HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Transcription

1 C H A P T E R 51 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY THE HUMAN INTEGUMENTARY BODY: AN SYSTEM ORIENTATION

2 C H A P T E R 1 PART I THE HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION THE SKIN

3 WHAT ARE SOME QUALITIES YOU WOULD WANT IN A CAR COVER?

4 I. INTRODUCTION A. Integumentary System skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails)

5 II. THE SKIN Covers the entire body Surface area of square meters Weighs between 9 and 11 pounds Accounts for roughly 7% of total body weight Varies in thickness from 1.5mm to 4.0mm or more Ultimate Covering Waterproof Pliable yet tough Self-regenerating Lasts a lifetime!

6 II. THE SKIN A. Epidermis outermost protective shield of the body; composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

7 A. EPIDERMIS 1. Cells of the Epidermis a. Keratinocytes produce keratin b. Melanocytes synthesize melanin c. Langerhans cells phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system d. Merkel cells sensory receptor for touch

8 THE PRINCIPLE ROLE OF MELANIN IS TO 1. cause one to have that healthy tan look. 2. keep the body cool. 3. provide a waterproof layer. 4. shield from damage by ultraviolet radiation.

9 THE TOUCH SENSORS OF THE EPIDERMIS ARE THE. 1. keratinocytes 2. Merkel cells 3. Langerhans cells 4. melanocytes

10 WHAT WATERPROOFING PROTEIN IS FOUND IN THE EPIDERMIS? 1. carotene 2. melanin 3. keratin 4. merkel

11 2. LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS a. Stratum Corneum i. Location outermost layer ii. iii. Structure 20 to 30 layers of DEAD keratinized cells Function PROTECTION from abrasion, penetration, water loss, biological and chemical assaults

12 2. LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS b. Stratum Lucidum i. Location present only in thick skin ii. Structure thin, translucent band of clear, flat, dead keratinized cells

13 2. LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS c. Stratum Granulosum i. Structure 3 to 5 layers of LIVING cells; keratinocytes accumulate granules (keratohyaline granules that form keratin and lamellated granules that function in waterproofing)

14 2. LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS d. Stratum Spinosum i. Structure several cell layers containing weblike system of filaments, melanin granules, and Langerhans cells

15 2. LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS e. Stratum Basale i. Location deepest epidermal layer; firmly attached to the dermis ii. iii. Structure single row of the youngest keratinocytes; contains melanocytes and Merkel cells Function rapid cell division

16 WHICH LAYER OF THE EPIDERMIS IS FOUND ONLY IN THICK SKIN? 1. corneum 2. granulosum 3. lucidum 4. spinosum

17 A PATIENT TAKING A DRUG THAT INHIBITS CELL DIVISION (SUCH AS CERTAIN CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS) WOULD EXPECT WHICH LAYER OF THE EPIDERMIS TO BE MOST NOTICEABLY AFFECTED? 1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum spinosum 4. stratum basale

18 DOGS TRACK HUMANS BY THE SCENT OF EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT ARE CONSTANTLY BEING SHED. THESE CELLS SHED FROM WHICH LAYER? 1. basale 2. corneum 3. granulosum 4. spinosum

19 LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS

20 II. THE SKIN B. Dermis second major skin region Components include: Strong, flexible, fibrous connective tissue Highly innervated and vascularized Hair follicles, oil and sweat glands

21 DERMIS 1. Cells of the Dermis typical connective tissue cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, leukocytes) 2. Layers of the Dermis a. Papillary Layer thin, superficial layer of highly vascular areolar connective tissue (collagen & elastic fibers); responsible for fingerprints b. Reticular Layer deeper layer of dense irregular connective tissue (interlaced collagen fibers)

22 THIS LAYER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR FINGERPRINTS: 1. reticular 2. epidermis 3. hypodermis 4. papillary

23 FINGERPRINTS ARE COPIES OF. 1. dermal papillae 2. epidermal papillae 3. dermal ridges 4. epidermal ridges

24 THE PRINCIPLE TISSUES FOUND IN THE DERMAL LAYER ARE AND. 1. dense irregular connective tissue 2. stratified squamous epithelium 3. dense regular connective tissue 4. areolar connective tissue

25 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH THE DERMIS? 1. blood vessels 2. collagen 3. elastin 4. keratin

26 WHICH LAYER OF THE DERMIS IS CLOSEST TO THE EPIDERMIS? 1. stratum basale 2. stratum corneum 3. papillary 4. reticular

27 II. THE SKIN C. Hypodermis (not really part of the skin) 1. Location subcutaneous layer deep to the skin 2. Structure mostly adipose tissue 3. Function stores fat (insulator and shock absorber); sliding skin (loosely anchors the skin to the underlying structures)

28 THE SKIN AND ITS ACCESSORY STRUCTURES (E.G., FINGERNAILS) MAKE UP WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ORGAN SYSTEMS? 1. epidermis system 2. skin system 3. integumentary system 4. dermal system

29 THE SAYING BEAUTY IS ONLY SKIN DEEP IS ONLY PERTINENT TO THE LAYER, WHICH IS OUTWARDLY VISIBLE. 1. epidermal 2. dermal 3. hypodermal 4. integumentary

30 WHICH LAYER IS NOT PART OF YOUR SKIN? 1. dermis 2. epidermis 3. hypodermis 4. papillary

31 WHICH LAYER OF THE SKIN HAS NO BLOOD VESSELS? 1. dermis 2. epidermis 3. hypodermis 4. papillary

32 C H A P T E R 1 PART II THE HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN

33 I. SKIN COLOR Three pigments contribute to skin color: melanin, carotene, hemoglobin A. Melanin yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment; individual and racial differences in skin coloring reflect the kind an amount of melanin made B. Carotene yellow to orange pigment; most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet C. Hemoglobin oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood is responsible for the pinkish hue of skin

34 II. APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN A. Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands distributed over the entire skin surface, except the nipples and parts of external genitalia

35 A. SWEAT (SUDORIFEROUS) GLANDS 1. Types of Sweat Glands a. Eccrine/Merocrine Sweat Glands i. Location concentrated on palms, soles of the feet, and forehead ii. iii. iv. Structure coiled, tubular gland in dermis; duct extends into pore at the skin surface Composition of Secretions mostly water with trace salts, antibodies, metabolic wastes Function prevent overheating of the body

36 A. SWEAT (SUDORIFEROUS) GLANDS 1. Types of Sweat Glands b. Apocrine Sweat Glands i. Location axillary and anogenital regions ii. iii. iv. Structure ducts empty into hair follicles Composition of Secretions same as true sweat, plus lipids and proteins; when decomposed by bacteria on the skin à body odor Function not yet known; begin functioning at puberty and are activated by pain, stress, and arousal à sexual scent glands?

37 A. SWEAT (SUDORIFEROUS) GLANDS 1. Types of Sweat Glands b. Apocrine Sweat Glands v. Modifications Ceruminous Glands found in the external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax); deters insects and blocks entry of foreign substances Mammary Glands secrete milk

38 B. SEBACEOUS GLANDS 1. Location all over the body except palms and soles 2. Function secrete sebum, an oily substance that softens and lubricates hair and skin, slows water loss, and is bactericidal

39 SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS GLANDS. 1. ceruminous 2. endocrine 3. sebaceous 4. sweat

40 THE GLAND FOUND IN THE SKIN THAT SECRETES SEBUM IS THE: 1. endocrine 2. ceruminous 3. sebaceous 4. sudoriferous

41 THESE GLANDS ARE ONLY FOUND LINING THE EAR CANAL: 1. merocrine 2. sudoriferous 3. ceruminous 4. eccrine

42 THE SWEAT GLANDS THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION ARE THE GLANDS. 1. eccrine 2. apocrine 3. ceruminous 4. sebaceous

43 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SWEAT GLAND SECRETION IS THOUGHT TO DETER INSECTS? 1. eccrine 2. apocrine 3. ceruminous 4. mammary

44 ONE CRITICAL FUNCTION OF SEBUM, IN ADDITION TO ROLES IN WATERPROOFING AND SKIN SOFTENING, IS THAT IT PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST. 1. overexposure to the sun 2. overheating 3. exposure to harmful bacteria 4. abrasions, or cuts to the skin

45 THE MOST PREDOMINANT TYPE OF SWEAT GLAND, THE ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND, PLAYS A ROLE IN. 1. milk production 2. stress-induced sweating 3. body temperature regulation 4. ear wax production

46 C. HAIRS & HAIR FOLLICLES 1. Location distributed over the entire skin surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples and portions of the external genitalia 2. Function a. Sense insects on the skin b. Guard head against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight c. Eyelashes shield the eyes d. Nose hairs filter large particles from air

47 C. HAIR & HAIR FOLLICLES 3. Structure of a Hair flexible strands produced by hair follicles; consist largely of dead, keratinized cells 4. Structure of a Hair Follicle a. Fold down from epidermal surface into the dermis b. Arrector pili muscle bundle of smooth muscle cells; contraction causes hair to stand on end in response to cold or fear

48 C. HAIRS & HAIR FOLLICLES 5. Types of Hair a. Vellus pale, fine body hair found in children and adult females b. Terminal coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary and pubic regions, and body of adult males

49 II. APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN D. Nails Scale like modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes

50 THE SMOOTH MUSCLE ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR IS CALLED. 1. arrector pili 2. arrector vellus 3. alopecia areata 4. erector folliculi

51 HAIR AND NAILS ARE MODIFICATIONS OF THE. 1. dermis 2. epidermis 3. hypodermis 4. none of the above because they are not part of the skin

52 C H A P T E R 1 PART III THE HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

53 I. FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM A. Protection 1. Chemical Barriers skin secretions and melanin 2. Physical/Mechanical Barriers keratinized cells, continuity 3. Biological Barriers Langerhans cells, macrophages

54 I. FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM B. Body Temperature Regulation 1. Release heat generated by internal reactions 2. Cool the body through sweat and dermal blood vessel dilation 3. Conserve body heat through constriction of dermal blood vessels

55 I. FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM C. Cutaneous Sensation skin is richly supplied with cutaneous receptors 1. Meissner s corpuscles dermal papillae; subtle surface feelings such as brush or caress 2. Pacinian receptors found in the deeper dermis; alert us to deep pressure contacts

56 I. FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM C. Metabolic Functions synthesis of vitamin D D. Blood reservoir dermal blood vessels store up to 5% of the body s blood volume E. Excretion nitrogenous wastes, water, and salts are eliminated from the body in sweat

57 II. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN A. Skin Cancer 1. Basal Cell Carcinoma a. b. c. Location stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis Prognosis most common skin cancer; slow growing and does not often metastasize Treatment can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the cases

58 II. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN A. Skin Cancer 2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma a. b. c. Location keratinocytes of stratum spinosum; arise most often on scalp, ears, and lower lip Prognosis grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed Treatment radiation therapy or removed surgically

59 II. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN A. Skin Cancer 2. Melanoma a. Location melanocytes b. Prognosis highly metastatic; chance of survival is poor if the lesion is over 4 mm thick c. Treatment resistant to chemotherapy; wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

60 II. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN A. Skin Cancer 2. Melanoma d. Detection ABCD Rule i. A symmetry two sides of the pigmented area do not match ii. iii. B order irregular and exhibits indentations C olor black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue iv. D iameter larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)

61 II. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN B. Burns A burn is tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or chemicals, all of which destroy cell proteins and cause cell death. 1. First-Degree Burns only the epidermis is damaged; localized redness, swelling, and pain; heal in 2-3 days

62 II. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN B. Burns 2. Second-Degree Burns epidermis and upper region of dermis are damaged; symptoms mimic first degree burns, but include blistering; heal in 3-4 weeks with minimal scarring

63 II. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKIN B. Burns 3. Third-Degree Burns entire thickness of the skin is damaged; burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed); usually requires skin grafting due to fluid loss and infection

64 LOSS OF ONE S SKIN, SUCH AS WITH SEVERE BURNS LEADS TO AN INCREASED RISK OF. A. bacterial infection B. inadequate body temperature maintenance C. dehydration D. all of the above

65 THE SKIN PLAYS A ROLE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VITAMIN. A. A B. B C. C D. D

66 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF SKIN CANCER IS THE MOST DANGEROUS? A. basal cell B. squamous cell C. melanoma D. all are equally dangerous.