Bell Work for Day One

Transcription

1 Bell Work for Day One Write these terms and their meanings in your notes related to the Integumentary System. EPIDERMIS (epi- = upon/over) DERMIS (derm- = skin) (SUBCUTANEOUS OR SUPERFICIAL FASCIA) This is not considered the true skin or integument. HYPODERMIS (hypo- = below)(sub-=below)(cutane-=skin) *Also, write the standard on the following slide in your notes.

2 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM- THE LARGEST ORGAN Anatomy & Physiology

3 Standard-(write in your notes) 8) Create a model with a written, digital, or verbal explanation of the three layers of skin (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous). Summarize functions and characteristics of each layer; describe layers within epidermis and dermis; outline and sketch cell types and definitions, appendages, blood supply, innervation, and possible lesions.

4 Objectives for Day One Outline the structure and function of the three layers of the skin (including its appendages, nerves, and blood vessels) through the creation of a model. Distinguish each cell type of the skin by outlining a provided sketch.

5 The Integumentary System 2 components of the integumentary system: 1. Cutaneous membrane Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis 2. Accessory structures (appendages) Hair Nails Exocrine glands Consider previous classes, how are exocrine glands different than endocrine glands?

6 Functions of the Integumentary System Protection- Consider past lessons In what ways does the integument (skin) provide protection? Temperature maintenance- Think about your own body what happens when you get too hot? Too cold? Synthesis and storage of nutrients- We will discuss these later in this lesson, but what other body system would the integument communicate with based on this function? Sensory reception What body system does this relate to? Which special sense relates to the integument? Absorption- What is an example of something the integument absorbs? Excretion & secretion- What do these mean?

7 Share out! What is excretion? What is secretion? What s the difference? Write examples of each in your notes. (Make sure you know the difference!) Quickly view the link explaining the differences:

8 Epidermis Superficial epithelium Avascular- What does this mean? Thick skin 5 layers Palms of hands, soles of feet Thin skin 4 layers Layers of epidermis: 1. Stratum basale 2. (Intermediate strata) 1. Stratum spinosum 2. Stratum granulosum 3. Stratum lucidum- (only hands/feet) 3. Stratum corneum **Broccoli Soup Gives Lucy Cramps!

9 Stratum Basale (start at the base) Epidermal ridges extend downward into the dermis Dermal papillae extend upward between epidermal ridges Ridge contours are genetically determined **This combination yields our fingerprints!!! Obtains nutrients from dermis (Is this excretion or secretion?) Composed mostly of stem cells (continuous cell division occurs here) Contains melanocytes

10 Intermediate Strata (3 layers) Stratum spinosum Spiny layer Continues cell division Stratum granulosum Grainy layer No cell division Produces keratin Protein, water-resistant & durable *Stratum lucidum Flattened & densely packed Filled with keratin Only found in thick skin *(Palms of hands and soles of feet)

11 Stratum Corneum Most superficial layer layers Cells are dead & keratinized Tightly connected and flat Cells are shed after ~2 weeks (Activity: Take 3-5 minutes, draw a sample of the diagram to the right, outlining the cell types in each layer.)

12 Thick Skin

13 Thin Skin

14 Skin Color - Pigmentation Carotene orange/yellow pigment Converted to vitamin A, which maintains epidermis Melanin brown/yellow/black pigment Made by melanocytes in the stratum basale Stored in intracellular vesicles Production increases with UV light What do we call this? Melanin absorbs UV radiation to prevent burns Freckles are areas with heavy melanin production Dermal Circulation Gives skin reddish color due to blood vessels in the dermis What happens if melanin is NOT produced at all?

15 Melanocytes

16 Albinism Vitiligo Albinism: Absence of melanin Vitiligo: Melanin cells die or stop functioning

17 The Sun Vitamin D 3 is synthesized in the stratum spinosum and stratum basale after UV exposure Not enough Vitamin D 3 = abnormal bone growth Too much Vitamin D 3 = premature wrinkling (damaged connective tissue), chromosome damage (skin cancer) Is the sun the only cause for wrinkling or cancer?

18 Dermis Lies beneath epidermis 2 major layers 1. Papillary layer loose connective tissue Support & nourishment Contains capillaries and nerves that supply the epidermis 2. Reticular layer Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic fibers provide flexibility, collagen fibers prevent damage from flexibility Contains blood vessels, nerve receptors, hair follicles, and sweat glands

19 Nerve Receptors (Innervation)

20 Hypodermis AKA subcutaneous layer Not part of true integument No clear distinction between hypodermis & dermis Loose connective tissue with many adipocytes- What types of cells are these? Functions: Reduces heat loss Energy reserve Absorbs shock Accumulates differently in males & females Elastic No vital organs, few capillaries Good for subcutaneous injections with a hypodermic needle

21 Accessory Structures - Hair Everywhere except sides & soles of feet, palms of hands, sides of fingers & toes, lips, & parts of external genital organs Hair follicles: produce hair Structure: Follicles project into dermis and hypodermis Follicle contains cells of epidermis Hair papilla peg of connective tissue containing capillaries & nerves Hair root anchors hair to skin Hair shaft 3 layers of dead, keratinized cells 1. Cuticle surface layer of hair, overlapping shingle-like cells 2. Cortex underneath the cuticle 3. Medulla core of the hair, underneath the cortex

22 Accessory Structures - Hair

23 Accessory Structures - Hair 2.5 million hairs on the human body! ~500,000 on the head Functions of hair: UV protection Cushioning (head) Insulation Prevents entry of foreign particles into nostrils, ears, and eyes What hair protects our eyes? Prevents injury Sensory nerve fibers can feel movement of the hair shaft Responds to stress, cold, or anger/fear Arrector pili muscles in the dermis force hair to stand up

24 Accessory Structures Hair (Color) Differences in hair color due to amount of pigment produced by melanocytes Genetically determined Eumelanin-dark Pheomelanin-light No pigment or presence of bubbles-gray/white Share out! What makes a person s hair straight or curly?

25 Accessory Structures Sebaceous Glands Holocrine glands- Arrector pili muscle contracts and squeezes oil out of the gland This oil is called Sebum oily secretion Lubricates hair & skin Inhibits bacteria growth What was one of our first lines of defense in the immune response? Sensitive to changes in sex hormones Acne caused by blocked sebaceous ducts Secretions accumulate and become inflamed May lead to bacterial infection

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27 Accessory Structures Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands Apocrine sweat glands Secrete products into hair follicles in armpits, around nipples, and groin Sticky, cloudy secretion released at puberty Becomes odorous when bacteria break it down (food source) Merocrine sweat glands coiled tubular glands Discharge secretions directly onto skin surface Most numerous in palms of hands and soles of feet 99% water plus electrolytes, organic nutrients, & waste Cools skin surface & lowers body temperature Too much perspiration = dehydration Flushes microorganisms from the surface-line of defense!

28 Sweat Glands Think.Paire.Share. What are examples of times we sweat? What is the cause? What body systems relate to the structure and functions of these glands?

29 Accessory Structures - Nails Protect finger tips & limit distortion when exposed to mechanical stress Nail body dead keratinized cells Visible part Nail bed epidermis covered by nail body Nail root site of nail production Cuticle portion of the stratum corneum extending over the nail Lunula pale crescent Blood vessels obscured

30 Group Activity Create a 3D Model of the Integumentary System. Label the layers and their components, nerves, hairs, and sweat glands. On a separate sheet of piece, write down the functions of each layer. These will be judged and the winners will receives 2 points on any test!

31 Can t touch this! End of class activities. Exit Ticket: Without looking at your notes, summarize the functions of each layer of the integumentary system.

32 Bell Work Day Two What are the names of the two types of glands we discussed yesterday? Research two more types of glands found in the integumentary system: Ceruminous glands and Mammary glands. 1. What are the functions of each? 2. Can any problems occur with these glands?

33 Standards for Day Two 8) Create a model with a written, digital, or verbal explanation of the three layers of skin (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous). Summarize functions and characteristics of each layer; describe layers within epidermis and dermis; outline and sketch cell types and definitions, appendages, blood supply, innervation, and possible lesions.

34 Objectives for Day Two Briefly review yesterday s material. Sketch and describe possible skin lesions and the layers of skin affected. Continue 3D Model Group Project of the Integumentary System. Crash Course review with guided notes.

35 Draw a sketch and describe each!! (Page in the small Body Structures and Functions book.) Describe the various lesions of the skin: Bulla (large blister) (called a bleb if on lung) Macule (freckle) Nodule (wart) Pustule (pimple, acne) Papule (mole, birth mark) Tumor (benign or not) Vesicle (small blister) Wheal (hives, insect bite) Differentiated between the depth, circumference, pus, or fluid.

36 This chart has a few more examples along with visual representation. Think.Pair.Share. Notice the scar. Do you have any scars? What are some examples of scars? Do they all look the same? Are they all due to injury?

37 How about these? What are some other examples? Fissure (Crack or Split)

38 Acne Vulgaris Common chronic disorder of the sebaceous glands Due to excess production of oil Plugs the opening to the gland preventing outflow of oil White blood cells attack creating pus and an inflammatory response. What body system does this relate to? Can lead to cellulitis (an infection of the subcutaneous layer of the skin) What is the oil called that is produced? Applying what you know about infection control, what might be a cause of cellulitis or other skin infections?

39 Continue with Group Project Create a 3D Model of the Integumentary System. Label the layers and their components, nerves, hairs, and sweat glands. Add to your model at least three different lesions!! On a separate sheet of piece, write down the functions of each layer. These will be judged and the winners will receives 2 points on any test!

40 Exit Ticket What is an example of a wheal? What is the term for a large blister located on the lungs? Acne Vulgaris is a chronic disorder of (sebaceous OR sudoriferous) glands? A macule lesion is what we normally refer to as a (mole OR freckle)?

41 Bell Work Day Three What other body systems relate to the Integumentary System? How? Copy the new standard (9) in your notes.

42 Standards for Day Three (write the new one in your notes) 8) Create a model with a written, digital, or verbal explanation of the three layers of skin (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous). Summarize functions and characteristics of each layer; describe layers within epidermis and dermis; outline and sketch cell types and definitions, appendages, blood supply, innervation, and possible lesions. 9) Investigate and obtain information on a skin disorder/disease/syndrome from a medical/healthcare journal or textbook. Appraise a sample case study involving review of the A&P of the cells and tissues affected. Decide whether an inflammatory response was involved, identify the causative agent, locate signs and symptoms of the disorder, and relate to normal A&P.

43 Objectives Day Three Investigate various diseases and disorders associated with the integumentary system. Work with a small group to research an assigned disease/disorder and create a PowerPoint to present to the class.

44 Inflammatory Skin Diseases Eczema Dry red itchy scaly appearance to the skin Mainly due to an underlying allergic reaction Avoidance of the cause typically cures Non-contagious Psoriasis Dry reddish patches covered with silvery white scales. Typically seen on elbows, knees, scalp and back Treated using immune system suppressing drugs. Genetic

45 Acute vs. Chronic Eczema (Acute) Psoriasis (Chronic)

46 Boils Painful bacterial infection of the hair follicles or sebaceous glands Typically due to a staph infection. Deep in the skin and often require drainage, excision, and antibiotics **Warning: yucky picture ahead**

47 Drainage of a Boil

48 Skin Repair Skin is easily regenerated due to stem cells Inflammatory response triggered by mast cells to increase blood flow Scab restricts entry of microorganisms Cells of the stratum basale rapidly divide to replace lost cells Macrophages & phagocytes clear away debris/pathogens Scar tissue collagen fibers with few blood vessel Keloids thickened scar tissue with shiny smooth surface Damaged hair follicles, sebaceous & sweat glands, muscle cells, and nerves are rarely repaired

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50 Aging Epidermis thins as stem cell activity decreases Higher risk of skin injury and infections Skin tears (thin like paper) Number of macrophages & other immune system cells decrease Decline in Vitamin D 3 weakens muscles & bones Melanocyte activity decreases causing increased sun sensitivity Gland activity decreases causing dry/scaly skin Follicles decrease function creating thinner hair Elastic fibers decrease causing wrinkling Less blood supply to dermis means less thermoregulation What does that mean?? Repairs are very slow 3-4 weeks in young adults = 6-8 weeks at ages Causes recurrent infections

51 Think.Pair.Share. The cosmetic industry sells many products claiming to remove or prevent wrinkles. If this is true, why do people who use these creams still wrinkle as they age? What are simple ways to maintain healthy skin even with aging?

52 Group Project: Research and PPT Burns Skin Cancer Decubitus Ulcers Diabetic Wounds Click on the link from the website titled Group Project Assignments. Follow the instructions carefully. Each group has specific instructions.

53 Individual Activity Click the link called The Long and Short of Nails. OR disease_and_disorder.pdf Summarize your findings. Copy the descriptions and related conditions in your notes.

54 Exit Ticket What are three examples of signs or symptoms that the skin has been compromised and may require specific treatment. Why is it important to pay close attention and care for your own skin?

55 Bell Work Day Four Answer the 5 review questions on page 76 in the small Body Systems book. Then go to work on your projects!!!

56 Bell Work Day 5 Define the following from your small Body Systems book (page 73): Shingles (herpes roster) Herpes simplex Genital herpes Impetigo Ringworm

57 Activities Present projects. Read Burn Injury Case Study and complete the questions. (You may use your textbooks and internet sources to help answer the questions).