Biomechanical Model of the Press Handstand in Gymnastics
|
|
- Nathaniel Barnard Harvey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT BIOMECHANICS, 1988, 4, Biomechanical Model of the Press Handstand in Gymnastics Spiros G. Prassas A biomechanicd model of the press handstand was developed to evaluate and predict the shoulder joint torque requirements as well as the motion of a gymnast's center of mass (CM) from an initial to a final (handstand) position. Five press handstands executed by gymnasts of differing abilities were filmed and analyzed. The results were compared to the predicted parameters of simulated presses. It was found that execution of the skill with fewer fluctuations in trunk and lower extremities angular velocity-a characteristic of skilled performance-required smoother and at times larger shoulder joint torques. Reduction of the hip joint angle by only 5 or 10" did not substantially reduce the shoulder joint torque requirements. Regarding CM motion, it was found that during performance the CM continuously elevated and remained close to a vertical line passing through the center of the wrist joint. All gymnasts, however, were found to be leaning slightly backward during the first part of the movement and slightly forward during the later phases. Modifications in wrist joint angle required to maintain each gymnast's CM precisely above the center of the wrist joint were investigated. With the exception of vaulting in which performance consists of a single movement, competition in all gymnastic events requires execution of a routine composed of a series of individual skills. In creating their optional routine, gymnasts can choose among the great number of already existing movements or they can develop their own. However, rules set by the sports-governing body require that a press handstand must be included in rings, floor exercises, and parallel bar routines (International Gymnastics Federation, code of points, 1985). Thus, classification of the skill as fundamental is justifiable. A press handstand is a gymnastic term referring to the slow and controlled elevation of a gymnast's body from an initial stationary position to a handstand position. The body configuration between initial and final positions can vary, making certain variations of the skill more difficult than others. However, accomplishment of any variation requires a continuous change in body configuration brought about by muscular torques acting at the wrist, shoulder, and hip joints. Spiros G. Prassas is with the Department of Exercise and Sport Science at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
2 HANDSTAND IN GYMNASTICS 32 7 Among those torques, the one acting at the shoulder joint is of paramount practical importance. The hip joint extensors are quite powerful and capable of generating the necessary moment during the press, regardless of limb positioning, whereas the wrist joint torques are small, especially when the body's center of mass (CM) is above the gymnast's hands (Prassas, 1985; Prassas, Kelley, & Pike, 1986). Although handstands in general and press handstands in particular are frequently discussed qualitatively in gymnastics books (Brown, 1980; Faria, 1972; Fukushima & Russel, 1980; Puchet, 1979), related quantitative research consists of a single study. Prassas et al. (1986) investigated the relationship between shoulder joint strength, hip joint flexibility, and timing to the straight amlflexed hips press handstand on the parallel bars. They concluded that increased levels of shoulder joint strength at the later stages of shoulder joint flexion might be one of the prerequisites for proper execution of the skill, and that utilization of and increase in existing hip joint flexibility could reduce the demands placed upon the shoulder joint musculature. The purpose of this study was to develop a biomechanical model of the press handstand that could evaluate and predict shoulder joint torque requirements and motion of the gymnast's CM. The model could then be utilized to answer the following questions: What shoulder joint torques are required to complete the movement as smoothly as possible? How does greater hip joint flexion affect those torques? What movement modifications are required to maintain the gymnast's CM above the base of support (wrist joint center) from the beginning to the end of the skill? The Model In this study, the human body was modeled as a planar, three pin-connected rigid link system. Links 1, 2, and 3 represented the upper extremities, trunk (including head and neck), and lower extremity segments, respectively. Figure 1 presents F i e 1 - Free body diagram (FBD) of a straight armslflexed hips press handstand at time ti.
3 328 PRASSAS a free body diagram (FBD) of a gymnast executing a straight armslflexed hips press handstand, at time i. By equating the FBD of each of the model's links to its respective mass acceleration diagram, the muscular torques about the hip, shoulder, and wrist joint can be calculated (Dillman, 1971; Miller & Nelson, 1973). Segmental mass as a percentage of total mass, position of each segment's CM, and segmental moment of inertia were calculated from Dempster's data (1955) as presented by Plangenhoef (1971). The lower extremities were assumed to be subjected to their weight acting at the segmental CM, a force exerted by the trunk at the proximal end, and a torque acting at the proximal (hip) joint. The trunk and upper extremities were assumed to be subjected to their own weight, plus forces and torques acting at both proximal and distal ends. The equations describing the gymnast's motion as it is depicted in Figure 1 were derived from Newtonian mechanics and are presented in the Appendix. Center of Mass Motion The position of the CM of the system in Figure 1 relative to the wrist joint is given by the equation, '3 The X and Y components of rwcm are as follows: The horizontal and vertical components of each segment's CM from the wrist joint in Equations 2 and 3 are functions of its angle from the right horizontal (&, d2, and O3 for Segments 1, 2, and 3, respectively), its mass (q) and its length (li). This indicates, then, that for an individual with certain anthropometric parameters ( q and li), the position of his or her CM depends on the magnitude of dl, 02, and 0,. The magnitude of 0,, however, is determined by 82 and 03; that is, for given O2 and B3 (from which shoulder and hip joint intersegmental angles can be determined, see Winter, 1979), a specific wrist joint angle (9,) must exist if the gymnast's CM is to remain above the center of the wrist joint. Consequently, for given hip and shoulder joint intersegmental angles, if the CM is to be maintained above the wrist joint, the gymnast must continuously adjust the wrist joint angle by exerting an appropriate torque throughout the movement. Experimental Methods Procedures Five gymnasts of differing abilities served as subjects. Subject 1 had competed internationally, Subjects 2 and 4 had competed in college, Subject 3 was involved in acrobatics at the time of data collection, and Subject 5 was a relatively novice gymnast. A Photosonics 16mm-1PL camera set at 32 fps was utilized to record 10 straight armslflexed hips presses (two for each subject) on Kodak RAR 2498 Estar base black and white film. One press handstand for each gymnast was digitized. The wrist, shoulder, hip, and ankle joints' X and Y coordinates extracted
4 HANDSTAND IN GYMNASTICS 329 from the film were digitally filtered with a cutoff frequency of 2Hz before being submitted to further analysis. The experimental (i.e., derived from the film analysis) and simulated shoulder joint torques described below were normalized by expressing them as a percentage of the torque required to hold the planche position, that is, a skill in which the prone gymnast supports himself or herself over the hands with the body held parallel to the floor and elbow joints fully extended. The subjects' characteristics, and the cinematographic, torque normalization, and film analysis procedures utilized in this study are presented and described in detail elsewhere (Prassas et al., 1986). Computer Simulation An analysis program accepting as input body configuration (in this study, hip and shoulder joint intersegmental angles and wrist joint angle from the right horizontal), body segments' anthropometric parameters, and time between successive body configurations was utilized to predict the shoulder joint torque required to reach each successive body configuration painis, 1974). By controlling the input body configurations and the elapsed time between them, the resultant segmental angular velocities were chosen and the required torques computed. A separate program solved Equation 2 for the dependent (wrist) joint angle necessary to maintain the gymnast's CM above the wrist joint center. Results Figure 2 depicts stick figure sequences of the five filmed performances. The body configurations for the simulated presses were similar to the experimental ones throughout the movement for all subjects except the fifth. The body configuration of the fifth simulated press was similar to the corresponding experimental one only up to the point of greatest hip joint flexion (GHJF). It deviated thereafter to allow completion of the movement. However, since maintenance of fairly constant angular velocity was one of the constraints of the simulated presses, some minor discrepancies regarding the temporal relationship between hip and shoulder joint intersegmental angles occurred for all subjects. Table 1 presents CM position and body configuration at the initial position UP), the position of GHJF, and the final position (FP) during both actual performance and simulated (in parentheses) conditions. Experimental and simulated (in parentheses) temporal results are shown in Table 2. In both cases, Subjects 1 through 4 needed roughly one third of their total time to complete the portion of the movement between IP and GHJF, with Subject 4 being at the low end of the scale. Of course, since the fifth subject did not complete the experimental press, no comparison of his temporal (experimental) data to that of the other subjects can be made-especially the percent of TT from GHJF to FP. Graphical kinematic and kinetic data for three presses, selected by independent qualified observers as representing a range of performances (good, better, best; Subjects 4, 1, and 3, respectively) are presented in Figures 3 through 6. Angular velocities of the trunk and lower extremity segments, derived from film analysis and from simulation of the movement, are presented in Figure 3. A typical experimental trunk angular velocity increases progressively, reaches
5 PRASSAS IP GHJF FP S1 S2 F'igure 2 - Stick-figure sequences for five straight armslflexed hips press handstands from the initial position (IP) to greatest hip joint flexion (GHJF) to final position (FP). The broken line for Subject 5 represents simulated body configuration. maximum value prior to GHJF, and decreases gradually thereafter. The corresponding angular velocity of the lower extremities is fairly constant in the first part of the movement, peaks quickly into the last third or fourth part of the movement, and decreases to zero by the time the FP is reached. Angular velocity fluctuations within and between subjects reflect the degree of smoothness by which each press was executed. The simulated presses were smoother for all subjects; this smoothness is indicated by the respective simulated trunk and lower extremity velocity curves. Figure 4 shows X and Y coordinates of each gymnast's total body CM measured from the wrist joint and calculated from the film data. During performance, the CMs were continuously elevated from the beginning to the end of the movement and remained very close to a vertical line passing through the wrist joint (displacement of no more than f 5cm). The wrist joint angle required to maintain the subjects' CMs above the center of the wrist joint is shown in Figure 5, suggesting that most of the gymnasts were slightly underbalanced (leaning backward) during the first part of the movement and slightly overbalanced (leaning forward) at the later phases.
6 HANDSTAND IN GYMNASTICS Table 1 Selected Parameters of the Straight ArmslFlexed Hip Press Subjects At IP Wrist JA Shoulder JA Hip JA CM position At GHJF Wrist JA Shoulder JA Hip JA CM position At FP Wrist JA Shoulder JA Hip JA CM position Note. Joint angles (JA) in degrees. Center of mass (CM) position: degrees from right horizontal measured counterclockwise. IP = initial position; GHJF = greatest hip joint flexion; FP = final position. Table 2 Temporal Results Time (sec) Subjects Tot. time (lt) 6 (5.9) 5.5 (5.6) 6 (5.9) 5.3 (5.4) 3.7 (5.4) 010 of TT from IP to GHJF 37 (37) 33 (34) 35 (37) 28 (33) 43 (35) 010 of TT from GHJF to FP 63 (63) 67 (66) 65 (63) 72 (67) 57 (65) Experimental and simulated shoulder joint torques are presented in Figure 6. A typical experimental shoulder joint torque shows a rapid initial increase, peaks at some point prior to GHJF, and declines thereafter to approximately zero value at the FP. For more details regarding the experimental shoulder joint torques, refer to Prassas et al. (1986). A typical simulated shoulder joint torque curve is similar to a typical experimental one. However, imposition of the constraint of smoothness necessitates larger torques at certain portions of the movement, as Figure 6 indicates.
7 '(V Pw 'C 'TI slaf qns aaqq a03 ssaad aqljo (Inys) uo!leptqs 8upnp p w (qg) a~wmaopad pnpe Z~anp ( ~ q ) sa!lpaava aamoi pw (MI) yunq am 30 Ll!qan mln8uv - c aan8!a OOZ ooz 0 0 alfjuv w!or laplnoqs OOZ 091 OZL P 0 00 L- OS- 0 0s 00 L 0s 1 OOZ OS- 0 0s s L ooz
8 HANDSTAND IN GYMNASTICS Shoulder Joint Angle Figure 4 - X and Y coordinates of total body center of mass (CM) from the wrist joint calculated from film for three subjects.
9 a16uv w!or.j~pi~o~s OOZ 091 OZl P 0 OOZ 091 OZL P 0 08 L Q OOi z 4 - a. OZL q - V, - a. OZL q - V,
10
11 PRASSAS Shoulder Joint Angle Figure 7 - Shoulder joint torques during actual performance (film), during simulation with similar body configuration (simul), and when the minimum hip joint angle was reduced by 5" (simul 5) and 10" (simul 10) for two subjects. The effect of greater hip joint flexion on the shoulder joint torque is shown in Figure 7. Reduction of the hip joint angle by 5 or 10" for the two subjects who completed the press with the smallest decrease in hip joint angle (Table 1) did not result in any substantial change in the corresponding shoulder joint torque and is well within experimental error. Figure 8 presents experimental and simulated shoulder joint torques and trunk and lower extremities angular velocities for the fifth gymnast. It is shown that if the rate of the gymnast's hip joint extension in relation to the simultaneously occurring shoulder joint flexion after the point of GHJF was less than the ob-
12 HANDSTAND IN GYMNASTICS Shoulder Joint Angle Figure 8 - Shoulder joint torques (sjt) and angular velocity of the trunk (tav) and lower extremities (leav) during actual performance (film) and during simulation (simul) of the press for Subject 5. served, then the gymnast might have been able to complete the skill without additional shoulder joint muscular forces. However, the rapid and not properly timed hip joint extension (Figure 2) greatly increased the moment of the gymnast's trunkllower extremities weight about the shoulder joint, thus increasing the demands made upon the joint's musculature (Prassas et al., 1986). It should be pointed out, however, that in the sport of gymnastics mere completion of a skill is not the gymnast's only objective. In a competitive situation, even if the fifth subject had the strength to complete the press in the observed semistraight body configuration, he would have been penalized by the judges for improper execution.
13 338 PRASSAS Discussion The purpose of this study was to develop a biomechanical model of the press handstand that could evaluate and predict shoulder joint torque requirements and motion of a gymnast's CM from the beginning to the end of the movement. The shoulder joint torque data (Figures 6, 7, and 8) revealed that the basic shape of a respective torque curve is parabolic in nature for the performance of this skill. Its magnitude rises rapidly initially, peaks at some point prior to the GHJF (when a straight armslflexed hips press is considered), and gradually declines thereafter to a zero at the final handstand position. It has been pointed out that the initial rapid increase is warranted in light of the progressively larger inertial forces that the shoulder joint musculature must overcome as the shoulder joint flexion increases the moment of the combined trunkllower extremity segment (Prassas, 1985; Prassas et al., 1986). Fluctuations from this pattern can be attributed as necessary to control angular velocity and to stabilize the shoulder joint (in accordance with Newton's action-reaction law) whenever hip joint movement exists. The larger and more abrupt the differences in angular velocity, andlor the more rapid the hip joint motion (providing of course that hip joint motion exists or is permitted), the more pronounced the fluctuations become. This becomes apparent by comparing the kinematic and kinetic data in Figures 3 and 6, for each subject and between all subjects. Caution should be exercised when comparing the experimental and simulated shoulder joint torque curves of each subject independently and in conjunction with each other. For example, it would be incorrect by just looking at Figure 6 to conclude that the first portion of the performance of Subject 4 was necessarily better than the respective portion of Subject 1. Although a subject's experimental shoulder joint curve can nearly coincide to an "optimum" simulated curve (as the first portion of the respective torque curve of Subject 4), this should not necessarily be perceived as an indication of superior performance. This closeness could be achieved by making undesirable modifications in body configuration or speed of the movement. It is impossible to recognize/reproduce/visualize the motion of a multilinked system by examining the kinetics of one link. Even the knowledge of the kinetics of the complete system is not sufficient to explain its motion without insight into the particular movement and without knowing the initial configuration of the system. Comparison of the experimental and simulated shoulder joint torques in the present study thus becomes valuable only with complete insight into the particular presses. That is, Figure 6 becomes meaningful in conjunction with Figure 3 and the knowledge that the body configuration of the particular experimentallsimulated presses were similar. If we accept the analyzed performances as being typical of competitive presses, however, then we can conclude that, in general, smoother and at times larger shoulder joint torques are required in order to execute the movement more skillfully. With regard to the fifth (unsuccessful) press, the data presented in Figure 8 tend to support the statement of Prassas et al. (1986) that, at times, the limiting factor for the successful performance of the straight armslflexed hips press might be related more to (poor) motor coordination than to (lack of) shoulder joint strength. The data in Figure 7 relating the changes in hip angle by 5 and 10" to the shoulder joint torque are not conclusive. It is apparent that such small reductions in the first variable did not substantially reduce the moment of the weight of the
14 HANDSTAND IN GYMNASTICS 339 combined trunk/lower extremity segment, which in turn should reduce substantially the shoulder joint torque (providing of course that the speed of the movement remained the same). However, before suggesting that gymnasts should substantially reduce the hip joint angle at a particular phase of the skill, so that substantial reductions in shoulder joint torques may be achieved, one should examine whether such reductions are physically possible and realistically achievable. Previous data have shown that gymnasts in general during the performance of the straight armstflexed hip press do not reach the minimum hip joint angle that can be obtained during a passive flexibility test (Prassas et al., 1986). Most gymnasts were able to maintain their CM very close to a vertical line passing through the center of the wrist joint throughout the movement (Figure 4). Since the gymnast's grip on the parallel bars is such as to orient his hands in the sagittal plane, the gymnast must facilitate the muscles producing radial deviation when the CM lags behind the wrist joint, and the muscles producing ulnar deviation when the CM is in the front of the joint. In this study, torques of this nature maintained dynamic equilibrium of a slightly underbalanced (from IP to GHJF) or overbalanced (from GHJF to FP) gymnast (Figures 4 and 5). Although the model was applied to the straight arms/flexed hip press per; formed on the parallel bars, it can be modified to cover other variations of the skill performed on other apparatus. It should be pointed out that a press handstand on the still rings would require, in addition to flexor shoulder joint torques, torques in the frontal plane, that is, adductor torques for stabilization purposes. However, this modification would be inherently more complicated, requiring threedimensional analysis. Conclusion The findings of the present study indicate that for similar body configurations, execution of the press handstand with fewer fluctuations in body segments angular velocity require smoother and at times larger shoulder joint torques. Caution should be exercised when attempting to classify a given press as skillful based on only comparative kinetic information. Reductions of hip joint intersegmental angle by 5 or 10" do not substantially reduce the shoulder joint torque requirements. Small modifications in wrist joint angle are necessary to maintain the gymnast's CM above the center of the wrist joint, which lags slightly behind the joint during the early phases of a press and moves slightly in front of the joint at the late stages. Investigation of one unsuccessful press suggests that the limiting factor for completion of the skill may not be lack of muscular strength but possibly poor motor coordination. I References Brown, J.R. (1980). Teaching and coaching gymnastics for men and women. New York: Wiley. Dainis, A. (1974). Analysis and synthesis of body movements utilizing the simple n-link system. In R.C. Nelson & C.A. Morehouse (Eds.), Biomechanics N(pp ). Baltimore: University Park Press. Dempster, W.T. (1955). Space requirements of the seated operator (WADC Technical Report ). Dayton, OH: Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
15 340 PRASSAS Dillman, C.J. (1971). A kinetic analysis of the recovely leg during sprint running. In J. Cooper (Ed.), Selected topics in biomechanics (pp ). Chicago: Athletic Institute. Faria, I. (1972). Men S gymnastics: Parallel bars. Chicago: Athletic Institute. Fukushima, S., & Russel, W. (1980). Men's gymnastics. London: Faber & Faber. International Gymnastics Federation (FIG). (1985). Men's technical committee. Code of Points, Switzerland: Author. Miller, D., & Nelson, R. (1973). Biomechanics of sport. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Plagenhoef, S. (1971). Patterns of human motion: A cinematographic analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Prassas, S.G. (1985). A biomechanical analysis of the press handstand on the parallel bars utilizing inverse dynamics techniques. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland. Prassas, S.G., Kelley, D.L., & Pike, N.L. (1986). Shoulder joint torques and the straight armlflexed hips press handstand on the parallel bars. In J. Terauds, B. Gowitzke, & L. Holt (Eds.), Biomechanics in sports III and ZV (pp ). Del Mar, CA: Academic. Puchet, J. (1979). Complete gymnastics handbook. New York: Parker. Winter, D.A. (1979). Biomechanics of human movement. New York: Wiley.
16 HANDSTAND IN GYMNASTICS 34 1 Appendix Notation Ti = muscular torque about the joint. Fxi, Fy, = horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force at the joint. Wi = weight of, segment. I,= moment of inertia of the i segment about its CM. Xh,crni Yh,s,wcmi= horizontal and vertical coordinates of the CM of the, segment from the hip (h), shoulder (s), or wrist (w) joint. M =total mass. mi = mass of the segment. xi, yi= horizontal and vertical components of the linear acceleration of the CM of the, segment. ei =angular acceleration of, segment. rwcm = position vector of system's CM from origin (wrist joint). ri= position vector of the CM of the, segment from origin (wrist joint). xiw, y,=x and y components of ri. 8, =angle of the, segment from the right horizontal, measured counterclockwise. 1,2,3 = segment number (upper extremities, trunk, and lower extremities, respectively). h,s,w= hip, shoulder, or wrist joint. Equations of motion Segment 3 (lower extremities) Resultant hip joint forces: Fx, = m3x3 Fyh = m3ji3 + W, Resultant hip joint torque: T, = I,& - Fxh(Yhcm) + Fy,(X,cm) Segment 2 (trunk): Resultant shoulder joint forces: Fx, = m2x2 + Fxh Fy, = m2y, + Fx, + W, Resultant shoulder joint torque: T, = 12& + T, - Fx,(Y,cm) + Fyh(Xhcm) - Fxh(Y,cm) + Fy,(X,cm) Segment 1 (upper extremities): Resultant wrist joint forces: Fxw= mlxl + Fx, Fyw= m,y, + Fy,+ W, Resultant wrist joint torque: Tw = I,& + T, - Fx,(Y,cm) + Fy,(X,cm) - Fxw(Ywcm) + Fyw(Xwcm)
TAKE-OFF CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE BACK SOMERSAULTS ON THE FLOOR
TAKE-OFF CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE BACK SOMERSAULTS ON THE FLOOR H. Geiblinger, W. E. Morrison & P. A. McLaughlin Biomechanics Unit, Dep't of Physical Education and Recreation and Centre for Rehabilitation,
More informationOptimisation of high bar circling technique for consistent performance of a triple piked somersault dismount
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Optimisation of high bar circling technique for consistent performance of a triple piked somersault dismount This item was submitted to Loughborough University's
More informationOptimization of Backward Giant Circle Technique on the Asymmetric Bars
Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2007, 23, 300-308 2007 Human Kinetics, Inc. Optimization of Backward Giant Circle Technique on the Asymmetric Bars Michael J. Hiley and Maurice R. Yeadon Loughborough University
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF INTERNAL LOADS AT THE SELECTED JOINTS AND VALIDATION OF A BIOMECHANICAL MODEL DURING PERFORMANCE OF THE HANDSPRING FRONT SOMERSAULT
IDENTIFICATION OF INTERNAL LOADS AT THE SELECTED JOINTS AND VALIDATION OF A BIOMECHANICAL MODEL DURING PERFORMANCE OF THE HANDSPRING FRONT SOMERSAULT Adam CZAPLICKI *, Krzysztof DZIEWIECKI **, Tomasz SACEWICZ
More informationWhat is Kinesiology? Basic Biomechanics. Mechanics
What is Kinesiology? The study of movement, but this definition is too broad Brings together anatomy, physiology, physics, geometry and relates them to human movement Lippert pg 3 Basic Biomechanics the
More informationTAKE-OFF KINEMATICS OF BEAM DISMOUNTS
TAKE-OFF KINEMATICS OF BEAM DISMOUNTS P.A. McLaughlin, H. Geiblinger and W.E. Morrison Biomechanics Unit, Dep't of Physical Education and Recreation and Centre for Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport Science,
More informationRELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED KINEMATIC VARIABLES WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF UPSTART (KIP) ON HORIZONTAL BAR IN MEN S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS
RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED KINEMATIC VARIABLES WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF UPSTART (KIP) ON HORIZONTAL BAR IN MEN S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS Kumar Arun, Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Biomechanics, L.N.I.P.E.,
More informationIntroduction to Biomechanics
Module Five: Introduction to Biomechanics INTRODUCTION In Level One you learnt to divide a skill into meaningful phases, identify the key elements within each phase, and develop an observation plan to
More informationTakeoff Mechanics of the Double Backward Somersault
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT BIOMECHANICS, 1990, 6, 177-186 Takeoff Mechanics of the Double Backward Somersault lnseong Hwang, Gukung Seo, and Zhi Cheng Liu This study examined the biomechanical profdes
More informationNational Exams November hours duration
National Exams November 2012 3 hours duration 1. If doubt exists as to the interpretation of any question, the candidate is urged to include a clear statement of any assumptions made in the answer booklet.
More informationTwisting Techniques Used in High Bar Dismounts
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT BIOMECHANICS, 1990, 6, 139-146 Twisting Techniques Used in High Bar Dismounts Maurice R. Yeadon, Sung-Cheol Lee, and David G. Kenvin At the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, eight
More informationThe Technical Model: an Overview Explanation of the Technical Model
A Technical Model for Pole Vault Success Michael A. Young Louisiana State University ****************This is a modified version of an article published in Track Coach Pole vaulting is perhaps the most
More informationBIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEADLIFT DURING THE 1999 SPECIAL OLYMPICS WORLD GAMES
63 Biomechanics Symposia 2001 / University of San Francisco BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEADLIFT DURING THE 1999 SPECIAL OLYMPICS WORLD GAMES Rafael F. Escamilla, Tracy M. Lowry, Daryl C. Osbahr, and
More informationof Olympic Weightlifters
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT BIOMECHANICS, 1985, 1, 122-130 Biomechanical Profiles of Olympic Weightlifters John Garhammer St. Mary Medical Center, Long Beach, CA The heaviest successful snatch and clean
More informationCoordination indices between lifting kinematics and kinetics
Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Publications Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering 2008 Coordination indices between lifting kinematics and kinetics Xu Xu North Carolina State
More informationThe margin for error when releasing the asymmetric bars for dismounts
Loughborough University Institutional Repository The margin for error when releasing the asymmetric bars for dismounts This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an
More informationfps) at a right angle to the plane of action.
200 Brit J. Sports Med. - Vol. 17, No. 3, September 1983, pp. 200-204 H. Kunz D. A. Kaufmann CINEMATOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF JAVELIN THROWING TECHNIQUES OF DECATHLETES H. KUNZ, DScand D. A. KAUFMANN, PhD
More informationThe High Jump. Terry VanLaningham Sacramento State. USTFCCCA National Convention
The High Jump Terry VanLaningham Sacramento State USTFCCCA National Convention - 2014 Thank You! Boo for his friendship, mentorship and asking me to speak. Cliff Rovelto for his friendship, mentorship
More informationDemocritus University of Thrace, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Komotini, Greece
UNSUCCESSFUL VS. SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE IN SNATCH LIFTS: A KINEMATIC APPROACH VASSILIOS GOURGOULIS, NIKOLAOS AGGELOUSSIS, ATHANASIOS GARAS, AND GEORGIOS MAVROMATIS Democritus University of Thrace, Department
More informationGender Based Influences on Seated Postural Responses
Gender Based Influences on Seated Postural Responses Jack P. Callaghan PhD Canada Research Chair in Spine Biomechanics and Injury Prevention Department of Kinesiology Faculty of Applied Health Sciences
More informationDeveloping Pole Vault Technique
Developing Pole Vault Technique Alan Richardson UKA AEIC member/ UKA level 4 IAAF level 5 coach in jumps EA regional coach mentor Coach to a number of current junior and senior internationals Former 5.10m
More informationBalance Maintenance during Seated Reaches of People with Spinal Cord Injury
2004-01-2138 Balance Maintenance during Seated Reaches of People with Spinal Cord Injury Matthew B. Parkinson, Matthew P. Reed and Don B. Chaffin University of Michigan Copyright 2004 SAE International
More informationGROUND REACTION FORCE OF THE SNATCH MOTION AND KINESIOLIGICAL ANALYSIS BY PHOTOGRAPHY
GROUND REACTION FORCE OF THE SNATCH MOTION AND KINESIOLIGICAL ANALYSIS BY PHOTOGRAPHY Yong-Jae Kim and Kuk-Woong Seo Pusan National University, Pusan, SOUTH KOREA INTRODUCTION THE NEED OF THE STUDY The
More informationEvaluating Fundamental
12 Locomotor Lab 12.1 Evaluating Fundamental Skills Purpose Practice in learning to observe and evaluate locomotor skills from video performance. Procedures Listed below are several websites showing children
More informationFunctional Movement Screen (Cook, 2001)
Functional Movement Screen (Cook, 2001) TEST 1 DEEP SQUAT Purpose - The Deep Squat is used to assess bilateral, symmetrical, mobility of the hips, knees, and ankles. The dowel held overhead assesses bilateral,
More informationOptimised performance of the backward longswing on rings
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Optimised performance of the backward longswing on rings This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author.
More informationLecture 2. Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies: Human body 30 August 2018
Lecture 2. Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies: Human body 30 August 2018 Wannapong Triampo, Ph.D. Static forces of Human Body Equilibrium and Stability Stability of bodies. Equilibrium and Stability Fulcrum
More informationBIOMECHANICS. Biomechanics - the application of mechanical laws to living structures, specifically to the locomotor system of the human body.
1 BIOMECHANICS Biomechanics - the application of mechanical laws to living structures, specifically to the locomotor system of the human body. I. Uses of Biomechanical Analyses Improvement of sports skill
More informationDEDUCTIONS TAKEN FROM THE AVERAGE BY CHIEF JUDGE. (Applied after one warning has been given) cues given.
LANDING OF ELEMENTS & DISMOUNTS 0.05 Lands with feet hip-width apart or closer but never joins feet (V & UB/BB dismnts) 0.10 Lands with feet staggered (one in front of the other) (V & UB/BB dismnts) 0.10
More informationUNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI VERONA DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE BIOMEDICNE AND MOVEMENT SCIENCES ACADEMIC YEAR ST SEMESTER
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI VERONA DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE BIOMEDICNE AND MOVEMENT SCIENCES ACADEMIC YEAR 2017-2018 1 ST SEMESTER Master's degree in Preventive and Adapted Exercise Science Course: BIOMECHANICS
More informationThe challenge of deducing meaningful results from induced acceleration analyses. George Chen Oct. 24th, 2002 Honda Fundamental Research Lab
The challenge of deducing meaningful results from induced acceleration analyses George Chen Oct. 24th, 2002 Honda Fundamental Research Lab Regarded as a powerful tool in the interpretation of muscle function
More informationSRJSEL/BIMONTHLY/ JOSHI HEM & GHAI DATTA ( )
KINEMATIC COMPARISON OF TWO DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF FRONT FLIP TUCK (FORWARD SOMERSAULT TUCK) ON FLOOR EXERCISE IN MEN S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS Joshi Hem Chandra, Research scholar, Department of Sports Biomechanics,
More informationCoaching Linear And Multi- Directional Speed. Thank You. How It Started: 8/1/2011. Techniques Coaching Large Groups And More
Coaching Linear And Multi- Directional Speed Techniques Coaching Large Groups And More Thank You Coach Stiggins and the CSCCa Chris Poirier and Perform Better You for attending and making the profession
More informationContributions of twisting techniques used in backward somersaults with one twist
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Contributions of twisting techniques used in backward somersaults with one twist This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository
More informationFUSE TECHNICAL REPORT
FUSE TECHNICAL REPORT 1 / 16 Contents Page 3 Page 4 Page 8 Page 10 Page 13 Page 16 Introduction FUSE Accuracy Validation Testing LBD Risk Score Model Details FUSE Risk Score Implementation Details FUSE
More informationWhy Do People Jump the Way They Do?
ARTICLE Why Do People Jump the Way They Do? Maarten F. Bobbert and A. J. Knoek van Soest Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands BOBBERT,
More informationTRAINING OF TECHNIQUE AND SPECIFIC POWER IN THROWING EVENTS
TRAINING OF TECHNIQUE AND SPECIFIC POWER IN THROWING EVENTS By Dr. Klaus E. Bartonietz Dr. Bartonietz, a biomechanic and training advisor at the Rhineland Olympic Training Centre, Germany, presents some
More informationMENTOR METHOD OF TRAINING
MENTOR METHOD OF TRAINING When trying to improve performance on the field of play or on the court, whatever your sport, it is important that you understand where it all begins. For an athlete there are
More informationJournal of Biomechanics
Journal of Biomechanics 43 (2010) 2648 2652 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Biomechanics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jbiomech www.jbiomech.com Short communication All
More informationMulti-joint Mechanics Dr. Ted Milner (KIN 416)
Multi-joint Mechanics Dr. Ted Milner (KIN 416) Muscle Function and Activation It is not a straightforward matter to predict the activation pattern of a set of muscles when these muscles act on multiple
More informationPole Vault. USA Track & Field Level 1 Coaching School
Pole Vault USA Track & Field Level 1 Coaching School What you need to know Safety The Technique Drills Poles Vaulter identification Extras Questions... Safety Coach creates environment Warn athletes and
More informationS. Dasgupta Siliguri Institute of Technology, Siliguri, India
Indian Journal of Biomechanics: Special Issue (NCBM 7-8 March 2009) Biomechanical Modeling of Materials Lifting Activities for Exploring Relation between Low Back and Knee Loading leading to Low Back Pain
More informationAnalysis of EMG and Biomechanical Features of Sports Aerobics Movements
Analysis of EMG and Biomechanical Features of Sports Aerobics Movements Jingjing Wang* WuHan Sport University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China *itrazyl@163.com Abstract To analyze electromyography (EMG) and
More informationMELDING EXPLOSIVE POWER WITH TECHNIQUES IN THE LONG JUMP. Explosive Strength IS THE RATE OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT AT THE START OF A MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
MELDING EXPLOSIVE POWER WITH TECHNIQUES IN THE LONG JUMP Jake Jacoby Jumps Coach University of Louisville jake.jacoby@louisville.edu Explosive Strength IS THE RATE OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT AT THE START OF
More informationBiomechanics Specialist
Biomechanics Specialist John Spencer Ellis Enterprises Contact information: (877) 348-6692 International (949) 683-3986 Customer Service CS@NESTACertified.com NATIONAL EXERCISE & SPORTS TRAINERS ASSOCIATION
More informationperformance in young jumpers
BIOLOGY OF EXERCISE VOLUME 5.2, 2009 Isokinetic muscle strength and running long jump performance in young jumpers D.O.I: http:doi.org/10.4127/jbe.2009.0030 YIANNIS KOUTSIORAS, ATHANASIOS TSIOKANOS, DIMITRIOS
More informationdifferentiate between the various types of muscle contractions; describe the factors that influence strength development;
CHAPTER 6 Muscles at Work After completing this chapter you should be able to: differentiate between the various types of muscle contractions; describe the factors that influence strength development;
More informationInfluence of Constraining Barrier on the 5th Lumbar and 1st Sacral Joint Compressive Force during Manual Lifting.
Kinesiology Publications Kinesiology 2004 Influence of Constraining Barrier on the 5th Lumbar and 1st Sacral Joint Compressive Force during Manual Lifting. Iwan Budihardjo Iowa State University Tim R.
More informationMechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffnesses
Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffnesses CLAIRE T. FARLEY, 1 HAN H. P. HOUDIJK, 2 CISKA VAN STRIEN, 2 AND MICKY LOUIE 1 1 Locomotion Laboratory, Department
More informationInvestigation of Human Whole Body Motion Using a Three-Dimensional Neuromusculoskeletal Model
Investigation of Human Whole Body Motion Using a Three-Dimensional Neuromusculoskeletal Model 1 Akinori Nagano, 2 Senshi Fukashiro, 1 Ryutaro Himeno a-nagano@riken.jp, fukashiro@idaten.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp,
More informationATHLETIC CONDITIONING ON THE ARC BARREL
ATHLETIC CONDITIONING ON THE ARC BARREL page 1 INTRODUCTION The STOTT PILATES Athletic Conditioning stream serves as a bridge between STOTT PILATES standard repertoire and the CORE Athletic Conditioning
More informationBRITISH GYMNASTICS COACHING QUALIFICATIONS LEVEL 4 COACH WOMEN S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS SAMPLE PAPER WITH ANSWERS
BRITISH GYMNASTICS COACHING QUALIFICATIONS LEVEL 4 COACH WOMEN S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS SAMPLE PAPER WITH ANSWERS Instructions to candidates: Questions will be under the headings shown. Each question will
More informationContents INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1. SECTION 1 Data collection methodology 2
Contents Page No INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 SECTION 1 Data collection methodology 2 SECTION 2 5 DATASHEETS. 1. Push and pull strength 5 2. Push with the thumb or 2 or more fingers 11 3. Push with the
More informationExploring the Rotator Cuff
Exploring the Rotator Cuff Improving one s performance in sports and daily activity is a factor of neuromuscular efficiency and metabolic enhancements. To attain proficiency, reaction force must be effectively
More informationPole Vaulting for the Athlete and Coach. Sam Houston State University Clint Blinka
Pole Vaulting for the Athlete and Coach Sam Houston State University Clint Blinka Overview Technique physics and biomechanics: how to pole vault Pole grip and carry Approach / Pole Drop Plant / Take-Off
More informationLever system. Rigid bar. Fulcrum. Force (effort) Resistance (load)
Lever system lever is any elongated, rigid (bar) object that move or rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum when force is applied to overcome resistance. Force (effort) Resistance (load) R Rigid
More informationNASTICS TEAM GAZETTE
NASTICS TEAM GAZETTE Volume 1 Issue 1 Wayne Thoden Flexibility Hello everyone, I am often asked by parents as to what they can do at home to help their daughter with gymnastics. The advice I give most
More informationa) Maximum Strength:- It is the ability to overcome or to act against resistance. It is the maximum force which is applied by the muscles to perform any certain activity. For developing maximum strength
More informationChia-Wei Lin, Fong-Chin Su Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University Cheng-Feng Lin Department of Physical Therapy,
Chia-Wei Lin, Fong-Chin Su Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University Cheng-Feng Lin Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University Turning movements are common
More informationBiomechanical Analysis of the Deadlift (aka Spinal Mechanics for Lifters) Tony Leyland
Biomechanical Analysis of the Deadlift (aka Spinal Mechanics for Lifters) Tony Leyland Mechanical Terminology The three directions in which forces are applied to human tissues are compression, tension,
More informationActive-Assisted Stretches
1 Active-Assisted Stretches Adequate flexibility is fundamental to a functional musculoskeletal system which represents the foundation of movement efficiency. Therefore a commitment toward appropriate
More informationChapter 10: Flexibility
Chapter 10: Flexibility Lesson 10.1: Flexibility Facts Self-Assessment 10: Arm, Leg, and Trunk Flexibility Lesson Objectives: Describe the characteristics of flexibility. Explain how you benefit from good
More informationEffect of Using Hand-Weights on Performance in the Standing Long Jump
Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Masters Theses Graduate Research and Creative Practice 4-2012 Effect of Using Hand-Weights on Performance in the Standing Long Jump Austin Filush Grand Valley
More informationCOMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDINGS PERFORMED AT VAULT
Science, Movement and Health, Vol. XV, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2015 September 2015, 15 (2, Supplement): 373-378 Original article COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDINGS PERFORMED
More informationCERTIFIED WEIGHTLIFTING PERFORMANCE COACH. Notebook THE SQUAT
CERTIFIED WEIGHTLIFTING PERFORMANCE COACH Notebook THE SQUAT THE SQUAT Squatting as a part of Olympic weightlifting cannot be overlooked. It will be a large part of any good training program, but also
More informationLEVEL II TEACHING SKILL ANALYSIS. January 2010 Page 1
SKILL ANALYSIS January 2010 Page 1 Page 2 January 2010 SKILLS ANALYSIS As a coach, you have the responsibility of telling your athletes whether or not they are using proper technique in their skills. You
More informationESTIMATE THE VALUE OF REDUCING STRENGH ACCORD- ING TO THE IMPACT FORCE IN SHOOTING IN BASKET- BALL WITH DIFFERENT AREAS IN BASKETBALL
ESTIMATE THE VALUE OF REDUCING STRENGH ACCORD- ING TO THE IMPACT FORCE IN SHOOTING IN BASKET- BALL WITH DIFFERENT AREAS IN BASKETBALL * Prof. Dr. Hussein Mardan Omar * College of physical education Al
More information9/6/2012. Less risk of injury Fewer back & posture problems Function more efficiently
Unit 4 Ability to use your joints fully through a wide range of motion Having long muscles that allow your joints to be free enough to allow adequate movement. People who are flexible are often involved
More informationFundamentals of Biomechanics
Duane Knudson Fundamentals of Biomechanics Second Edition Springer Preface Acknowledgments PARTI INTRODUCTION CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT NINE FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS 29
More informationBIOMECHANICS AND CONTEXT OF ACUTE KNEE INJURIES. Uwe Kersting MiniModule Idræt Biomekanik 2. Objectives
BIOMECHANICS AND CONTEXT OF ACUTE KNEE INJURIES Uwe Kersting MiniModule 06 2011 Idræt Biomekanik 2 1 Objectives Know about the static and dynamic organisation of the knee joint (anatomy & function) Be
More informationCollege of Charleston EXSC 330 Kinesiology Fall Semester Credit Hours. M-W-F 9:00-9:50 AM-206 Johnson Center
College of Charleston EXSC 330 Kinesiology Fall 2015 3 Semester Credit Hours TIME & PLACE: INSTRUCTOR: OFFICE HOURS: OFFICE: M-W-F 8:00-8:50 AM-206 Johnson Center M-W-F 9:00-9:50 AM-206 Johnson Center
More informationSyllabus. HPE 260 Kinetics of Exercise and Sport
General Information Syllabus HPE 260 Kinetics of Exercise and Sport Date May 29th, 2018 Author Jeremy Tiermini Department Physical Education and Integrated Health Care Course Prefix HPE Course Number 260
More informationBasics of kinetics. Kinesiology RHS 341 Lecture 7 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa
Basics of kinetics Kinesiology RHS 341 Lecture 7 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa Mass The amount of matter in an object Weight A force, which depends on the mass and acceleration Free-body analysis A technique of looking
More informationCHAPTER 2: Muscular skeletal system - Biomechanics. Exam style questions - pages QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. Answers
CHAPTER 2: Muscular skeletal system - Biomechanics Exam style questions - pages 32-35 1) A Level. Warm up is considered to be an essential element of a training programme. Explain how the muscular and
More informationIntroduction to the High Jump The high jump is a track and field event that requires athletes to jump over a heightened horizontal bar by jumping off
1 Introduction to the High Jump The high jump is a track and field event that requires athletes to jump over a heightened horizontal bar by jumping off of only one foot. The high jump can be broken into
More information5 Specification Content
5 Specification Content These specifications are set out in the form of teaching modules. Each teaching module is assessed by its associated unit of assessment. 5.1 Module 2562: The Application of Physiological
More informationBody Planes & Positions
Learning Objectives Objective 1: Identify and utilize anatomical positions, planes, and directional terms. Demonstrate what anatomical position is and how it is used to reference the body. Distinguish
More informationTASK SPECIFIC COORDINATION OF LEG MUSCLES DURING CYCLING
TASK SPECIFIC COORDINATION OF LEG MUSCLES DURING CYCLING Li Li and Graham Caldwell Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, USA. Department of Exercise Science, University of Massachusetts,
More informationTHE EFFECT OF COORDINATION ON VERTICAL JUMPING PERFORMANCE
ISBS 2002, Caceres - Extremadura - Spain 355 THE EFFECT OF COORDINATION ON VERTICAL JUMPING PERFORMANCE Maarten Bobbert Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences Vrije Universiteit,
More informationBIOMECHANICAL OBSERVATION: VISUALLY ACCESSIBLE VARIABLES
BIOMECHANICAL OBSERVATION: VISUALLY ACCESSIBLE VARIABLES BIRD, M. & HUDSON, J. University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro, North Carolina USA Many scholars in the field of human movement have
More informationTALLGRASS ORTHOPEDIC & SPORTS MEDICINE THROWING ATHLETE EXERCISE PROGRAM TALLGRASSORTHOPEDICS.COM
TALLGRASS ORTHOPEDIC & SPORTS MEDICINE THROWING ATHLETE EXERCISE PROGRAM TALLGRASSORTHOPEDICS.COM Patient Name: Date of Surgery: General Principles: The Throwing Athlete Exercise Program is designed to
More informationMuscular Analysis of Upper Extremity Exercises McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-1
Muscular Analysis of Upper Extremity Exercises 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-1 Muscular Analysis of Upper Extremity Exercises Upper extremity - often one of body's weakest areas
More informationLeo Totten, MS, USAW 5 Totten Training Systems, LLC
Leo Totten, MS, USAW 5 Totten Training Systems, LLC Ability to exert and absorb power utilized in virtually all sports Produce maximum force as quickly as possible but also to absorb force as well Total
More informationSPECIFICITY OF STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT FOR IMPROVING THE TAKEOFF ABILITY IN JUMPING EVENTS
SPECIFICITY OF STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT FOR IMPROVING THE TAKEOFF ABILITY IN JUMPING EVENTS By Warren Young WARREN YOUNG of the Australian Institute of Sport examines specific speed strength qualities in the
More informationChapter 20: Test Administration and Interpretation
Chapter 20: Test Administration and Interpretation Thought Questions Why should a needs analysis consider both the individual and the demands of the sport? Should test scores be shared with a team, or
More informationEFFICACY OF A MINI-TRAMPOLINE PROGRAM FOR IMPROVING THE VERTICAL JUMP
EFFICACY OF A MINI-TRAMPOLINE PROGRAM FOR IMPROVING THE VERTICAL JUMP Andrea L. Ross and Jackie L. Hudson California State University, Chico, CA USA INTRODUCTION Many athletes seek to jump higher. Typical
More informationSoft tissue motion influences skeletal loads during impacts
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Soft tissue motion influences skeletal loads during impacts This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author.
More informationAll rights reserved. Reproduction of this work in any form or by any means is forbidden without the written permission of the author.
ISBN 978-0-9834029-0-9 Copyright 2011 by Denise K. Wood All rights reserved. Reproduction of this work in any form or by any means is forbidden without the written permission of the author. Credits Writing
More information3D SSPP Version 6. ANALYSIS & USE GUIDE For Reactive & Proactive Use
3D SSPP Version 6 ANALYSIS & USE GUIDE For Reactive & Proactive Use REQUIREMENTS The user must complete the UAW-GM 3D SSPP training course offered through the UAW- GM Center for Human Resources for the
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. High Jump: Essentials for a Consistent Approach THE APPROACH. Thank you to the following individuals for their guidance:
Slide 1 High Jump: Essentials for a Consistent Approach JIM DILLING Slide 2 Thank you to the following individuals for their guidance: Joe Sagen Fond du Lac High School Mark Schuck Minnesota State University
More informationACL and Knee Injury Prevention. Presented by: Zach Kirkpatrick, PT, MPT, SCS
ACL and Knee Injury Prevention Presented by: Zach Kirkpatrick, PT, MPT, SCS ACL Anatomy ACL Mechanism of Injury Contact ACL Tear Noncontact ACL Tear ACL MOI and Pathology Common in young individual who
More informationCompulsory Bars. LEVEL 3 1- Routine 2- Slow Motion Example 3- Kip Mount Option 4- Basket Swing Option
Compulsory Bars In putting these routines together the J.O committee had a few specific goals in mind. Most of the skills in these routines were chosen for one of several reasons. 1- We wanted to have
More informationBIOMECHANICS AND MOTOR CONTROL OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
BIOMECHANICS AND MOTOR CONTROL OF HUMAN MOVEMENT Fourth Edition DAVID A. WINTER University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement,
More informationCollege of Charleston EXSC 330 Kinesiology Spring Semester Credit Hours. Tu-Th 8:00-9: Johnson Center
College of Charleston EXSC 330 Kinesiology Spring 2013 3 Semester Credit Hours TIME & PLACE: INSTRUCTOR: OFFICE HOURS: OFFICE: Tu-Th 8:00-9:15-207 Johnson Center Tu-Th 10:50-12:05-207 Johnson Center William
More informationMaximal isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of major muscle groups related to age, body weight, height, and sex in 178 healthy subjects
Maximal isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of major muscle groups related to age, body weight, height, and sex in 178 healthy subjects Test protocol Muscle test procedures. Prior to each test participants
More informationTerms of Movements by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Imran Qureshi
Terms of Movements by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Imran Qureshi Three systems of the body work in coordination to perform various movements of the body. These are: A System of Bones (Osteology), A System of Muscles
More informationA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE COMPONENTS OF MOTOR FITNESS IN MALE KABADDI AND KHOKHO PLAYERS
Available online at : http://euroasiapub.org/current.php?title=ijress, pp. 116~121, Thomson Reuters ID: L-5236-2015 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE COMPONENTS OF MOTOR FITNESS IN MALE KABADDI AND KHOKHO PLAYERS
More informationTHROWER S TEN EXERCISE PROGRAM David Andrew Parker, MD
THROWER S TEN EXERCISE PROGRAM David Andrew Parker, MD The thrower s ten exercise program has been designed to exercise the major muscles necessary to return to throwing. The program s goal is to be an
More informationCollege of Charleston EXSC Kinesiology Spring Semester Credit Hours. M-W-F 12:00-12:50 AM-206 Johnson Center
College of Charleston EXSC 330-01- Kinesiology Spring 2016-3 Semester Credit Hours TIME & PLACE: INSTRUCTOR: OFFICE HOURS: OFFICE: M-W-F 12:00-12:50 AM-206 Johnson Center William R. Barfield, Ph.D., FACSM
More information