1. Know the knee joints anatomical structures

Transcription

1 Final Exam Review

2 1. Know the knee joints anatomical structures

3 2. Types of bones and examples! Long " Found in arms and legs! Short " Found in wrists and ankles! Flat " Bones of the skull! Irregular " Bones of the vertebrae! Sesamoid " Wrapped within tendons (patella)

4 3. 5 roles or funccon of our skeleton! Protection! Framework! Attachments for muscles! Storehouse for essential nutrients! The body needs calcium for vital operations, such as controlling muscular contractions, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses and other utterly essential tasks! Blood-cell formation! Bone marrow transplants (Stem cells)

5 4. RecommendaCons on how to prevent osteoporosis! Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward " Process of bone remodelling reverses resorption occurs " Results in a 5 0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade " Affects overall calcium levels in the body! Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption " Leads to bone fragility " Increased susceptibility to bone fractures! Preventative measures include: " Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle " Weight-bearing exercises " Bone density testing and medication when appropriate

6 5. FuncCon and locacon of carclage

7 6. Three main groups muscle Cssue! Skeletal muscles: " Voluntary, striated, and attach to bones by tendons and other tissue! Cardiac muscles: " Involuntary, striated, and found in one place the heart! Smooth muscles: " Involuntary, non-striated, and surround the body s internal organs can be classified

8 7. Three types of muscular contraccons! Concentric: " Muscle fibres shorten! Eccentric: " Muscle fibres lengthen! Isometric: " Muscle fibres do not change in length

9 8. Difference between fast and slow twitch fibers

10 9. 3 funccons of muscle! Movement " Includes: breathing, eating, and the beating of our hearts! Support! Heat production

11 10. sliding filament theory know steps of muscle from thought to coming to rest

12 t 10. sliding filament theory know steps of muscle from thought to coming to rest Summary of Sliding Filament Theory v Message release from the brain to contract muscle in central nervous system v Message then travels down spinal cord (223 mph, 100 m/s) go to peripheral nervous system more proximal to contracting muscle v Message then travels down axon branch to axon terminal where message is carried through to axon terminal v Message is carried via acetylcholine (Ach) to sarcolemma down the T tubules adjacent to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (light weight few axon stimulate, heavier weight more axons are stimulated) v Ach causes sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release calcium ions (Ca+) v Ca+ ions find their way to troponin which is on actin s tropomyosin and exposes binding sites for myosin s head, where they bind to the actin v ATP (adenosine triphosphate) broken down by ATPase (enzyme) to ADP and an inorganic phosphate producing energy and causing a power stroke and muscular contraction (the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments) v Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction) v When the brain tells the muscles to stop contracting the T-tubules pump the Ca+ out and the tropomyosin returns to original position and covers the binding sites for the myosin on the actin filament and the muscle will return resting state v Known as the sliding filament theory

13 11. Difference between tendon and ligaments! Tendons: " Composed of collagen (bundles of white, fibrous protein) " Attach muscle to bone " Vascular! Ligaments: " Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue " Attach bone to bone " Avascular

14 12. Protocol to determine if ligament or tendon injured Pain through an accve range of mocon usually indicates tendon, whereas pain during passive range of mocon Can be confirmed by accve range of mocon test to rule out tendon

15 13. 3 types of joints in the body Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint

16 14. anatomical terminology planes, axis, anatomical

17 15. Big picture of nervous system The Components of the Nervous System Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Brain Spinal Cord Forebrain Hindbrain Midbrain

18 16. Stretch reflex, propriocepcon, golgi tendon, patellar tendon, muscle spindle.. Muscle Spindles at Work patellar reflex stretches muscle spindle in quads that causes contraction with hams relaxing Motor neuron Muscle fibres Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

19 16. Stretch reflex, propriocepcon, golgi tendon, patellar tendon, muscle spindle.. The Stretch Reflex! Stretch reflex: " Simplest spinal reflex " Depends on the single connection between primary afferent fibres and motor neurons of same muscle " Sequence of nerve impulses and motions (e.g. tapping patella ligament): Receptor muscle senses action of hammer against patella ligament through the muscle spindle s sensory neuron Message transmitted along afferent nerve axon to spinal cord Afferent neuron synapses with the efferent pathway of same muscle Impulse transmitted along efferent pathways to muscle Motor units contract brings about knee-jerk action

20 16. Stretch reflex, propriocepcon, golgi tendon, patellar tendon, muscle spindle.. The Stretch Reflex! Stretch reflex: " Simplest spinal reflex " Depends on the single connection between primary afferent fibres and motor neurons of same muscle " Sequence of nerve impulses and motions (e.g. tapping patella ligament): Receptor muscle senses action of hammer against patella ligament through the muscle spindle s sensory neuron Message transmitted along afferent nerve axon to spinal cord Afferent neuron synapses with the efferent pathway of same muscle Impulse transmitted along efferent pathways to muscle Motor units contract brings about knee-jerk action

21 17. Diagram conduccon of heart Excitation of the Heart! Sinoatrial node (SA node): " Specialized region of tissue found in wall of right atrium " Location where electrical signals are initiated ( pacemaker )! Atrioventricular node (AV node): " Passes electrical signal from atria into ventricles " Passes electrical signal to the bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)! Bundle of His pass electrical signal to the Purkinje fibres! Purkinje fibres pass electrical signal to the myocardium! The myocardium contract " Leads to contraction of the heart " Leads to the pumping of blood Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

22 18. Able to read ECG The Electrical Activity of the Heart! Measured using an electrocardiogram (ECG) " Graphical representation of electrical sequence of events occurring with each contraction of the heart " Each wave generated during contraction is named: P wave: represents depolarization through the atria QRS complex: represents depolarization of the ventricle T wave: represents repolarization of the ventricle Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

23 19. Energy Pathways energy source, durations, by-products, oxygen effeciency

24 20. Blood pressure systolic / Diastolic pressure Cardiac Cycle Blood Pressure! Cardiac cycle: series of events occurring through one heartbeat! Involves two phases: " Diastole phase (relaxation) Heart fills with blood " Systole phase (contraction) Heart contracts and ejects blo

25 Cori Cycle and lactate threshold Lactate Threshold Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

26 22. 4 funccons of cardio vascular system The Cardiovascular System! Composed of: " Heart " Blood vessels " Blood! Functions: " Delivery of O 2, fuel, and nutrients to the tissues of the body " Removal of CO 2 and waste products from the tissues " Maintenance of a constant body temperature (thermoregulation) " Prevention of infection (immune function)

27 23. 3 main funccons of respiratory system The Respiratory System! Composed of structures that allow: " Passage of air from outside the body to the lungs " Gas exchange to occur! Three main functions: " Supply O 2 to the blood " Remove CO 2 from the blood " Regulate blood ph (acid-base balance)! Divided into two zones: " Conductive zone " Respiratory zone

28 24. & 25. Proper Treatment of an Injury S.H.A.R.P P.I.E.R. Principle Swelling: instantly or over time Heat: increased temperature in the area Altered: tissue will not function properly Red: in colour Pressure: tensor wrap Ice: placed on affected area Elevate: to reduce swelling Restrict: tensors, slings, or crutches Painful: to touch or move

29 26. Your healing presentacon

30 27. BMI Body Mass Index (BMI): Used to assess extent to which a person is balancing the energy equation Ratio of a person s weight in kilograms to the square of his/her height in metres Correlates with increased risks of disease Does not distinguish between fat and excess muscle

31 28. Diseases from obesity The higher your BMI, the higher your risk for certain diseases such as: heart disease, high blood pressure type 2 diabetes, gallstones, breathing problems, certain cancers.

32 29. 5 factors effeccng your metabolic rate Metabolic rate (MR) Measures energy that needs to be consumed in order to sustain essential bodily functions Affected by: 1. age, 2. sex, 3. weight, 4. lean muscle mass 5. general level of physical fitness

33 30. Morphology

34 31. the energy equacon Energy equation: the food (or energy) we take in should closely match the effort we put out Energy storage = Energy intake Energy output

35 32. ergogenic effects for a fat person trying to run the marathon Three types of Ergogenic Aids: Nutritional aids Carnitine Possible side effects include: nausea, rash, increased appecte, body odor, abdominal cramps, vomicng, headache, anemia, muscle cramps diarrhea. increase the frequency of your seizures

36 32. ergogenic effects for a fat person trying to run the marathon Three types of Ergogenic Aids: Pharmacological aids Erythropoietin Higher red-cell count causes heart to work harder Increases risk of cardiac fatigue and heart failure Physiological aids Intravenous administration of blood, red blood cells, and related blood products: Raises the blood s oxygen carrying capacity Increases cardiac output Decreases lactate levels Improves sweating response

37 33. 4 components of a general exercise program Preparation (Warm-Up) Segment ROM movements to increase joint lubrication and body temperature Aerobic Segment Monitor heart rate Talk Test Resistance Segment Warm-up Adequate relief between sets Follow weight-room safety rules Cool-Down Segment Target muscles used in the workout Emphasis on static stretching

38 34. FITT principles and definicon of each F.I.T.T. Principle captures the four basic building blocks of any exercise program F = Frequency How many times per week I = Intensity How hard T = Type Anaerobic or aerobic eg. Cardio verse resistance training T = Time How long was your workout

39 36. CalculaCon training heart rate MHR = 220 age THR (60%) = MHR*60% = MHR X 0.6

40 36 & 37 ConcentraCon & Arousal / relaxacon tools Relaxa&on/Arousal Regula&on Tools include: Breathing exercises MeditaCon Imagery & VisualizaCon Developing concentra&on SelecCve agencon Tools include: PosiCve self- talk DuplicaCng distraccons during praccce Cue words

41 39. inverted U hypothesis

42 40. factors that lead to ideal performance state Ideal performance state The complete absence of doubt and fear of failure, and a general lack of inhibition A very narrow focus of attention with little or no signs of distraction from the goals of competition A sense of effortlessness and simply letting it happen Powerful feelings of being in control of one s performance

43 41. 7 biomechanics principles 1. stability 2. maximum effort 3. maximum velocity 4. Impulse 5. ReacCon 6. Torque 7. Angular Momentum

44 42. 5 phases of video analysis 1. Preliminary Movements 2. Backswing Movements 3. Force Producing movements 4. CriCcal Instant (Moment of Impact) 5. Follow Through

45 43. Specific components Biomechanics can assess Biomechanical analysis begins by examining the method of execu&on of an exercise; such analyses enable one to give advice concerning: The posicon of joints to isolate specific muscles How to align the movement to the muscle How to combine muscles for opcmal results The opcmal speed for the objeccve The best starcng posicon and range of mocon for an exercise How to modify the leverage to gain a greater strength output

46 44. Flosbury Flop v. Western roll

47 What are the 4 key components of human development Four key components to human development are: Physical development CogniCve development Motor or skills development Social development

48 The End Good Luck on your exam Don t forget interview Thanks for a great semester