Bratislava. Bratislava SLOVAKIA. Bratislava. Bratislava. Assesment of strength and power in elite athletes. Slovakia
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1 SLOVAKIA Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia Ice Hockey World Champion 22 (silver 21, bronze 23) Pressburg - Poszony Assesment of strength and power in elite athletes Dept. of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport Science Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Comenius University Bratislava Dušan Hamar Dept. of Sports Medicine Inst. of Sports Sciences Bratislava Slovakia 1
2 Assessment of strength capabilities traditional methods Maximal isometric force Force values at zero velocity at specific position Assessment of strength capabilities traditional methods 1RM (one repetition maximum) Force values at low udefined velocity) In sports strength has to be applied At relatively hight velocity Need for assessment of capability to produce force under conditions similar to performance, i.e. at high velocity Isokinetic machine Velocity remains constant regardless of force applied Registration of force Isokinetic regime Braking resistance feedback regulated - velocity remains constant regardless of force applied braking Real velocity Force (N) Isokinetic regime Position (cm) 1,8,6,4,2 Velocity (m/s) releasing Preset velocity 2
3 J.H. P.G. Squat 1RM 195 kg 13 kg (Voleyball players - CSFR) Maximal force at different velocities F (kp) v (cm/s) (Voleyball players - CSFR) J.H. P.G. Drawbacks of Computer Based Isokinetic Machines artificial movement patterns problems to stimulate stretch shortening cycle lack of sensitivity to detect specific training effects athletes prefer to use free weights or weight exercise machines INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF STRENGTH PARAMETER FROM VELOCITY AND MASS integration VELOCITY (v) derivation POSITION ACCELERATION (a) P = F.v POWER (P) MASS (m) F = m.(g+a) FORCE (F) 1. registration of velocity 2. calculation of force (multiplying mass lifted by sum of gravitational constant and acceleration obtained by derivation of velocity over time) 3. calculation of power Schema of the system Monitoring of strength parameter - PC based system velocity sensor AD convertor 3
4 Bench press 6 kg VELOCITY (cm/s)) POSITION (cm) BENCH PRESS, 6 kg VELOCITY (cm/s) SLOW POSITION (cm) VELOCITY (cm/s)) FAST POSITION (cm) Monitoring of strength parameter a simple system Reps performed with maximal effort in concentric phase with weights 2 kg, 3 kg, up to 1RM 5 1, , WEIGHT (kg) 1,2, ,25,5,75 1 1,25 1,5 WEIGHT (kg) ,42 1,22 1,4,9,78,62,49,38, WEIGHT (kg) ,42 1,22 1,4,9,78,62,49,38,
5 Pmax as a Parameter of Strength Capabilities Much less demanding to obtain than 1 RM (advantage in patients, but also in athletes) Good reliability (r=.94, equal or better than the other functional tests) Pmax as a Parameter of Strength Capabilities For many sports more specific parameter that 1 RM (better predictor of sports performance and more sensitive to sports specific training) Effect of weight training Increase of power (usually much more pronounced than 1RM) Maximal power achieved at the higher weights WEIGHT (kg) INCREASE 1RM 1% Pmax 19 % BENCH PRESS ,5 1 1, SHOT PUTTER BODY BUILDER 2 1,5 1 1,5 2 Specific effect of resistance training efect in rowers Specific effect of resistance training efect in rowers Squat,25,5,75 1 1, Squat,25,5,75 1 1,25 OCT OCT JAN 5
6 Specific effect of resistance training efect in rowers Force-velocity (Hill) curve Squat,25,5,75 1 1,25 OCT JAN APR ,25,5,75 1 1,25 1,5 Training at low velocities Training at high velocities ,25,5,75 1 1,25 1,5,25,5,75 1 1,25 1,5 Application of force in majority of athletic events At high velocity In a very short time period Force gradient Sprint - ms Long jump - 18 ms Pole vault - 2 ms Javelin throw - 25 ms Shot put - 25 ms 6
7 Efect of various forms of strength training Hakkinen, 1985 Training of rate of the force development (force gradient) Training of rate of the force development (force gradient) Maximal effort against near maximal resistance (concentric exercise) Maximal effort against supramaximal reistance (excentric exercise) Plyometric exercises Critical is effort in initial phase, not velocity of the movement itself (can be in fact low due to high weights) Training Proprioceptive stimuli (counter shocks of cca 1 G at the frequency of 1 Hz) applied during squats on the force platform. 7
8 Training Isometric contraction 6 sets, 6 reps each, 6 % of 1RM separated by 2-minute rest. Maximal force Force in initial 2 ms Frequency: 3 times a week for 8 weeks Maximal force Force in initial 2 ms F (N) n.s. experimental n.s. control F (N) P <,1 experimental n.s. control before after 8 weeks before after 8 weeks Clinical importance of rate of the force development 8
9 Faster rate of the force development Assessment of capability to utilize stretch-shorthening shorthening cycle more effective compensation of external forces lower risk of injury Bench press (6 kg) Utilization of elastic energy Without CM With CM Mean power in concentric phase = 378 W Mean power in concentric phase = 686 W Proprioceptive reflex Power In Concentric Phase Of Bench Press Performed Without And With CM WEIGHT (kg) without CM with CM 9
10 DELTA Enhancement Of Power (Means Of The Concentric Phase) Due To CM At Different Weights WEIGHT (kg) IEMG Height of the jump performed under different conditions Height of the jump (cm) 6 Drop jumps 4 CM jump Squat jump Drop height (cm) Assessment of strength endurance 6 Pmax Pmin Pmax - Pmin FATIGUE INDEX = Pmax AVERAGE REPETITION Rep No (1) 1
11 Practice of resistance training Exercise Weight No of reps No of set Rest intervals Velocity? Velocity in concentric phase Low F = 6 N s =.5 m t = 1 s P = 3 W F x s P = t High F = 6 N s =.5 m t =.5 s P = 6 W T T T T DESIGN OF THE STUDY 6 SUBJECTS "FAST" TRAINING BREAK "FAST" TRAINING 8 WEEKS 6 SUBJECTS "SLOW" TRAINING 8 WEEKS BREAK (CROSS MATCHING) 8 WEEKS "SLOW" TRAINING Tests of strength parameters Diagnostic set reps perfomed with maximal effort in concentric phase with 2 kg, 3 kg,... Up to 1 RM Set of 15 reps performed with maximal effort in concentric phase wit 7 % of 1RM 2 1,5 1,5 7 Pmax WEIGHT (kg) 1RM
12 6 Pmax Pmin Pmax - Pmin FATIGUE INDEX = Pmax 1RM Pmax Pmax with 7 % of 1RM Pmean of 15 reps with 7 % of 1RM TYPE OF TRAINING SLOW FAST AVERAGE REPETITION FATIGUE INDEX IMPROVEMENT (%) BENCH PRESS, 6 kg VELOCITY (cm/s) SLOW POSITION (cm) VELOCITY (cm/s)) FAST POSITION (cm) FIBERS RECRUITED (%) Henneman s s principle ST FTO INTENSITY OF CONTRACTION (% of max) FTG GH response to resistance exercise: influence of intensity Monitoring of basic parameter during weight exercise High intensity Low intensity Provides more precise information on sport specific strength capabilities in elite athletes Better asesment of training effect Better performance prediction May improve efficiency of strength training 12
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