Index 527. Custody arrangements, father custody, effects of, 430 Cystic fibrosis, 493

Transcription

1 Index Academic performance ADHD, aggression/antisocial behavior, anxiety disorders, 83 homeless girls, 444 learning disorders, physical abuse/neglect, sexual abuse, 362, , , Achenbach Youth Self-Report scale, 454 Addiction reward-deficiency pathways theory, 190 See also Substance abuse Adolescence abuse/neglect during, 328, 338 anxiety disorders, dating, normal trends, dating violence, gender identity disorder, parental discord, impact of, 421 parental remarriage, 429 sexual abuse, 338, teen pregnancy, risk factors, 159, 372 See also Delinquency; Puberty Adolescent Coping with Depression therapy, Adopted children abused children, 337 and ADHD, 130, 133 Adulthood, sexual abuse, effects in, Affect recognition, pervasive developmental disorders and gender, 221 African Americans anxiety disorders, body image, 44 45, 471 dating violence, 383 depression, mental retardation, 241 physical abuse/neglect, 331 seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 97 sexual abuse, sickle cell disease, 494, Aggression age and manifestation of, defined, 150 direct and indirect types, fathers, and gender identity disorder of girls, 310 habituation to, 335 overt and relational types, teasing as, 389 Aggression/antisocial behavior, and academic performance, ADHD, , 130, 134, 155 comorbidity, conduct problems, types of, continuity and stability in, and depression, 28, 43 developmental pathways, and early maturation, 164 empathy as protection, 166 epidemiology, 152 family influences, and gender paradox, 156 genetic factors, and hormones, and intelligence level, 164 and peer relations, and physical abuse/neglect, , 343 prognosis, protective factors and girls, research/information needs, sex differences, 12, 14, 49, , 163 and sexual abuse, 169, 366, and social cognition, and socioeconomic status (SES), and substance abuse, 190 Aid to Families with Dependent Children,

2 524 Index Albanian sworn virgins, 293 Alcohol use. See Substance abuse Anger binge eating, 468 suppression and girls, 47, 50, 51, 53 54, 59, 220 Anger management problems of abusive mothers, 334 and physical abuse/neglect, 343 Animals, cruelty to, 152 Anna O. case, 80 Anorexia nervosa, core signs of, 465 mortality risk, 465 physical and behavioral impact, See also Eating disorders Antidepressants anxiety disorders, depression, 57 See also Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Antisocial behavior. See Aggression/ antisocial behavior Anxiety biological effects over time, 50 and guilt, and physical abuse/neglect, 341 and sexual abuse, 366 stability over time, 49 Anxiety disorders, and academic performance, 83 assessment issues, comorbidity, 81, 91 92, 155, 273 and depression, 28, 36, 49 50, 81, developmental psychopathology framework, epidemiology, 80 81, ethnic minorities, family and transmission of, 93 94, 103 and gender roles, 93, , 103 generalized anxiety disorder, historical context and females, and hormones, 100 impairment of childhood functioning, interpersonal sensitivity, and learning disorders, 273 and mental retardation, obsessive compulsive disorder, 88 outcomes for adult females, overanxious disorder of childhood and adolescence (OAD), panic disorder, 88 peer relations, 83, 85, 90 91, 94, 102 phobias (specific), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 89 prevalence of, 81 prevalence over life span, and puberty, 100 separation anxiety disorder, sex differences, 49, 80 81, 86, 88, social phobia, and socioeconomic status (SES), somatic symptoms, 83, 85, 87, 88, 90 and stressful-life events, 101 and temperament, 93, theoretical/research needs, 106 treatment of, in utero transmission, See also specific disorders Arthritis, 492 Asian Americans depression, 44 eating disorders, 471 Asperger s disorder systemizing versus empathizing in, 11 features of, 213 sex differences. See Pervasive developmental disorders and gender Assault and delinquency, as direct aggression, 151 of homeless youth, Assessment measures issues related to girls, sex differences, 104 See also specific disorders Asthma adaptation to, 500, 506 complications of, 491 defined, 500 prevalence of, 491, 500 treatment, 491 Attachment problems of abused children, 337, 342 dating violence, , 399 gender identity disorder, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), academic performance, adult presentation and women, assessment of, 139 comorbidity, 92, , , 140, 155 and depression, 28 developmental progression and girls, developmental psychopathology view, diagnostic criteria, 120, epidemiology, gender paradox, 121, , 138 genetic factors, 121, historical background,

3 Index 525 information limitations and girls, , 126 intelligence level, , 135 learning disorders, 128, and low-birth weight, 138 neural deficits, and parental remarriage, 419 parent-child relations, 130, peer relations, and physical/sexually abuse, 133, 366 and prenatal exposures, 138 severity and gender, 122, sex differences, , sex-specific diagnosis issue, and sexual abuse, 362, 366 signs of, 120, 125, 134 stability over time, 121 subtypes of, 118, 121 treatment of, Attitudes, and relationship violence, 398 Attributions of abusive mothers, 334 ADHD, 129 chronically ill, 498 depression, 30 31, 33, 44, 46 guilt, 52 parental divorce, 428 Autism diagnostic criteria, 213 features of, 213 play preferences, 218 restricted and repetitive behaviors in, sex differences. See Pervasive developmental disorders and gender systemizing versus empathizing in, 11 Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), 228 Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-G (ADOS-G), Autism Screening Questionnaire (ASQ), 228 Autonomic reactivity anxiety, 52 depression, 37 social phobia, 85 Autonomy of child, and parental abuse, Beck Depression Inventory, Behavioral/emotional problems aggression/antisocial behavior, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dating violence, depression, developmental factors related to, eating disorders, gender identity disorder, homeless girls, and learning disorders, and mental retardation, and parental divorce/remarriage, pervasive developmental disorders, and physical abuse/neglect, psychopathology, use of term, 3 research needs, and sexual abuse, substance abuse, themes in study of, Behavioral theories, of depression, Beliefs, and relationship violence, 398 Binge-eating disorder, core signs of, physical and behavioral impact, 468 See also Eating disorders Biobehavioral model, depression, 32, 41 Biological development puberty, 10 sex-typed behaviors, 9 10 Biological theories of ADHD, 121, aggression/antisocial behavior, of anxiety disorders, of depression, eating disorders, 478 gender identity disorder, learning disorders, Birth control use, homeless girls, Bisexuals dating violence, 392 sexual orientation, transition to, 388 Body image and depression, 27, 36, 59 and ethnic minorities, 44 45, 471 and substance abuse, 195 See also Eating disorders Borderline personality disorder, and physical abuse/neglect, 328, 342 Boys male preference in families, masculine traits, stereotypical, 47, 51, relational orientation style, 102 sexually abused, 369 Brain. See Neurological factors Breast cancer, and alcohol use, 189 Bulimia nervosa, core signs of, mortality risk, 467 physical and behavioral impact, 467 See also Eating disorders

4 526 Index Cancer, 493 Caring behaviors. See Prosocial behaviors Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT), 228 Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), 290, 299 Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), 228 Childhood disintegrative disorder, features of, Child protection system, 324, 326, Children s Depression Inventory, Children s Sex Role Inventory, 100 Chronic illness defined, 489 increased rates in children, 491, 495 prevalence in children, types in children, Chronic illness, adaptation to, adjustment, variables related to, 490 asthma, 500, 506 diabetes, disability-stress-coping model, and eating disorders, 507, family influences, Pless and Pinkerton adjustment model, and puberty, 511 research/information needs, 490 sex differences, 14, 497, , sickle cell disease, social support, effects of, and stressful life events, 512 transactional stress and coping model, Cigarette smoking. See Substance abuse Cognitive-behavioral theories aggression/antisocial behavior, depression, 31 substance abuse, 197 Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders, 105 for depression, for depression prevention, 57 Cognitive development language development, 10 and physical abuse/neglect, sex differences, and sexual abuse, 362, 364 Cognitive distortions and depression, 30 31, 46, 55 types of, 30 31, 46 Cognitive functioning and learning disorders, See also Intelligence level Cognitive styles, and depression, 31, 46 Cognitive vulnerability-stress model, depression, 33, 46 Communication-styles, pervasive developmental disorders and gender, 225 Comorbidity ADHD, 92, , , 140, 155 aggression/antisocial behavior, anxiety disorders, 81, 91 92, 155, 273 depression, 28, 91 92, 155, 273 eating disorders, 469 gender-based, 14 15, 28 gender-paradox of, 48 learning disorders, research needs, 17 substance abuse, See also specific disorders Concentration difficulty, and depression, 26 Conduct disorder and ADHD, , behaviors related to, gender paradox, 156 homeless girls, 454 sex-specific signs, 125 substance abuse, See also Aggression/antisocial behavior Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS), 403 Conformity, girls loss of voice, 12, 13, 47, 476 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 304 Continuities/discontinuities of development and ADHD, 121 and aggressive behavior, and anxiety, 49, and girls development, 7 Control, sense of and eating disorders, 476 See also Attributions Coping Cat program, 105 Coping with Stress program, 57 Coping style chronic illness. See Chronic illness, adaptation to and depression, 45 46, 47 sex differences, 496 Cortisol and depression, 31, and sexual abuse, 362, 366, 368, 372 and in utero anxiety, Corumination, and depression, Cultural factors anxiety disorders, depression, 28, gender identity disorder, 293 girls disorders, 15 physical abuse/neglect, substance abuse,

5 Index 527 Custody arrangements, father custody, effects of, 430 Cystic fibrosis, 493 Dating, normal progression, Dating violence, assessment issues, attachment theory of, , 399 comorbidity, 393 defined, 382 developmental course of, and early maturation, and early physical abuse/neglect, , 400 ethnic minorities, forms of, functions of, 385 gender and reactions to, 386 gender-specific rates, impact of, intervention strategies, lesbians, 392 motivation for, 385, mutual violence, , objectification theory, and other interpersonal relationships, prevention of, rape, research/information needs, risk and family violence, 335, 338, , 400 social learning theory of, , 398 and social skills deficits, Daydreaming, ADHD and girls, 125, 139 Delinquency age of onset factors, 158, 160 and arrest, 153 behaviors related to, 153, 155 defined, 153 moral disengagement in, and physical abuse/neglect, 343 reduction and parent behaviors, 168 sex differences, 153 and substance abuse, 153, 155, 164 See also Aggression/antisocial behavior Dependent life events, meaning of, 42 Depression, and anxiety disorders, 28, 36, 49 50, 81, attributions in, 30 31, 33, 44, 46 behavioral theories of, biobehavioral model, 32, 41 and brain, 31 32, 37 childhood precursors to, 48, childhood risk factors, 33, 48 cognitive-behavioral theories of, 31 and cognitive styles, 31, 46, 55 cognitive vulnerability-stress model of, 33, 46 comorbidity, 28, 49 50, 91 92, 155, 273, 469 coping styles, 45 46, 47 cultural factors, 28, definition of, 26 developmental psychopathology view, and divorce, 39 and eating disorders, 468, 469 epidemiology, 29 gender-intensification hypothesis of, 32 33, 49 and gender roles, 33, 45, 47, 49 and gender socialization, 47, genetic factors, 31, 34 35, 38 global rates of, 44 heart rate, 37 homeless girls, 454 and interpersonal relations, and learning disorders, and mental retardation, 247 and parental depression, and parental marital discord, 39, and parent-child relationships, and peer social support, and physical/sexual abuse, 40 41, 363 prevalence and females, 4, prevention of, psychoanalytic theory of, 30, 50 and puberty/hormones, 10, 29, 33, risk factors, 33, 48 and self-esteem, 12, 13, 46 sex differences, 26 27, 29, 44, and sex role stereotypes, 47, 51 and sexual abuse, 40 41, 367, 371 signs of, 26, 27, 28 and socialization, 30, and socioeconomic status (SES), 43 and stressful life events, stress-response system, 31, and substance abuse, 28, theoretical/research needs, treatment of, triggers for, Development biological, 9 10 changes and stress. See Transitions, developmental cognitive development, defined, 8, 123 sex differences, 8 9 socio-emotional, within-gender variations, 9 Developmental Behaviour Checklist, 247

6 528 Index Developmental delay physical abuse/neglect, 341 sexual abuse, 362 Developmental psychopathology basic assumptions in, 6 7, 123 benign childhood myth, 52 comorbidity, continuities/discontinuities, 7 defined, 6, 48, 123 risk factors, study of, 7 severity aspect, 14 Developmental psychopathology view ADHD, anxiety disorders, depression, gender identity disorder, Diabetes adaptation to, , 512 complications of, 493 and eating disorders, 513 prevalence of, 493, 506 and puberty, 513 treatment of, 493 Diagnostic overshadowing, mental retardation, 244 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) ADHD, 118, anxiety disorders, 84, 86, 91 92, depression, eating disorders, gender identity disorder, learning disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, 214 substance abuse, 183, Direct aggression, defined, Disability-stress-coping model, Dissociative symptoms posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 89 sexual abuse, , 366, 372 Divorce, adult children, problems of, age and impact, child custody, 430 child self-blame, 428 child temperament, and depression, 39 economic decline, 426 ethnic minorities, 415 family changes related to, 39, 426 parental psychopathology, parent-child relationship, parenting practices, 423 pre-divorce child problems, pre-divorce marital conflict, psychopathology risk, research/information needs, 432 sensitization to stress, social support, benefits of, 428 therapeutic interventions, See also Remarriage Domestic violence and dating violence, 335, 338, , 400 and gender identity disorder, 310 impact of, 335 and physical abuse/neglect, 335 See also Physical abuse/neglect; Sexual abuse Down syndrome, 241 Drug abuse. See Substance abuse Drug treatment ADHD, anxiety disorders, depression, 57 eating disorders, 478, 481 pervasive developmental disorders, 230 sex differences and response, 57, Dual diagnosis, mental retardation, 240, Dual pathway model, eating disorders, 475 Dutch Eating Behaviors Questionnaire (DEBQ), 481 Dysthymia affectivity related to, signs of, 26, 28 Eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, assessment issues, 481 binge-eating disorder, and body image, 464, 512 bulimia nervosa, chronically ill, 507, comorbidity, 469 and developmental transitions, diagnostic issues, DSM-IV on, dual pathway model, 475 ethnic minorities, family/parental influences, food refusal as, 469 and gender socialization, genetic factors, 478 and mass media, neopsychoanalytic theory, and neurotransmitters, 478 objectification theory, and peer relations, 479 and physical abuse/neglect, 328, 342, 373 prevalence of, 4, prevention of, research/information needs, 482

7 Index 529 sex differences, 464, 470, and sexual abuse, 363, 373, 480 and substance abuse, 187 theory of self, 474 treatment of, 478, 481 Educational achievement. See Academic performance Emotional abuse, elements of, 327 Emotional expression and gender socialization, 54 and girls, 51 52, 222, 496 Emotional regulation, and girls, 12 13, 51 Emotional state awareness and girls, 45 46, 222 parental reaction to, Emotions developmental view. See Socioemotional development recognition and pervasive developmental disorders, 221 sex role stereotypes, 51, 496 Empathy capacity and pervasive developmental disorders, protective, and aggression/antisocial behavior, 166 sex differences, 12, Enuresis, and sexual abuse, , 365, 368 Environmental factors, resilience, 7 Ethnic minorities anxiety disorders, body image, 471 dating violence, divorce, 415 eating disorders, mental retardation, 241 physical abuse/neglect, 331, 335 sexual abuse, See also specific ethnic and minority groups Exercise, and eating disorders, 466 Expressed emotion (EE), parents of ADHD girls, 133 Face recognition, pervasive developmental disorders and gender, 221 Family, structural changes in, Family functioning, assessment of, Family and parental influences ADHD children, 130, aggression/antisocial behavior, and anxiety disorders, 93 94, 103 child physical/sexual abuse, and chronically ill, , closeness as protective factor, depressed parents, profile of, and depression, 30, 37 41, domestic violence, 335 eating disorders, expresses emotion (EE), 133 gender identity disorder, homeless girls, , 445, overprotection, 40 parenting skill deficits, and resilience, 7 substance abuse, 193 See also Divorce; Fathers; Gender socialization; Genetic factors; Marital discord; Mothers; Remarriage Family systems theory, marital conflict, impact of, Family therapy depressed adolescents, 57 depression prevention, Family violence. See Domestic violence; Physical abuse/neglect; Sexual abuse Fathers and custody arrangements, 430 and gender identity disorder, 310 and physical abuse/neglect, 322, 329, 331 and sexual abuse, , 443 Fatigue, and depression, 26 Fears in Williams syndrome, 251 See also Anxiety disorders Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R), 100 Female socialization. See Gender socialization Fragile X syndrome, features of, genetic factors, 241, genetic testing, Friendships and ADHD girls, and chronically ill, opposite-sex and delinquency, 170 See also Peer relations Gender, use of term, 4 Gender identity, elements of, Gender identity disorder, adult outcome, age of onset, 289 assessment instruments, 290, , 306 behavioral persistence, and behavior problems, biological theories, clothing/hair style, , 310

8 530 Index Gender identity disorder (cont.) cultural factors, 293 developmental psychopathological view, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, 297 historical view, and homosexual orientation, and male familial aggression, 310 maternal report data, and mother-daughter attachment, peer relations, 303, 308 prenatal hormone hypothesis, prevalence of, referral rates and gender, sex reassignment surgery, 290, 312 signs in girls, , 294 and socioeconomic status (SES), 292 treatment approaches, Gender Identity Interview for Children, Gender intensification causes of, 33 defined, 14 and depression, 32 33, 49 See also Gender paradox Gender paradox ADHD, , 138 aggression/antisocial behavior, 156 comorbidity, 48 meaning of, 14, 135 and severity of disorder, Gender roles and anxiety disorders, 93, and depression, 33, 45, 47, 49, 51 feminine/masculine traits, 47, and girls loss of voice, 12, 13, 47 and pervasive developmental disorders, and self-sacrificing schema, 47 stereotypes and emotions, 51 Gender socialization and anxiety disorders, 93, , 103 and depression, 30, 45, 47, and eating disorders, and feminine/masculine traits, 47 and girls victimization, 15 and interpersonal relations, 53 55, 496, 513 and play, and self-esteem, 496 traditional, goals of, 47 Gender-typed behaviors, and biological development, 9 10 Generalized anxiety disorder, epidemiology, overanxious disorder of childhood and adolescence (OAD), over life span, 81 sex differences, 86 signs of, somatic complaints, 87 Genetic factors, ADHD, 121, aggression/antisocial behavior, depression, 31, 34 35, 38 eating disorders, 478 Fragile X syndrome, 241, learning disorders, 268 pervasive developmental disorders, Rett s disorder, 213 sickle cell disease, 494, substance abuse, Williams syndrome, 250 Genetic testing, Fragile X syndrome, Genital abnormalities, and sexual abuse, 362, 366 Girls developmental advantage paradox, 52 feminine traits, stereotypical, 47, 51, 100 maturation. See Adolescence; Puberty relational orientation style, 102 resilience of, 343 use of term, 3 value of, historical view, Greater variability model, pervasive developmental disorders and gender, 217 Group therapy, ADHD, 140 Growth hormone, and abused children, 341 Guilt and anxiety, and attributional style, 52 and depression, 26, 30, 38, 46 meaning of, 46 sex differences, 46 Headaches anxiety disorders, 83, 87, 90 depression, 90 Health problems and anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa, 467 and physical abuse/neglect, and sexual abuse, , See also Somatic symptoms Heart rate anxiety disorders, 99 depression, 37

9 Index 531 Heritability. See Genetic factors Hermaphrodites, 304 Hispanic Americans eating disorders, 471 mental retardation, 241 physical abuse/neglect, 331 HIV/AIDS complications of, 494 management of, 494 prevalence of, 494, 495 Homeless girls, academic achievement of, 444 birth control use, dysfunctional families of, , 445, leaving home, reasons for, mental health problems of, peer relations, 456 physical/sexual abuse, pregnancy of, research needs, research projects on, risk amplification model, sexual behavior of, shelter arrangements of, STD risk, substance abuse, survival strategies, 446 treatment approach, victimization of, Homosexual orientation, gender identity disorder, Hormones abused children, 341 aggression/antisocial behavior, anxiety disorders, 100 depression and puberty, 10, 33, gender identity disorder, mental retardation, sex-typed behaviors, 9 10 substance abuse, Hyperactivity disorder. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Hyperactivity Scale of Aberrant Behavior Checklist, 247 Hyperphagia, in Prader-Willi syndrome, 252 Hysteria, Freudian view, 80 Illness. See Chronic illness, adaptation to Independent life events, meaning of, 42 Indirect aggression, defined, Infants, physical abuse/neglect of, , 342 Information processing, sex differences, 10 Intelligence level of abusive mothers, 334 ADHD, , 135 and aggression/antisocial behavior, 164 IQ-discrepancy formula, 269 and physical abuse/neglect, See also Mental retardation Internalizing disorders and conduct disorder, 135 and diabetes, 507 outcomes of, 135 and puberty, 100 sex differences, 100, 128, 247, 507 and sexual abuse, , , 368 Interpersonal relations of abusive mothers, 334 and adjustment to divorce, 428 and attachment, and autism, 213, dating, and depression, as female focus, and gender socialization, 53 55, 496, 513 interactions, sex differences, 12, 52 relational orientation styles and gender, 102 and risk of dating violence, and social cognition, See also Friendships; Peer relations; Social skills deficits IQ. See Intelligence level Language development and cognitive development, 10 pervasive developmental disorders and gender, sex differences, 10, 224 Learned helplessness, 30, 44 Learning disabilities definition of, 264 See also Learning disorders; Mathematics disability; Reading disability Learning disorders academic performance, and ADHD, 128, adult outcomes, and anxiety disorders, 273 assessment of, behavioral problems, 269 and brain, cognitive functioning, comorbidity, and depression, features of, 264 genetic factors, 268 intervention, 276 mathematics disability, peer acceptance, and perspective-taking,

10 532 Index Learning disorders (cont.) reading disability, research needs, 277 risk reduction, 276 sex differences, , social information processing, subtypes, 265 Lesbians coming-out, transition to, 388 dating violence, 392 Liability/threshold model, pervasive developmental disorders and gender, 217 Loss of voice defined, 47 depression, 46, 49 eating disorders, 476 prevention of, 59 and self-esteem, 12, 13 Low-birth weight ADHD, 138 later problems, 491 Macbeth, Lady, Major depressive disorder DSM definition of, 26 See also Depression Marianisma, 193 Marijuana use. See Substance abuse Marital discord and childhood sexual abuse, 363, 367 and depression, 39, family systems view of, impact on adolescents, 421 later risk and family violence, 335 pre-divorce, Masculinity, terms related to, 47 Mass media, and eating disorders, Maternal depression and child EEG activity, 37 and child s depression, 38 39, 55 and early puberty, 36 and gender identity disorders, Mathematics disability, Math and science achievement, sex differences, 11, 266 Medication treatment. See Drug treatment Memory deficits, and sexual abuse, 364, 372 Menopause, early and alcohol use, 189 Mental retardation, and anxiety disorders, degree-of-impairment approach, 240 and depression, 247 dual diagnosis, 240, ethnic minorities, 241 Fragile X syndrome, genetic factors, 241, and hormones, information/research needs, information sources on, 242 interventions, 258 Prader-Willi syndrome, prevalence, 241 and puberty/menstruation, 257 Rett s disorder, 213 sex differences, siblings of children with, subtypes, 240 Williams syndrome, women and parenting, Mexican Americans depression, 44 substance abuse, Minorities. See Ethnic minorities; specific minority groups Mood disorders dysthymic disorder, 26 See also Depression Moral disengagement, and aggressive behavior, Mothers abusive, interventions for, , of ADHD girls, anxiety in pregnancy, and conduct disorder, 167 and coping with illness, depressed. See Maternal depression and eating disorders, 479 and gender identity disorder of daughter, with learning disorders, mentally retarded, parenting skill deficits, causes of, physical abuse/neglect by, , 325, 329, remarriage, effects of, See also Single-mother families Multiple personality disorders, and physical abuse/neglect, 342 Murder of child, 322, 331 Musculoskeletal pain, and anxiety disorders, 83, 90 Native Americans eating disorders, 471 physical abuse/neglect, 331 Neglect. See Physical abuse/neglect Neopsychoanalytic theory, eating disorders, Neurological factors addiction, 190 depression, 31 32, 37 learning disorders,

11 Index 533 mathematics disability, neural deficits and ADHD, pervasive developmental disorders and gender, 11, reading disability, sexual dimorphism, 218 Neurotransmitters and addiction, 190 and depression, and eating disorders, 478 Nightmares generalized anxiety disorder, 87 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 89 separation anxiety disorder, 82 Nonverbal communication, girl s advantage, 221, 223 Nonverbal learning disability, 265 Nurturance instincts, in Prader-Willi syndrome, 253 Obesity, in Prader-Willi syndrome, 252 Objectification theory dating violence, eating disorders, 477 Obsessive compulsive disorder common compulsions, 88 epidemiology, 96 features of, 88 Prader-Willi syndrome, 252, 258 sex differences, 81 Osteoporosis, and alcohol use, 189 Output disorder, 265 Overanxious disorder of childhood and adolescence (OAD), epidemiology, Overprotection, and depression, 40 Overt aggression, defined, 150 Panic disorder epidemiology, 96 features of, 88 and puberty, 100 sex differences, 81, 96 somatic complaints, 88 Pappenheim, Bertha, 80 Parental influences. See Family and parental influences Peer relations ADHD, aggression/antisocial behavior, , anxiety disorders, 83, 85, 90 91, 94, 102 chronically ill, depression, 42 43, eating disorders, 479 gender identity disorder, 303, 308 homeless girls, 456 learning disorders, physical abuse/neglect, 337, 342 sexual abuse, 363, 366 substance abuse, 194, Two Cultures Theory, Perfectionism, and generalized anxiety disorder, 87 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 324 Perspective-taking and abused/neglected girls, 328 and learning disorders, pervasive developmental disorders and gender, theory of mind, 222 Pervasive developmental disorders, Asperger s disorder, 213 assessment of, autism, 10 11, 213 childhood disintegrative disorder, genetic factors, not otherwise specified, 214 restricted and repetitive behaviors in, Rett s disorder, 213 sex differences. See Pervasive developmental disorders and gender therapeutic interventions, and unusual interests, 225 See also specific disorders Pervasive developmental disorders and gender, , assessment issues, brain differences model, 11, communication-styles, 225 empathy, capacity for, 11, face and affect recognition, 221 greater variability model, 217 intervention issues, 230 language development, liability/threshold model, 217 perspective-taking, sex-specific conduct, Pheromones, and female puberty, 36 Phobias (specific) common types, 89 features of, sex differences, 81 Phonological processing disorder, 265 Physical abuse/neglect, and academic performance, ADHD girls, 133, 366 of adolescents, 328, 338 age and effects, 328 child assessment, child protection system, 324, 326, child response, variables in,

12 534 Index Physical abuse/neglect (cont.) cognitive impacts, co occurrence of maltreatment, 328, 335, 338 cultural factors, and dating violence, , 400 definitions, developmental lags, 341 and domestic violence, 335 emotional abuse, 327 ethnic minorities, 331, 335 family assessment, by fathers, 322, 329, 331 and gender identity disorder, 310 health impact, historical context, of homeless girls, identification with aggressor, 310 of infants, intergenerational transmission of, interventions for girls, interventions for mothers, , and later depression, legal categories of, 327 maternal disturbances, mental disorders as effect, 328, by mothers, , 325, 329, murder of child, 322, 331 and parenting skill deficits, peer relations, 337, 342 physical development, , 343 prevalence and age, 331 psychopathology related to, 40 41, 328, recidivism, resilience and girls, 343 school behavior problems, and self-efficacy, and socioeconomic status, 322, , 330, 332, socioemotional impacts, Physical development and physical abuse/neglect, and sexual abuse, , Play and autism, 218 sex differences, Polygenetic multiple threshold model, of sex differences, 14 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) early and dating violence, 400 epidemiology, 96 features of, 90 homeless girls, physical abuse/neglect, sex differences, 81 sexual abuse, 362, 372 and substance abuse, 187 Prader-Willi syndrome, compulsive behavior in, 252, 258 features of, genetic factors, hyperphagia in, 252 nurturance instincts in, 253 Pregnancy gender identity disorder and prenatal hormones, low-birth weight infants, 138 maternal substance abuse and ADHD, 138 and transmission of anxiety, See also Teen pregnancy Pre-School Activities Inventory, 306 Prevention issues related to girls, See also specific disorders Problem behavior theory, of substance abuse, 196 Prosocial behaviors, and girls, 49, 51, 55 Prosocial emotions, sex differences, 12 Psychoanalytic theory Anna O. case, 80 of depression, 30, 50 Psychobiological effects. See Autonomic reactivity; Cortisol; Heart rate; Hormones; Stress-response system Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (PMWI), 403 Psychomotor activity, and depression, 26, 27, 28 Psychopathology and gender, research/information needs, 2, 4 6, 13 risk and divorce, sex differences, 3 4 See also Behavioral/emotional problems; Developmental psychopathology Psychotherapy, for depressed adolescents, 57 Puberty and anxiety disorders, 100 and body image. See Eating disorders and chronically ill, 511 and depression, 10, 29, 33, diabetes onset in, 513 environmental changes related to, 41 girls vulnerability, 10, 14 and internalizing symptoms, 100 and mentally retarded girls, 257 rites of passage, 59 and sexually abused, 363, 367 as stressful life event, 198, therapeutic interventions during, 58 59

13 Index 535 Puberty, early and conduct disorder, 164 and dating violence, and maternal depression, 36 and substance abuse, Public speaking, fear of, Rape and dating violence, and homeless girls, 447 See also Sexual abuse Reading disability, behavioral factors, 269 bias and IQ-discrepancy formula, 269 cognitive features of, genetic factors, 268 neurological factors, prevalence of, 266 sex differences, Rejected children and ADHD, and aggression/antisocial behavior, 169 Relational aggression defined, 150 impact of, 151, 156 Remarriage and early puberty in girls, 36 gender and reaction to, 419 and homeless girls, 442 and parent-child relationship, and psychopathology risk, 419 and sexual abuse, 429 Repetitive behaviors, pervasive developmental disorders, Research, future topics for, Resilience and child-rearing environment, 7 children of divorce, 419 of girls, 343 Rett s disorder, features of, 213 Reward-deficiency pathways theory, of addiction, 190 Risk amplification model, homeless girls, Risk factors and socioeconomic status (SES), study of, 7 Risk-taking and physical abuse/neglect, 341, 343 and sexual abuse, 372 and substance abuse, 192, 195 and testosterone, 192 Rites of passage, 59 Rituals autism, and normal development, 226 obsessive compulsive disorder, 88 Roles, gender. See Gender roles; Gender socialization Role-taking. See Perspective-taking Romantic relationships, dating, Rumination defined, 50 and depression, 50, 53 Safe Dates program, 405 School avoidance separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, 84, School behavior problems and dating involvement, 391 homeless girls, 444 and physical abuse/neglect, and sexual abuse, 362 School performance. See Academic achievement Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) anxiety disorders, eating disorders, 478, 481 pervasive developmental disorders, sex differences in response to, 57, 106, 230 Self-blame and girls, 53 54, 59 and parental divorce, 428 and peer relationships, 42 and physical/sexual abuse, 41 and sexual abuse, 329 Self-concept and adaptation to chronic illness, 496 sex differences, 496 Self-efficacy, and physical abuse/neglect, Self-esteem and approval of others, 12 and depression, 12, 13, 46, 54 and gender socialization, 496 and loss of voice, 12, 13, 47, 476 and parental discord, 39 and peer victimization, 91 Self-expression inhibition and girls, 47, See also Loss of voice Self-image sex differences, 257 and substance abuse, See also Body image Self system, and eating disorders, 474 Sensation seeking. See Risk-taking Separation anxiety disorder, comorbidity, 92 epidemiology, 95 ethnic minorities, 97

14 536 Index Separation anxiety disorder (cont.) school avoidance, signs of, 82 83, somatic complaints, 83 Severity of disorder, gender-paradox, 14, Sex, use of term, 4 Sex differences, 10, 224 ADHD, , aggression, 12, 14, 49 aggression/antisocial behavior, 12, 14, 49, , 163 antidepressants, response to, 57, 106, 230 anxiety disorders, 49, 80 81, 86, 88, assessment measures, 104 autism, 10 11, behavioral problems, rates of, 4 5 chronic illness, adaptation to, 14, 497, 506, 507, , 510 cognitive development, comorbidity, 14 15, 28 coping style, 496 cross-gender behavior referrals, delinquency, 153 depression, 26 27, 29, 44, eating disorders, 464, 470, empathy, 12, gender-paradox, 48, 135 guilt, 46 information processing, 10 internalizing disorders, 100, 128, 247, 507 interpersonal interactions, 12, 52 language development, 10 learning disorders, , math and science, 11, 266 meaning of, 4 mental retardation, normal development, 8 9 pervasive developmental disorders, , play, polygenetic multiple threshold model, 14 prosocial emotions, 12 reading disability, relationship-focus, 12 self-concept, 496 self-image, 257 sexual abuse, socioemotional development, stressful life events, reactions to, 42, 101, substance abuse, , Sex reassignment surgery, 290, 312 Sexual abuse, and academic performance, 362, , , age and effects, age of risk, 338, , 365 aggression/antisocial behavior, , 169, 371, 372 child age differences in, 358 defined, 357 depression, 40 41, 367, 371 eating disorders, 363, 373, 480 ethnic minorities, 335, and fathers, , 443 gender identity disorders, 310 health impact, 362, 372 of homeless girls, 443 inappropriate sexual behaviors, , , 372 later adult profile, male victims, 369 mediating factors, most adverse impact, variables in, physical development, , prevalence of, research designs used, research/information limitations, revictimization, 363 school behavior problems, 362 self-blame, 329 sex differences, and socioeconomic status, 359 socioemotional development, , somatic complaints, , 365, , 371 and stepfathers, 429, 443 stress-response system, 359, 366, 368, 372 suicidal ideation, 187, 363, 367 therapeutic interventions, Williams syndrome, Sexual behavior aggressive girls, 159 and dating, 387, 391 of homeless girls, and physical abuse/neglect, 341 risky, and dating violence, 393 and sexual abuse, , , 372 and Williams syndrome, Sexual dimorphism, brain, 218 Sexual harassment, teasing as, , 479 Sexually transmitted disease (STD), homeless girls,

15 Index 537 Siblings of children with mental retardation, differential treatment and depression, 35, 59 and incidence of ADHD, and sexual abuse, 443 support and parental divorce, 428 Sickle cell disease adaptation to, complications of, 494 prevalence of, 494, 508 treatment of, 494 Single-mother families parenting issues, 423 and physical abuse/neglect, Sleep problems, depression, 26, 27 Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, 94 Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised, 104 Social development empathy, 12, 166 pervasive developmental disorders and girls, Social isolation, of abusive mothers, 334, 336 Socialization. See Gender socialization Social learning theory of dating violence, , 398 of substance abuse, Social phobia, epidemiology, 95 over life span, 81 and peer relations, 85 school avoidance, sex differences, 81 signs of, 84 Social skill deficits of abusive mothers, 334, 336 aggression/antisocial behavior, anxiety disorders, dating violence, learning disorders, physical abuse/neglect, 337, 342 sexual abuse, 363, 366 Social skills. See Interpersonal relations; Peer relations Social skills training, for abused children, Social support, chronically ill, Socioeconomic status (SES) and aggression/antisocial behavior, and anxiety disorders, decline and divorce, 426 and depression, 43 and gender identity disorder, 292 and physical abuse/neglect, 322, , 330, 332, and risk factors, and sexual abuse, 359 Socioemotional development and physical abuse/neglect, play, sex differences, and sexual abuse, , Somatic symptoms anxiety disorders, 83, 85, 87, 88, 90 physical abuse/neglect, 341 sexual abuse, , 365, , 371 Stability over time. See Continuities/ discontinuities of development Stepfathers, and sexual abuse, 429, 443 Stimulant medication, for ADHD, Stockholm syndrome, 310 Stomachaches, anxiety disorders, 83, 87, 90 Stressful life events and anxiety disorders, 101 chronic illness as. See Chronic illness, adaptation to dependent and independent events, 42 and depression, forms of, 41, 497 puberty as, 198, sex differences in reaction to, 42, 101, and substance abuse, 195, Stress-response system anger management problems, 334, 343 depression, 31, parental divorce, physical abuse/neglect, 343 sexual abuse, 359, 366, 368, 372 Substance abuse, of abusive mothers, 334 and ADHD, 129 age and outcome, 188 age and use, 185 and aggression/antisocial behavior, 190 and body image, 195 cessation/relapse, cognitive theories of, 197 comorbidity, , 190 and conduct disorder, and culture, daily prevalence use, and dating violence, 393 decrease in, 184 and delinquency, 153, 155, 164 and depression, 28, diagnostic criteria, and early puberty, and eating disorders, 187

16 538 Index Substance abuse (cont.) family influences, 193 genetic factors, health impact, 189 historical view, homeless girls, and hormones, 192 image/popularity and, over life course, maternal, and ADHD, 138 and peer relations, 194, pharmacological effects and girls, 189 and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 187 problem behavior theory of, 196 and risk-taking, 195 sex differences, , soical learning theory of, and stressful life events, 195, Suicidal ideation ADHD, 129 depression, 26 sexual abuse, 187, 363, 367 substance abuse, 187 Systemizing, and autism, 11 Teachers, depression prevention, Teasing in cross-sex relationships, as sexual harassment, , 479 Teen pregnancy homeless girls, risk and aggressive girls, 159 risk and child abuse, 372 Temperament and anxiety disorders, 93, and impact of parental divorce, Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, 249 Testosterone and aggressive behavior, 163 and risk-taking, 192 Theory of mind skills, pervasive developmental disorders and gender, Theory of planned behavior, health behavior, 197 Theory of reasoned action, health behavior, 197 Therapeutic day care, 346 Transactional stress and coping model, Transitions, developmental eating disorders, stress, See also Puberty Transsexualism, historical view, Treatment foundations for, issues related to girls, 18 medication. See Drug treatment See also specific disorders Triggers, depression, Two Cultures Theory, Victimization and dating violence, and gender socialization, 15 homeless youth, and self-esteem, 91 and sexual abuse, 363 Violence. See Dating violence; Domestic violence; Physical abuse/neglect; Sexual abuse Vulnerabilities. See Cognitive vulnerability-stress model Weight gain, and depression, 26, 27 Well baby visits, 337 Williams syndrome, fearfulness, 251 features of, 250 genetic factors, 250 sexual abuse, social disinhibition, Worrying, in generalized anxiety disorder, Youth Relationship Project, 405