3. The phrase "prior to" in line 5 could best be replaced by which of the following?

Transcription

1 Questions 1-10 The general principles of dynamics are rules that demonstrate a relationship between the motions of bodies and the forces that produce those motions. Based in large part of on the work of his predecessors, Sir Isaac Newton deduced three laws of dynamics, which he published in 1678 in his famous Principia. Prior to Newton, Aristotle had established that the natural state of a body was a state of rest, and that unless a force acted upon it to maintain motion, a moving body would come to rest. Galileo had succeeded in correctly describing the behavior of falling objects and in recording that no force was required to maintain a body in motion. He noted that the effect of force was to change motion. Huygens recognized that a change in the direction of motion involved acceleration, just as did a change in speed, and further, that the action of a force was required. Kepler deduced the laws describing the motion of planets around the sun. It was primarily from Galileo and Kepler that Newton borrowed. In short, Newton's Laws of Motion are (1) a body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion remains in motion along a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force ; (2) if an unbalanced force acts upon a body, the momentum of the body changes in proportion to the force and in the same direction as the force ; (3) to every action or force, there is an equal and opposite reaction. 1. What was the main purpose of this passage? A) To demonstrate the development of Newton's laws B) To establish Newton as the authority in the field of physics C) To discredit Newton's laws of motion D) To describe the motion of planets around the sun 2. The word "predecessors" in line 3 refers to A) those who came before B) those who provided help C) those who published their work D) those who agreed with the ideas 3. The phrase "prior to" in line 5 could best be replaced by which of the following? A) before B) after C) with D) simultaneously 4. Which of the following scientists established that the natural state of a body was a state of rest? A) Galileo B) Kepler C) Aristotle D) Newton 5. The word "it" in line 6 refers to A) rest B) body C) state D) motion 6. Who was the first scientist to correctly describes the behavior of falling objects? A) Aristotle B) Newton C) Kepler D) Galileo 7. According to Huygen, when was acceleration required? A) For either a change in direction or a change in speed B) Only for a change in speed

2 C) Only for a change in direction D) Neither for a change in direction nor for a change in speed 8. According to this passage, Newton based his laws primarily upon the work of A) Galileo and Copernicus B) Ptolemy and Copernicus C) Huygens and Kepler D) Galileo and Kepler 9. The word "momentum" in line 16 is closest in meaning to A) weight B) speed C) shape D) size 10. Which of the following describes inertia, or the principles of bodies at rest? A) Newton's first law B) Newton's third law C) Newton's law of motion D) Newton's law of dynamics Questions Perhaps it was his own lack of adequate schooling that inspired Horace Mann to

3 work so hard for the important reforms in education that he accomplished. While he was still a boy, his father and older brother died, and he became responsible for supporting his family. Like most of the children in his town, he attended school only two or three months a year. Later, with the help of several teachers, he was able to study law and become a member of the Massachusetts bar, but he never forgot those early struggles. While serving in the Massachusetts legislature, he signed a historic education bill that set up a state board of education. Without regret, he gave up his successful legal practice and political career to become the first secretary of the board. There he exercised an enormous influence during the critical period of reconstruction that brought into existence the American graded elementary school as a substitute for the older district school system. Under his leadership, the minimum of six months, and mandatory schooling was extended to age sixteen. Other important reforms included the establishment of state normal schools for teacher training, institutes for inservice teacher education, and lyceums for adult education. He was also instrumental in improving salaries for teachers and creating school libraries. Mann's ideas about school reform were developed and distributed in twelve annual reports to the state of Massachusetts that he wrote during his tenure as secretary of education. Considered quite redical at the time, the Massachusetts reforms later served as a model for the nation. Mann was recognized as the father of public education. During his lifetime, Horace Mann worked tirelessly to extend educational opportunities to agrarian families and the children of poor laborers. In one of his last speeches he summed up his philosophy of education and life : "Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity." Surely, his own life was an example of the philosophy. 11. Which of the following titles would best express the main topic of the passage? A) The Father of American Public Education B) Philosophy of Education C) The Massachusetts State Board of Education D) Politics of Educational Institutions 12. Which of the following describes Horace Mann's early life? A) He attended school six months a year B) He supported his family after his father died C) He was an only child D) He had to study alone, without help 13. The word "struggles" in line 8 could best be replaced by A) valuable experiences B) happy situations C) influential people D) difficult times 14. The word "regret" in line 11 could best be replaced by which of the following? A) finances B) disappointment C) consideration D) limitations 15. Horace Mann's influence on American education was A) very great

4 B) small, but important C) misunderstood D) not accepted 16. What did Horace Mann advocate? A) The state board school system B) The district school system C) The substitute school system D) The graded school system 17. The word "mandatory" in line 17 is closest in meaning to A) required B) equal C) excellent D) basic 18. How were Mann's educational reforms distributed? A) In twelve annual reports to the state of Massachusetts B) In reports that he wrote for national distribution C) In speeches that he made throughout the country D) In books that could be found in school libraries 19. The reforms that Horace Mann achieved A) were not very radical for the time B) were used only by the state of Massachusetts C) were later adopted by the national as a model D) were enforced by the Massachusetts bar 20. Which of the following statements best represents Mann's philosophy? A) Think in new ways B) Help others C) Study as much as possible D) Work hard Questions The population of the world has increased more in modern times than in all other ages of history combined. World population totaled about 500 million in It doubled in the period from Today the population is more than five

5 billion. Estimates based on research by the United Nations indicate that it will more than double in the twenty-five years between 1975 and the year 2000, reaching seven billion by the turn of the century. No one knows the limits of population that the earth can support. Thomas Malthus, an English economist, developed a theory that became widely accepted in the nineteenth century. He suggested that because world population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply, a continual strain was exerted upon a available resources. Malthus cited wars, famine, epidemics, and other other disasters as the usual limitations of population growth. With recent advances in science and technology, including improved agricultural methods and great strides in medicine, some of the limiting factors in population growth have been lessened, with obvious results. International organizations have put forward several recommendations to alleviate the problem of overpopulation, including an increase in food production, general economic development in target areas, and a decrease in birth rates. Most experts agree that it will be necessary to combine all three recommendations in an effort to effect a lasting solution. 21. The title below that best expresses the ideas in this passage is A) Thomas Malthus' Theory B) The united Nations' Estimate C) Limiting Factors in Population Growth D) A brief History of Population and Overpopulation 22. By 1850, approximately what was the world population? A) 500 million B) One billion C) Five billion D) Seven billion 23. World population doubled in the years between A) B) C) 1650-today D) According to this passage, by the year 2000 the earth's population should exceed the present figure by how much? A) 500 million B) Five billion C) Two billion D) Seven billion 25. Who was Thomas Malthus? A) A scientist B) A doctor of medicine C) An economist D) A United Nations representative 26. The word "resources" in line 12 refers to A) the people who already occupy the earth B) war, famine, and epidemic C) natural supplies of energy, food, and other raw materials D) agricultural and medical advances

6 27. According to the passage, why has overpopulation been caused? A) Improved technology B) Disasters C) Scarcity D) Precaution 28. The word "obvious" in lines could best be replaced by A) clear B) negative C) several D) significant 29. The word "lasting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to A) complete B) important C) permanent D) expected 30. What do most experts recommend in order to solve problems of overpopulation? A) Famine and epidemic B) Medical advances and improved agricultural methods C) Economic development and a decline in the birth rate D) Conservation of available resources Questions Organic architecture - this is, natural architecture - may be varied in concept and form, but it is always faithful principles. Organic architecture rejects rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately use it. If these natural principles are upheld, then a bank cannot be built to look a Greek temple. Form does not follow function; form is inseparable from function. In other word, a building should be inspired by nature's forms and constructed with materials that retain and respect the natural characteristics of the setting to create

7 harmony with its natural environment. It should maximize people's contact with and utilization of the outdoors. Natural principle then, are principles of design, not style, expressed by construction that reflects unity, balance, proportion, rhythm, and scale. Like a sculptor, the organic architect views the site and materials as an innate form that shapes and develops organically from within. Truth in architecture results in a natural, spontaneous structures in total harmony with the setting. For the most part, these structures find their geometric themes in the contours of the land and their colors in the surrounding palette of natural. From the outside, an organic structure is so much a part of nature that it is often obscured by it. In other worlds, it may not be possible for the eye to easily separate the man-made structure from the natural terrain. From the inside, rooms open into each other. Natural light, air, and view permeate the whole structure, providing a sense of communication with the outdoors. 31. what is another name for organic architecture? A) Natural architecture B) Aesthetic architecture C) Principle architecture D) Varied architecture 32. The word "ultimately" in lines 6 could best be replace by A) fortunately B) eventually C) supposedly D) obviously 33. The word "it" in line 2 refers to A) architecture B) site C) purpose D) structure 34. The word "upheld" in line 6 is closed in meaning to A) invalidated B) disputed C) promoted D) perceived 35. In organic architecture, which of the following is true? A) Form follows function B) Function follows form C) Function is not important to form D) Form and function are one 36. A good example of natural principles is a A) bank that is built to look like a Greek temple B) bank built so that the location in unimportant to the structure C) bank that is built to conform to the natural surroundings D) bank that is built to be beautiful rather than function 37. Why does the author compare an organic architect to a sculptor? A) To emphasize aesthetics B) To give an example of natural principles C) To make a point about the development of geometry D) To demonstrate the importance of style

8 38. Where in the passage does the author mention the source of geometric themes? A) Lines B) Lines C) Lines D) Lines The word "obscured" in line 23 is closet in meaning to A) difficult to see B) in high demand C) not very attractive D) mutually beneficial 40. Which of the following statements best describes the architect's view of nature? A) Nature should be conquered B) Nature should not be conquered C) Nature should be respected D) Nature should be improved Questions The earliest authentic works on European alchemy are those of the English monk Roger Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus Magnus. In their treatises they maintained that gold was the perfect metal and that inferior metals such as lead and mercury were removed by various degrees of imperfection from gold. They further asserted that these base metals could be transmuted to gold by blending them with a substance even more perfect than gold. This elusive substance was referred to as the "philosopher's stone." Most of the early alchemists were artisans who were accustomed to keeping trade secrets and often resorted to cryptic terminology to record the progress of their work.

9 The term sun was used for gold, moon for silver, and the five known planets for base metals. This convention of substituting symbolic language attracted a group of mystical philosophers who compared the search for the perfect metal with the struggle of mankind for the perfection of the soul. The philosophers began to use the artisan's terms in the mystical literature that they produced. Thus, by the fourteenth century, alchemy had developed two distinct groups of practitioners - the laboratory alchemist and the literary alchemist. Both groups of alchemists continued to work throughout the history of alchemy, but, of course, it was the literary alchemist who was most likely to produce a written record ; therefore, much of what is known about the science of alchemy is derived from philosophers rather than from the alchemists who labored in laboratories. 41. What is the author's main point? A) There were both laboratory and literary alchemists B) The philosopher's stone was essential to alchemy C) Roger Bacon and St. Albertus Magnus wrote about alchemy D) Base metals can be transmuted to gold by blending them with a substance more perfect than gold 42. The word "authentic" in line 1 could best be replaced by A) valuable B) genuine C) complete D) comprehensible 43. The word "those" in line 1 refers to A) metals B) treatises C) alchemy D) works 44. Roger Bacon and St. Albertus Magnus had the same A) nationality B) premise C) profession D) education 45. According to the alchemists, what was the difference between base metals and gold? A) Perfection B) Chemical content C) Temperature D) Weight 46. What was the "philosopher's stone?" A) Lead that was mixed with gold B) An element that was never found C) Another name for alchemy D) A base metal 47. It is possible that Roger Bacon's work A) was not genuine B) disproved that of St. Albertus Magnus C) was written after St. Albertus Magnus

10 D) contained references to the conversion of base metals to gold 48. Who were the first alchemists? A) Chemists B) Writers C) Artisans D) Linguists 49. The word "cryptic" in line 11 could be replaced by which of the following? A) scholarly B) secret C) foreign D) precise 50. How do we know about the history of alchemy? A) The laboratory alchemists kept secret notes B) The literary alchemists recorded it in writing C) The mystical philosophers were not able to hide the secrets of alchemy D) The historians were able to interpret the secret writings of the alchemists