Bi-polar MDD. Repeated episodes of mania and depression

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Bi-polar MDD. Repeated episodes of mania and depression"

April Garrison
5 years ago
Views:

1 MDD Long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life. Bi-polar Repeated episodes of mania and depression

2 Biology of Depression: The Brain Brain activity is diminished in depression and increased in mania. Brain structure: smaller frontal lobes in depression and fewer axons in bipolar disorder Brain cell communication (neurotransmitters): more norepinephrine (arousing) in mania, less in depression reduced serotonin in depression

3 Bipolar Disorder and Creative Success Many famous and successful people have lived with the ups and downs of bipolar disorder. Some speculate that the depressive periods gave them ideas, and the manic episodes gave them creative energy. Any evidence of mood swings here?

4 Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents Does bipolar disorder show up before adulthood, and even before puberty? Many young people have cycles from depression to extended rage rather than mania. The DSM-V may have a new diagnosis for these kids: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

5 Bipolar Mysteries - Chase

6 Bipolar Mysteries - Kelsey

7 Understanding Mood Disorders Why are mood disorders so pervasive, and more common among the young, and especially among women?

8 Why Does Depression Have so Many Symptoms?

Often, time heals a mood disorder, especially when the mood issue is in reaction to a

9 Understanding Mood Disorders Can we explain why does depression often go away on its own? the course/development of reactive depression? Often, time heals a mood disorder, especially when the mood issue is in reaction to a stressful event. However, a significant proportion of people with major depressive disorder do not automatically or easily get better with time.

Suicide and Self-Injury Every year, 1 million people commit suicide, giving up on the process of trying to cope and improve their emotional well-being.

10 Suicide and Self-Injury Every year, 1 million people commit suicide, giving up on the process of trying to cope and improve their emotional well-being. This can happen when people feel frustrated, trapped, isolated, ineffective, and see no end to these feelings. Non-suicidal self-injury has other functions such as sending a message, or selfpunishment. Those with alcohol dependence are roughly 100 times more likely to commit suicide; some 3 percent of them do. Suicide rates are much higher among the rich, the nonreligious, and those who are single, widowed, or divorced

11 Understanding Mood Disorders Biological aspects and explanations Evolutionary Genetic Brain /Body Social-cognitive aspects and explanations Negative thoughts and negative mood Explanatory style The vicious cycle

12 An Evolutionary Perspective on the Biology of Depression Depression, in its milder, nondisordered form, may have had survival value. Under stress, depression is social-emotional hibernation. It allows humans to: conserve energy. avoid conflicts and other risks. let go of unattainable goals. take time to contemplate.

13 Biology of Depression: Genetics Evidence of genetic influence on depression: 1. DNA linkage analysis reveals depressed gene regions 2. twin/adoption heritability studies

14 Biology of Depression: The Brain Brain activity is diminished in depression and increased in mania. Brain structure: smaller frontal lobes in depression and fewer axons in bipolar disorder Brain cell communication (neurotransmitters): more norepinephrine (arousing) in mania, less in depression reduced serotonin in depression

15 Preventing or Reducing Depression: Using Knowledge of the Biology of Depression 1. Adjust neurotransmitters with medication. 2. Increase serotonin levels with exercise. 3. Reduce brain inflammation with a healthy diet (especially olive and fish oils). 4. Prevent excessive alcohol use.

16 Understanding Mood Disorders: The Social-Cognitive Perspective Low Self- Esteem Depression is associated with: Discounting positive information and assuming the worst about self, situation, and the future Learned Helplessness Self-defeating beliefs such as assuming that one (self) is unable to cope, improve, achieve, or be happy Rumination Stuck focusing on what s bad Depressive Explanatory Style

17 Depressive Explanatory Style How we analyze bad news predicts mood. Problematic event: Assumptions about the problem The problem is: The problem is: The problem is: Mood/result that goes along with these views:

18 Depression s Vicious Cycle A depressed mood may develop when a person with a negative outlook experiences repeated stress. The depressed mood changes a person s style of thinking and interacting in a way that makes stressful experience more likely.

19 Schizophrenia A psychotic Disorder

20 Schizophrenia A TYPE OF PSYCHOSIS: Psychosis: mental disorders characterized by major departures from reality Schizophrenia: a psychosis marked by disturbances of thought, language, and behavior that are not due to a primary mood disorder or medical condition 20

21 Schizophrenia

22 Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from: A. compulsions. B. catatonia. C. delusions. D. hallucinations.

Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Positive + presence of problematic behaviors Negative - absence of healthy behaviors Hallucinations (illusory perceptions), especially auditory

23 Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Positive + presence of problematic behaviors Negative - absence of healthy behaviors Hallucinations (illusory perceptions), especially auditory Delusions (illusory beliefs), especially persecutory Disorganized thought and nonsensical speech Bizarre behaviors Flat affect (no emotion showing in the face) Reduced social interaction Anhedonia (no feeling of enjoyment) Avolition (less motivation, initiative, focus on tasks) Alogia (speaking less) Catatonia (moving less)

24 Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized & Delusional Thinking This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars I m Marry Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four (Sheehan, 1982) weeks after my eighteenth birthday. This monologue illustrates fragmented, bizarre thinking with distorted beliefs example of delusions ( I m Mary Poppins ). 24

25 Heather

26 Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized & Delusional Thinking Many psychologists believe disorganized thoughts occur because of selective attention failure (fragmented and bizarre thoughts). Irrelevant and minute stimuli easily distract them. (grooves of a brick or the inflection of a voice distracts their attention from a whole scene of from the speaker s meaning.) 26

Increasing rates of depression

Increasing rates of depression Rates of depression have increased 10-20 times compared to 50 years ago. The average age of a person experiencing depression has gone down. Seligman identifies three causes