Presented: February 16, 2006 THE CURRENT STATE OF SCIENCE ON AVIAN INFLUENZA

Agricultural Outlook Forum Presented: February 16, 2006 THE CURRENT STATE OF SCIENCE ON AVIAN INFLUENZA David L. Suarez Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research