Wildlife-disease interactions in response to climate shifts and animal migration. Sonia Altizer Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia

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1 Wildlife-disease interactions in response to climate shifts and animal migration Sonia Altizer Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia

2 Global Climate Change and Infectious Diseases 2

3 S. Kutz, Univ. of Calgary

4 C.D. Harvell, Cornell Univ.

5 Kutz et al Proc Roy Soc B Molnar et al PNAS

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7 Geographic spread of pathogens

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10 Delaware Bay hotspot for Krauss, Stallknecht al Proc. B. AIV transmission

11 Consider a species that migrates seasonally some large distance. An area that becomes fouled and unsanitary during one season will become largely clean again by the following year. In between, nest and skin parasites such as ticks and fleas will have nothing to eat and will be greatly reduced in number. Craig Loehle, 1995

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13 Migration can lower infection risk Escape from contaminated habitats (migratory escape) Mortality of infected animals (migratory culling) Separation of adults from juveniles (migratory allopatry) Altizer, Han and Bartel Animal migration and infectious disease risk. Science.

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15 Wide geographic range: N. America Central and S. America Caribbean Islands Pacific Islands Australia New Zealand

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18 Ophryocystis elektroscirrha Apicomplexan (neogregarine) McLaughlin, R. E. and Myers, J Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n. a neogregarine pathogen of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida queen butterfly Danaus gilippus berenice Cramer. J. Protozool., 17:

19 Adult:larval transmission No recovery Dormant spores on adults

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21 North American monarch populations Western migratory 30% Eastern migratory 5% S. Florida 80%

22 Global variation in OE prevalence Grey = healthy Black = infected Altizer and de Roode in press

23 Migratory Escape: Citizen Science Monitoring 2006 Participant Map

24 Proportion heavily infected Migratory escape: prevalence increases during the breeding season MW MW NE NE SE SE SE Prevalence increased from early to late breeding season in all 3 regions Becky Bartel Early Time of Breeding Middle Season Late Bartel, R., Oberhauser, K., DeRoode, J., Altizer,S. Monarch migration, seasonal habitat use and parasite transmission in eastern N. America. Ecology, 2011

25 Migratory culling: experimental approach Bradley and Altizer 2005 Ecol Lett

26 Fall migration flyways

27 Prevalence declines as migration advances southward Monarchs that successfully migrated to Mexico had lower prevalence than those captured while breeding or migrating N = ; Samples taken after 9/15 each year Bartel, R., Oberhauser, K., DeRoode, J., Altizer,S. Monarch migration, seasonal habitat use and parasite transmission in eastern N. America. Ecology, 2011

28 Migratory culling: Natal origins of healthy and infected monarchs Stable isotopes of monarch wings record isotopic ratio of natal host plants ( D and C13 )

29 D Values of monarch wings Do healthy migrants fly farther than infected migrants? Healthy Infected Collected 175 samples from Mexico in February Cerro Pelon Sierra Chincua Altizer, S., Hobson, K. and Wassenaar, K. Unpublished data

30 Log 10 (spore load) Migration selects for parasite strains of lower virulence eastern parasites western parasites 5.5 eastern western DeRoode, J.C. and Altizer, S Host-parasite genetic interactions and virulence-transmission relationships in natural populations of monarch butterflies. Evolution.

31 Fading glory of animal migrations Animal migrations threatened by: Habitat destruction Obstacles and barriers Overexploitation Climate change Wilcove and Wikelski 2008 PLoS Biology

32 Proportion heavily infected Monarch migrations are also threatened Prevalence of infection in eastern migratory monarchs: 1968-present Monarch wintering sites threatened by climate warming and habitat loss Year of sampling Monarch winter breeding locations, Migratory populations could be replaced by year-round residents What will happen to parasites?

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34 Sea lice more common near farms Krkosek et al Proc B. Exposes juvenile salmon to lice

35 R. Plowright, P. Daszak et al. Outbreaks greater in resident camps Hendravirus

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37 Acknowledgments Key collaborators: Karen Oberhauser, Lincoln Brower Dara Satterfield, Becky Bartel, Barbara Han, Jaap de Roode, Andy Davis, Drew Harvell, Piet Johnson, Susan Kutz, Rick Ostfeld Research staff and students: Meagan Weathers, Amy Wright, Star Scott, Nick Vitone, Laura Gold, Rachel Rarick, Natalie Kolleda, Jean Chi, Byron Ledbetter, Mike Maudsley, Ernie Osburn, Samantha Burton, Julie Rushmore, Cecilia Nix, JR McMillan Funding: National Science Foundation University of Georgia