namib la UnIVERSITY OF SCIEnCE AnD TECHnOLOGY FACULTY OF HEALTH AND APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES

Transcription

1 namib la UnIVERSITY OF SCIEnCE AnD TECHnOLOGY FACULTY OF HEALTH AND APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES QUAliFICATION: BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES QUAliFICATION CODE: SOBBMS LEVEL: 5 COURSE: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY la SESSION: JUNE 2016 COURSE CODE: HPYllOS PAPER: THEORY DURATION: 3 HOURS MARKS: 100 FIRST OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER EXAMINER(S) Mrs Elsabe van der Coif MODERATOR: Ms Nadine Seymour INSTRUCTIONS 1. Answer all questions. 2. Please write neatly and legibly. 3. Do not use the left side margin of the exam paper. This must be allowed for the examiner. 4. No books, notes and other additional aids are allowed. 5. Mark all answers clearly with their respective question numbers. THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF _9_ PAGES (Including this front page)

2 SECTION A (40 MARKS) QUESTION 1 [10] Evaluate the statements in each numbered section and select the most appropriate answer or phrase from the given possibilities. Write the appropriate letter next to the number of the statement/phrase. 1.1 During intramembranous development of bones in the foetus, the following type of cells deposit bony matrix around themselves: (1} a. osteoclasts b. osteoblasts c. chondrocytes d. fibroblasts 1.2 Homeostasis of bone tissue is when the amount of bone tissue stays the same. It is accomplished when: (1} a. osteoblasts are more active than osteoclasts b. osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts c. the action of osteoclasts is balanced by the action of osteoblasts d. osteoblasts outnumber osteoclasts 1.3 Energy sources for muscle contraction includes the following, except: (1} a. ATP present in a muscle fiber b. Creatine phosphate which contains a high energy phosphate bond like ATP c. Glucose which is stored in the form of glycogen d. Lactic acid 1.4 The following type of muscle fibers always relies on oxidative metabolism and resists fatigue: a. Type I slow-twitch (red) fibers b. Type lla fast-twitch (white) fibers c. Type lib fast twitch fatigue resistant fibers 1.5 The blood CSF barrier is formed by choroid plexuses (specialized capillaries in the ventricles of the brain) covered by the following type of neuroglial cells: a. Astrocytes b. Oligodendrytes c. Microglia d. Ependymal cells e. None of above 2

3 1.6 Damage to cell bodies or their processes can be caused by the following, except: a. Lack of oxygen or nutrients b. Poisons like organic lead c. Trauma d. Hormones e. Infection 1.7 Depolarization of a neuron is the following: a. Membrane potential becomes more positive I less negative than resting membrane potential b. Membrane potential becomes more negative I less positive than resting membrane potential c. None of above 1.8 The membranes which cover the brain and spinal cord are the following, except: a. Dura mater b. Epidural mater c. Arachnoid mater d. Pia mater 1.9 CSF is a clear fluid which contains the following, except: a. Water b. Mineral salts c. Glucose d. Small amounts of plasma proteins e. Red blood cells f. Small amounts of creatine and urea g. A few leukocytes (white blood cells) The hypothalamus controls the following, except: a. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure b. Release of insulin c. Body temperature d. Water and electrolyte balance e. Stimulates the pituitary gland to release hormones QUESTION 2 [10] Assess the following statements and decide whether they are true or false. Write only the number of the question and TRUE for a true statement or FALSE for a false statement next to the number of the question. 2.1 The extracellular matrix of bone tissue consists of collagen and inorganic mineral salts. 2.2 Bone loss in women is influenced by female hormones like oestrogen. 3

4 2.3 Liver cells can produce glucose from lactic acid. (1} 2.4. In resting muscle fibers, theca++ concentration is much higher in the sarcoplasm than in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (1} 2.5 According to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, the length of the thick and thin filaments change and the sarcomere shortens during contraction. (1} 2.6 ATP is necessary for muscle contraction but not relaxation. (1} 2.7 K+ is the major intracellular positive ion (cation} and Na+ is the major extracellular cation. (1} 2.8 Sensory neurons are the ones that send messages to the muscles and glands to respond in a certain manner. (1} 2.9 CSF is formed from the blood and therefore the composition of CSF resembles the composition of other body fluids (1} 2.10 There is no communication between the two hemispheres of the brain. (1} QUESTION 3 [20] Define the following terms (brief description I explanation}: 3.1 Resorption of bone (2} 3.2 Endochondral development of bone (2} 3.3 Acetylcholine (2} 3.4 Lactic acid threshold (2} 3.5 The two layers which form the blood-brain barrier (2} 3.6 The location and function of interneurons (2} 3.7 The structure of a Schwann cell (2} 3.8 Resting potential in a neuron (2} 3.9 Depolarization in a neuron (2} 3.10 Sympathetic division ofthe autonomic nervous system (2} 4

5 SECTION B (37 MARKS) QUESTION 4 [8] Correctly label the parts of a long bone as presented in the following diagram. (8) A I. G I M I H... _ Nutrien: vo set 5

6 @ QUESTION 5 [10] 5.1 Correctly label the parts of a skeletal muscle fiber as presented in the diagram. (7) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Sarcoplasmic reticulum - ゥョャッセ Openings transverse tubules E F G 5.2 Match the muscle in Column 1 with the correct movement in Column 2. Only write the numbers and the corresponding letters. (3) Muscle Movement made possible when muscle contracts 1. Trapezius A. Flexion of the knee, raising of the heel 2. Deltoid B. Pulls the head backward, squares the shoulders 3. Gastronemicus c. Abducts, extends and flexes arm 6

7 @am セM QUESTION 6 [9] Correctly label the diagram of a neuromuscular junction (synapse). (9) T QUESTION 7 [10] 7.1 Identify four functions of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). (4) 7.2 The diencephalon is situated between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem. Identify the three parts of the diencephalon. (3) 7.3 Distinguish between the flow of information I activities in the sensory, association and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. (3) 7

8 SECTION C {37 MARKS) QUESTION 8 {10) Case study: A woman got out of bed and had a bad fall. She presented with terrible pain in the right upper thigh. She was paralysed and could not move. Answer the questions below regarding this case Which bone was probably broken near the hip joint? Name the type of synovial joint in the hip 8.3 Which muscle is found in the anterior upper thigh: biceps femoris, biceps bra chi or hamstrings? What age in years do you think the patient is: 10-20, or 70-80? Lifespan changes cause bone brittleness due to loss of and Loss of bone mass is called In females the condition in 8.6 is influenced by the hormone (2) 8.8 The condition in 8.6 could have been prevented by and (2) QUESTION 9 [6] Describe the effect of sunlight and nutrition on bone development. (6) QUESTION 10 [10] Organize the events in the contraction of a muscle fiber in the correct order. Only write the numbers in the correct order. (10) 1. The motor neuron terminal releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) 2. The sarcolemma is stimulated, and a muscle impulse travels over the surface of the muscle fiber and deep into the fiber through the transverse tubules 3. The muscle impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and calcium channels open 4. Calcium ions diffuse from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm and bind to troponin molecules 5. Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on actin 6. The actin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by myosin cross-bridges 7. A nerve impulse travels down a motor neuron axon 8. Actin and myosin form linkages 9. Ach binds to Ach receptors on the muscle fiber 10. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts QUESTION 11 [11] 8

9 11.1 Describe how action potential develops in the trigger zone of a neuron. Start with the neurotransmitter which is released by the presynaptic neuron. {6) 11.2 Elaborate on the structure and function of the Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). (S) END OF QUESTION PAPER. GOOD luck! 9