Rationale for testing

Transcription

1 Baltic Coaches Conference 2017 Fitness Testing in Tennis. Are we working the same way? Dr. Jaime Fernandez Fernandez Faculty of Sports Sciences University of Leon Master of Sports Training and Performance Coaches Education Area Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET) (Madrid) Rationale for testing To evaluate the abilities of the player in the context of the demands of the sport: From a talent identification viewpoint Identify specific strengths and weaknesses of the players assessed = to prioritise different training goals for the individual Monitor progression and evaluate the effectiveness of training prescribed For training prescription purposes (Tanner & Gore, 2013; Lemmink et al. 2004) 1

2 Rationale for testing Criteria to follow: 1. Validity, Reliability & Objectivity 2. Results should be analysed and compared to normative values and standardized sport profiles 3. Frequency of testing alligned with competitive Schedule (Reilly et al., 2009; Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2014) How to fix the gap between THEORY and PRACTISE 1. How coaches perceive sport sciences? 2. How they obtain new ideas, exercises.journals, congresses..?? 3. Barriers they find to get access to these sources of information? 2

3 Training = ART vs. SCIENCE Related with SCIENCE of training = WHAT Related with ART of training = HOW How to fix it together? How to communicate? Find the Balance? (Bob Bowman; Michael Phelps Coach) Importance of physical qualities in youth Physical qualities vs. performance Research has been conducted with athletes of various backgrounds (e.g., age, sex, performance level), and using different testing protocols Aim: to identify the most influencing factors on tennis performance (i.e., ranking) Results are contradictory: Physical qualities were weak predictors of overall tennis performance Specific qualities such as agility or speed and vertical power were correlated with tennis performance Serve velocity and overhead medicine ball throw (Ulbricht et al., 2014; Girard & Millet, 2007; Roetert et al., 1996; Birrer et al., 1986) 3

4 Importance of physical capacities in youth Ranking females 1997 Number 8 Ranking females 1997 Number 1 (Ulbricht et al., 2014) Does the fittest player win? 4

5 Importance of physical capacities in youth (Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2014) Is it worth evaluating physical capacities in talent identification programs? High physical capacities poorly predict career success on the individual basis Fitness is not performance There are many roads to Rome An accurate evaluation of physical capacities in youth is difficult (variability) Buchheit et al.,

6 Fitness testing for 14U players Survey for National Associations Fitness testing for 14U players Survey for National Associations Which kind of measurement tools are you using for testing: Simple measurement tools (i.e. meter, stopwatch) YES = 62% NO = 38% Sophisticated measurement tools (please tick the ones which apply): Force or contact platform Light cells Isokinetic measurements Physiological measurements (treadmill tests with gas analyzing, etc..) YES = 62% NO = 38% YES = 100% YES = 38% NO = 46% YES = 38% NO = 62% 6

7 Anaerobic testing Speed & Agility In tennis, speed comprises the ability to move at high velocity in a variety of directions, and often not in a straight line Peak velocities (GPS 10 Hz) in young tennis players = km.h Accelerations & Decelerations = 60 to 90 per match! (Hoppe et al., 2014; PES) Key Components = ACCELERATION & DECELERATION + Effective specific movement (COD) (Fernandez Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, BJSM 2014) 1. Linear sprint (10 20 m; 20 Yard) 2. Reaction + direction 3. Zig zag sprints (10 20 m) 4. Shuttle runs (10 12 sec; 6x8 m) 5. Sideways Shuffle (baseline) 6. Spider Test 7. Hegaxon Test 8. Tapping Test Anaerobic testing Speed & Agility 7

8 Anaerobic testing Speed & Agility Test / modified test 10. Tennis court speed test 11. Speed of forward backward movement 12. Lateral movement (30 s in the service box) 13. Skippings (1 foot) 14. Forehand/backhand sprints 15. Fowards/backwards (Baseline T Bs) 16. Wingate Test Strength and power testing The modern game of tennis has evolved to a current fast paced, explosive sport based on strength and power. Strokes and on court movement require good levels of both, strength & power. (Reid et al., 2013) Laboratory tests Maximum strength tests Isometric Dynamic Isokinetic tests Power tests Field tests Jump tests Medicine ball throws Tennis-specific tests (Fernandez Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, BJSM 2014) 8

9 1. Vertical Jump (Vertec, CMJ; bilateral; unilateral) 2. Standing long jump 3. Repeated jumps (platform, 4 10 reps) 4. Drop jump 5. Squat Jump Strength and power testing 6. Isometric/Isokinetic measurements (lower body) 7. Handgrip Strength Test 8. Ball throw (tennis ball 200 gr) Strength and power testing 9. Medicine ball throw (overhead; forehand; backhand; backwards; 1 3 Kg) 10. Push ups 11. Isometric/Isokinetic measurements (upper body) 12. Chin ups 13. Brutal crunches 14. Service velocity 15. Groundstrokes velocity 9

10 Demands of Tennis Heart Rate (HR) %HRmax High Intensity periods (>90%FCmax) ml.kg.min Oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) 50% VO 2max High Intensity periods (>80%VO2max) Blood Lactate mmol/l Max values = > 8 mmol/l (Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2009; Kovacs, 2007) Aerobic testing 1. Laboratory tests 2. Cooper test (12 min) mile run m multistage shuttle test (MSST; ie, multistage fitness test, beep test or Léger test) 5. Yo Yo IR :15 Test 7. Hit & Turn Tennis Test 10

11 Musculoskeletal testing How important is ROM/Flexibility for tennis? ROM restrictions in tennis (i.e., Shoulder, Hips; Lower leg ) Very Important!!...but Flexibility is thought to be a morphological characteristic more than a health or performance related fitness property. (Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2014; Moreno Perez et al., 2016) Musculoskeletal testing 1. Sit & Reach 2. Standing reach 3. Functional Movement Screening (FMS; 7 tests) 4. High Performance profile (10 tests) 5. Shoulder ROM (rotation (IR/ER)) 6. Hip ROM 11

12 Other qualities 1. Balance 2. Eye hand coordination 3. Keeping ball up with a basketball??? RELEVANT VALID RELIABLE ACCURATE AND PRECISE Take Home Messages Find an agreement regarding test batteries which can follow the growth process Testing to train / improve Create efficient databases and data analyses enabling comparison among countries Establishing National testing centres (partnerships with universities). Assessments during tournaments. Communication with the coach/player is a challenge, because there are many truths out there 12

13 Establish percentiles based on the tests results Establish reference values based on the percentiles (Fernandez Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, BJSM 2014) Summary Bilateral Deficits (Strength/ROM) detected in U13/U15 Values similar to profesional players! Need of a Follow up plan (ie., injury tracking; pain/no pain) Increase the age range (normative values) Long Term plan (2 x anual testing..) More communication (coach feedback ) 13

14 Future? ITF Project Baltic Coaches Conference 2017 A practical approach to endurance training in tennis. Still working as a runner? Dr. Jaime Fernandez Fernandez Faculty of Sports Sciences University of Leon Master of Sports Training and Performance Coaches Education Area Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET) (Madrid) 14

15 Importance of Sports Sciences? Sir Alex Ferguson The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results Albert Einstein 15

16 Secrets of Spanish Tennis Suffering the Spanish way We teach players to suffer Spend 4 5 h with the player..more, more, more.. Willing to suffer When I asked him how he goes about achieving this with his players at his Top Team Academy, he told me, "We force them." Secrets of Spanish Tennis?? Coaches Education program Coaches Tennis Schools, Academies, Regional Federations Players + Sports Science support (injury prevention; physical training; stroke mechanics) 16

17 Anyone can make an athlete tired! Tennis training Training load (Volume, intensity) Positive Adaptations Or Overload? But How much is too much? 17

18 Aerobic performance Improving through tennis? Tennis players (10 years) Tennis training 2 x week Significant improvements in aerobic power and less fat mass than non active peers Tennis = enough aerobic stimulus?? (Sanchis Moysi y col., 2011) Injury risk in tennis? (Jayanthi et al., 2013) 18

19 OVERLOAD TENNIS INJURIES Shoulder (25 47%) * Shoulder ROM * Shoulder strength Wrist (14 30%) Elbow (18 45%) Hip (7 15%) * Trunk stability * ABD/ADD strength *Hip ROM Back (52 70%) * Trunk stability * Hip ROM Groin (5 12%) * ABD/ADD strength * ABD/ADD ROM Kibler & Safran (2005) Tennis injuries in the young player 148 tennis players with an average age of the subjects was 15.1 years (range 11 19) (58 females and 90 males) Overall 92/148 (62%) were considered to have a hip at risk for FAI (femoroacetabular impingement). Occurs because the hip bones do not form normally during the childhood growing years Strenous exercise?? Cotorro et al., Br J Sports Med

20 Aerobic Training Match Intensity References Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2010 Torres & Carrasco, 2003 Gender Surface F U15 F U16 HR (b.min) %HRmax Clay ± Hard 146 ± ± 1.6 RFET 2016 (± 30 players (U13/U15)) Average intensity = 82% HRmax 50 60% of total match time >90% HRmax) 20

21 Aerobic training Main conclusion: Children are engaged in very short bursts of intense physical activity interspersed with varying intervals of low and moderate intensity Children = > fatigue resistance and > initial physical condition = Need of higher intensity trainings and less recovery Intensities >85% of HRmax (Rowland, 2005; Bailey et al., 1993) Aerobic performance MODE OF TRAINING Exercise using large muscle groups, regardless of mode of exercise, has the potential to increase aerobic power FREQUENCY AND DURATION 2 3 sessions per week Accumulate a minimum of 10 min >90 % to 4 10 min >95 % at MAS (HR: > 90%HRmax) PROGRAMME LENGTH Programmes lasting 6 10 weeks induce significant increases in Aerobic power (i.e., VO2max) (Armstrong & Barker, 2010; Martos & Winsley, 2007; Baquet et al., 2007) 21

22 High Intensity Training HIT HIT involves repeated short to long bouts of rather high intensity exercise (90 95%HR max ) interspersed with recovery periods (Midgley and McNaughton, 2006; Buchheit & Laursen, 2013) How to Prescribe? High intensity exercise = 90 95%HR max or Aerobic Velocity (MAS) HR max = TEST (On court/off court) Hit & Turn Tennis Test / 30:15 Test MAS = TEST (Off court) 30:15 Test Martin Buchheit, PhD Head of performance Paris Saint Germain (PSG) (Buchheit, JSCR 2008; Ferratui et al., 2011) 22

23 High Intensity training in children? HIT protocols improving the metabolic profile of adolescents Obesity, Insulin resistance 90 95% HRmax; % Maximal Aerobic Speed Key interest in public health (Armstrong & Barker, 2010; Logan et al., Sports Medicine 2014) High Intensity training in tennis? We have the court We have the exercises We know how much!! Accumulate a minimum of 10 min >90 % to 4 10 min >95 % at MAS (HR: > 90%HRmax) 2 3 times per week 6 10 weeks training programs AND.. 23

24 Aerobic performance Clark et al., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. Jun;11(2): TRAINING PROGRAM 24

25 RPE Scale (Borg, 1998; Foster, 2001) Practical Tools Visual Analogue Scale 25

26 Practical Tools Total Quality Recovery scale Long intervals 4 x 2 min, 1 30 Pause Intensity: (90 95%HR max ) (Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2011) 26

27 Upper body participation? VO2max 2 x 40 balls ( 3 min), 5 Pause Intensity: (65 90%HR max ) (Fernandez Fernandez et al., JSCR 2010) 27

28 m X b* a c d X X = start (Fernandez Fernandez et al., IJSPP 2016) 1 X = start Max effort 1: forehand Jog 2: backhand 1 2 Max effort Jog a,b* = hit; alternate forehand and backhand sets, 8 to 11 minutes (3 min rest between sets); work:rest intervals : 30:30 s / 60:60 s; Intensity: 90 95% HRmax P P (Fernandez Fernandez et al., IJSPP 2016) P Player = hit; alternate forehand and backhand Max effort Side steps P 2 sets, 8 to 11 minutes (3 min rest between sets); work:rest intervals : 30:30 s / 60:60 s; Intensity: 90 95% HRmax P 28

29 Example 1. Long intervals 3 x 3 4 min, 2/3 rest 29

30 Example 2. Long intervals 4 x 2 min, 1 30 rest Example 3. Short intervals Sets of 30 /60 work (30 /60 rest) 30

31 Example 3. Short intervals 12 male tennis players (mean ± SD: 21.9 ± 2.0 years; 1.82 ± 0.22 m and 76.4 ± 5.9 kg) Ranking (668.1 ± 105.1) Combined HIT: 13 sessions in 17 days ( Shock microcycle ) ~30 minutes sessions Pre tests P1 P2 P3 P1 P4 P2 P1 P4 P3 P4 P1 P3 P4 Post tests Day P1 7 x 2 min P3 4 x (15 x 15s-15s) P2 3 x (10 x 30s-30s) P4 3 x (10 x 30s-30s) 31

32 under support of 5 m X b* c a d 1 1 X 2 X = start Max effort Jog a,b* = hit; alternate forehand and backhand X = start Max effort 1: forehand Jog 2: backhand (Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2015) P P P Player = hit; alternate forehand and backhand Max effort Side steps P (Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2015) P 32

33 Circuit Training Work Intensity (%V30-15) Rest /repetitions Intensity/recov (%V30-15) Type of run Duration of sets n of sets Rest / sets % 20 Passive Shuttles (active) % 10 Passive Shuttles (active)

34 Trainability during chilhood Training prescription Fundamental/locomotor movement skills Sprint specific training Strength and plyometric training 34

35 Tennis 11+ Warm up proposal NEUROMUSCULAR WARM UP (1) ACTIVATION (Cardiovascular ) Target: 80%HRmax (2) STABILIZATION/MOBILIZATION (i.e., joint by joint approach) (1) NEUROMUSCULAR EXERCISE (i.e., Proprioception; Plyometrics; Speed/Agility) (1) SPORT SPECIFIC ACTIVATION 35

36 Muchas Gracias!! 36