Retroclival collections associated with abusive head trauma in children
|
|
- Karin Day
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 DOI /s SPECIAL ISSUE: ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA Retroclivl collections ssocited with busive hed trum in children V. Michelle Silver & Amy R. Dnehy & Alice W. Newton & Ctherine Stmoulis & Chir Crducci & P. Ellen Grnt & Celeste R. Wilson & Pul K. Kleinmn Received: 14 Februry 2014 /Revised: 7 June 2014 /Accepted: 20 August 2014 # Springer-Verlg Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstrct Retroclivl collections re rre lesions reported lmostexclusivelyinchildrenndstronglyssocitedwithtrum. We exmine the incidence nd imging chrcteristics of retroclivl collections in young children with busive hed trum. We conducted dtbse serch to identify children with busive hed trum 3 yers of ge with brin imging performed between 2007 nd Clinicl dt nd brin imges of 65 children were nlyzed. Retroclivl collections were identified in 21 of 65 (32%) children. Ten (48%) were subdurl, 3 (14%) epidurl, 2 (10%) both, nd 6 (28%) indeterminte. Only 8 of 21 retroclivl collections were identifible on CT nd most were low or intermedite in ttenution. Eighteen of 21 retroclivl collections were identifible on MRI: 3 followed cerebrl spinl fluid in signl intensity nd 15 were bloody/ proteinceous. Additionlly, 2 retroclivl collections demonstrted fluid-fluid level nd 2 enhnced in the 5 children who received contrst mteril. Sgittl T1-weighted imges, sgittl fluid-sensitive sequences, nd xil FLAIR (fluid-ttenuted inversion recovery) imges showed the retroclivl collections best. Retroclivl collections were significntly correlted with V. M. Silver (*): A. R. Dnehy : C. Stmoulis : C. Crducci : P. E. Grnt: P. K. Kleinmn Deprtment of Rdiology, Boston Children s Hospitl, Hrvrd Medicl School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA e-mil: michelle.silver@tch.hrvrd.edu A. W. Newton Child Protection Progrm, Deprtment of Peditrics, Msschusetts Generl Hospitl, Hrvrd Medicl School, Boston, MA 02114, USA C. Stmoulis Deprtment of Neurology, Boston Children s Hospitl, Hrvrd Medicl School, Boston, MA 02115, USA C. R. Wilson Division of Generl Peditrics, Deprtment of Medicine, Boston Children s Hospitl, Hrvrd Medicl School, Boston, MA 02115, USA suprtentoril nd posterior foss subdurl hemtoms nd were not sttisticlly correlted with skull frcture or prenchyml brin injury. Retroclivl collections, previously considered rre lesions strongly ssocited with ccidentl injury, were commonly identified in this cohort of children with busive hed trum, suggesting tht retroclivl collections re n importnt component of the imging spectrum in busive hed trum. Retroclivl collections were better demonstrted on MRI thn CT, were commonly identified in conjunction with intrcrnil subdurl hemtoms, nd were not significntly correlted with the severity of brin injury or with skull frctures. Keywords Child buse. Brin. Trum. Mgnetic resonnce imging. Peditric. Clivus. Computed tomogrphy. Child. Abusive hed trum Introduction Abusive hed trum is mjor cuse of deth nd disbility in infnts nd young children [1]. In the pproprite clinicl context, imging findings such s multifocl, thin subdurl hemtoms nd prenchyml brin injury my suggest dignosis of busive hed trum. Retroclivl hemtoms were first described by Orrison et l. [2] in 1986 nd hve been subsequently noted in occsionl cse reports [2 19] nd smll series [20 23]. Most retroclivl epidurl nd subdurl hemtoms occur in children, nd these collections re lmost lwys reported in the context of ccidentl trum, prticulrly motor vehicle ccidents [19, 24 27]. We found no specific reference to retroclivl hemtoms in the context of busive hed trum. Given the strong correltion between retroclivl hemtoms nd ccidentl peditric hed trum, we hypothesized tht these lesions would be observed in children with busive hed trum. As such, this study ws performed to determine
2 S622 the incidence nd imging chrcteristics of retroclivl collections in cohort of young children with busive hed trum. Mterils nd methods This study ws pproved by the hospitl s institutionl review bord nd ws complint with the Helth Informtion Portbility nd Accountbility Act. Informed consent ws wived. Ptient cohort nd clinicl dt In this retrospective study, ll children younger thn 36 months with busive hed trum who were treted t lrge urbn peditric tertiry-cre hospitl between 2007 nd 2013 nd who hd dignostic-qulity hed CT or MRI were identified through serch of the hospitl s Child Protection Progrm dtbse nd the multidisciplinry child buse conference list. The ge threshold of 36 months ws chosen becuse busive hed trum is most often noted in infnts nd toddlers. Abusive hed trum ws considered present if the dignosis ws estblished through multidisciplinry evlution, including ssessment by child buse peditricin. Fctors considered in this ssessment included the clinicl presenttion, imging findings (including hed CT nd brin MRI), dmission by the perpetrtor, nd buse independently witnessed (Tble 1). If cse ws considered suspicious for buse but ws not confirmed, it ws excluded. Clinicl dt were bstrcted from medicl records by child buse peditricin to determine ptient demogrphics nd clinicl detils. Children included in this study hd one or more of the following imging findings: skull frcture, intrcrnil hemorrhge, nd prenchyml brin injury. Children with isolted sclp hemtoms or isolted fcil bruising were excluded from the study. The time intervl between the onset of symptoms nd imging ws determined from chrt review. A totl of 65 children (29 girls nd 36 boys, ge rnge 1 36 months, men 5.2 months, stndrd devition [SD] 5.5 months) met ll inclusion criteri for this study. Imge review Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 CT nd MRI were used to determine the presence or bsence of retroclivl collection. Retroclivl epidurl collections were defined s fluid collections long the clivus deep to the tectoril membrne. Retroclivl subdurl collections were defined s fluid collections superficil to the tectoril membrne nd deep to the rchnoid membrne (Fig. 1). Retroclivl collections were defined s indeterminte if the collection ws identified on CT only (nd no MRI ws performed or if the retroclivl collection hd resolved by the time MRI ws performed) or if the tectoril membrne could not be definitively identified on MRI. If retroclivl collection ws identified on either modlity, it ws deemed present. CT imging ws performed on LightSpeed 16 Slice CT or Optim CT660 (Generl Electric Helthcre, Milwukee, WI) or SOMATOM Senstion 64 (Siemens, Erlngen, Germny) with the use of non-helicl 5-mm contiguous xil imges. In the ltter prt of the study period, hed CTs were routinely reconstructed into mm xil dtsets nd reformtted into 3-mm-thick sgittl nd coronl imge sets using stndrd lgorithm. MR imging ws performed on 3T Mgnetom Skyr or Trio scnner (Siemens, Erlngen, Germny) or 1.5T Sign Excite (Generl Electric Helthcre, Milwukee, WI). Stndrd pulse sequences cquired on the 3T MRI system included sgittl 3D volumetric T1-weighted spoiled grdient echo imges (0.9-mm section thickness) reformtted into xil nd coronl plnes (0.9-mm section thickness, 0-mm gp), xil nd coronl fst spin echo (FSE) T2-weighted imges (2.5-mm section thickness, 0-mm gp), xil T2-weighted fluid-ttenuted inversion recovery (FLAIR) imges (4-mm section thickness, 0-mm gp), nd xil diffusion tensor imging (DTI) imges (2-mm section thickness, 0-mm gp). Imging on the 1.5 T MRI system consisted of sgittl T1-weighted spin echo Tble 1 Clinicl fctors in estblishing buse Number who met criteri Children with busive hed trum 65 Abuse independently witnessed 4 Abuse cknowledged/confessed 1 Dignosis estblished by multidisciplinry 63 ssessment child protection tem Dignosis of buse greed upon by 65 multispecilty providers Direct cre tem, child protection MD, hospitlists, neurosurgery, neurology, ophthlmology nd rdiology, s pplicble Fig. 1 Illustrtion of retroclivl collection in the sgittl plne. The tectoril membrne is blck, the rchnoid membrne yellow; the blue str defines the epidurl spce, the blck str the subdurl spce
3 Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 S623 imges (4-mm section thickness, 0-mm gp), xil nd coronl FSE T2-weighted imges (4-mm section thickness, 0-mm gp), xil T2-weighted FLAIR imges (5-mm section thickness, 1.0-mm gp), nd DTI imges (5-mm section thickness, 0- mm gp). Vribly obtined sequences included xil susceptibility-weighted imges (SWI) (1.25-mm thick section, 0-mm gp), xil stedy-stte grdient echo imges (4-mm section thickness, 0-mm gp), xil or sgittl T2-weighted 3D vrible-flip-ngle FSE imges (0.5-mm section) reformtted in 0.5-mm-thick sections in orthogonl plnes, xil or sgittl fst imging employing stedy-stte cquisition imges (0.8-mm section thickness) reformtted in 0.8-mmthick sections in orthogonl plnes, sgittl FSE inversion recovery imges (3-mm section thickness, 0-mm gp) nd xil T1-weighted spin echo post-gdolinium (5-mm section thickness, 0-mm gp) or sgittl 3D volumetric T1-weighted spoiled grdient echo post-gdolinium imges (0.9-mm section thickness) reformtted into xil nd coronl plnes. Vrible sequences were vilble in individul ptients becuse imging protocols for busive hed trum evolved over time. In prticulr, fluid-sensitive sequences, defined s T2-weighted 3D vrible-flip-ngle FSE, fst imging employing stedy-stte cquisition or FSE inversion recovery imges, were more commonly dded to the imging protocol in the ltter prt of the study period. Moreover, buse ws not lwys the initil clinicl considertion t the time of first imging, e.g., child my hve been imged for new-onset seizures before buse ws contemplted. Findings were therefore expressed s percentges of findings positively identified reltive to the totl number of ptients in whom specific finding could be ssessed bsed on the vilble imging sequences. MR imging sequences vilble for ech ptient with retroclivl collection re listed in Tble 2. All imging ws independently nlyzed nd clssified by two bord-certified fellowship-trined peditric neurordiologists with 15 nd 8 yers of experience. Interobserver differences were resolved nd clssified by consensus following greement between the reders. Chrcteristics of retroclivl collections such s loction, ttenution, signl intensity, enhncement, nd the presence of Tble 2 MRI sequences performed in the children with retroclivl collection nd busive hed trum Cse 1.5 T 3.0 T Sg T1 Sg or xil T1 post contrst Axil T2 Axil FLAIR Axil GRE/ SWI Axil DTI Sg FSEIR Sg or xil T2- weighted 3D vrible-flip-ngle FSE Sg or xil fst imging employing stedy-stte cquisition b No MRI performed b RCC Retroclivl collection DTI diffusion tensor imging, FLAIR Fluid-ttenuted inversion recovery, FSE fst spin echo in footer, FSEIR fst spin echo inversion recovery, GRE grdient echo, Sg sgittl, SWI susceptibility-weighted imging
4 S624 Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 fluid-fluid levels were exmined. If more thn one hed CT or MRI ws performed during the sme hospitl dmission, the first hed CT nd the first MRI were used to determine the ttenution nd signl chrcteristics of the retroclivl collection. Retroclivl collections were ctegorized s subdurl, epidurl, both subdurl nd epidurl, or indeterminte. Becuse xil FLAIR imges cn show flow-relted rtifct in the retroclivl region, the sequence ws not used to determine the presence or bsence of retroclivl collection. Additionl neuroimging findings including skull frcture, subdurl hemtom nd prenchyml brin injury were identified. Suprtentoril subdurl hemtoms were defined s one or more subdurl hemtom in the suprtentoril spce, unilterl, bilterl, or interhemispheric in loction. Posterior foss subdurl hemtoms were defined s one or more subdurl hemtom long the occipitl squm. Prenchyml brin injury ws defined s ny re of prenchyml tissue ltertion tht ws bright on T2-weighted MR imges nd correspondingly bright on the diffusion trce-weighted mp nd drk on the pprent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mp. Imges were not seprtely nlyzed for prenchyml edem without restricted diffusion or bridging vein thrombosis. Detils of retinl hemorrhges nd skeletl frctures were bstrcted from the medicl record. Sttisticl methods Interobserver greement ws ssessed using Cohen s kpp sttistic. Correltions between retroclivl collection nd either skull frcture, supr- or infrtentoril prenchyml injury; nd supr- or infrtentoril subdurl hemtoms were ssessed using simple contingency tbles nd the Fisher exct test or chi-squred test. Results Interobserver greement There ws excellent interobserver greement (Cohen s kpp κ=0.96, 95% confidence intervl [0.89,1])) for identifying the presence of retroclivl collection in this cohort of children Tble 3 Demogrphics nd imging chrcteristics of retroclivl collections (RCC) Cse Age (mos) Gen-der RCC Loction CT vilble Dy of CT since symptom onset CT sgittl reformtted imges vilble CT density MRI vilble Dy of MRI since symptom onset RCC signl intensity RCC enhncing RCC fluidfluid level 1 2 F EDC Yes Dy 1 No Not seen Yes Dy 2 No No 2 3 M SDC Yes Dy 1 Yes Not seen Yes Dy 1 No Gd No 3 1 F Both b Yes Dy 1 Yes Not seen Yes Dy 2 Yes Yes 4 3 M SDC Yes Dy 1 No Not seen Yes Dy 5 CSF No No 5 1 M SDC Yes Dy 1 Yes Not seen Yes Dy 3 CSF No Gd No 6 5 F ID Yes Dy 1 No Not seen Yes Dy 2 No No 7 2 M ID Yes Dy 1 Yes Intermed No No MRI NA NA No 8 16 F ID Yes Dy 1 Yes Intermed Yes Dy 1 Resolved No Gd No 9 36 M SDC Yes Dy 1 Yes Intermed Yes Dy 1 No Gd No M SDC Yes Dy 1 No Not seen Yes Dy 1 Yes No 11 7 F SDC Yes Dy 2 Yes Intermed Yes Dy 4 No Gd No 12 7 F SDC Yes Dy 2 Yes Not seen Yes Dy 4 No Gd No 13 8 M ID Yes Dy 4 Yes Not seen Yes Dy 9 No Gd No 14 3 M SDC Yes Dy 2 Yes Not seen Yes Dy 3 No Gd No 15 1 M EDC Yes Dy 1 No Not seen Yes Dy 2 No Gd No 16 4 F SDC Yes Dy 1 Yes Low Yes Dy 2 No Gd No M EDC No No CT NA NA Yes Dy 16 No Gd No 18 1 M ID Yes Dy 1 No Not seen Yes Dy 3 No Gd Yes 19 4 M SDC Yes Dy 1 Yes Intermed Yes Dy 2 CSF No Gd No 20 6 M ID Yes Dy 1 Yes High No No MRI NA NA No F Both b Yes Dy 1 No Intermed Yes Dy 2 No Gd No Intermedite or drk signl on T2-weighted imges, or intermedite or bright signl on T1-weighted imges, or mixed signl intensity on T1- or T2- weighted imges, or intermedite signl on fluid-ttenuted inversion recovery imges b Both epidurl nd subdurl collections present CSF cerebrospinl fluid, EDC epidurl collection, F femle, Gd gdolinium, ID indeterminte, M mle, mos months, NA not pplicble, SDC subdurl collection
5 Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 S625 Tble 4 Additionl findings in children with retroclivl collections (RCC) nd busive hed trum (AHT) Cse Posterior foss SDH Posterior foss cerebellr injury Suprtentoril findings nd skull frcture (SFX) Retinl hemorrhge Skeletl survey 1 SDH Absent SDH, PI Yes, B Ribs, CML humerus, CML tibi, femur 2 SDH Present SDH, PI, IVH, SAH Yes, B Negtive 3 SDH Absent SDH, PI, SFX No Negtive 4 SDH Absent SDH, PI, SFX No Ribs 5 SDH Absent SDH, PI Yes, B Ribs, rdius, CML femur, CML tibi, clvicle 6 SDH Absent SDH Yes, B Negtive 7 No NA SDH, SFX N.E. Negtive 8 SDH Present SDH, PI Yes, B Negtive 9 SDH Absent SDH, PI Yes, B Rdius 10 SDH Absent SDH, PI Yes, B Fibul, multiple thorcic vertebrl bodies 11 SDH Absent SDH, PI Yes, B Negtive 12 SDH Absent SDH, SFX No Negtive 13 SDH Absent SDH Yes, B Negtive 14 SDH Absent SDH Yes, B Negtive 15 SDH Absent SDH Yes, U Clvicle, CML femur, CML tibi, CML fibul 16 SDH Absent SDH Yes, B Negtive 17 SDH Absent SDH, PI Yes, B Negtive 18 SDH Absent SDH, PI No Ribs, CML femur, CML tibi 19 SDH Present SDH, PI Yes, B CML tibi 20 SDH NA SDH, PI Yes, B Negtive 21 SDH Absent SDH Yes, U Negtive no MRI performed; B, Bilterl; CML, clssic metphysel lesion; IVH, intrventriculr hemorrhge; NA, not pplicble; no MRI, vilble; N.E., not exmined; PI, prenchyml injury; SAH, subrchnoid hemorrhge; SDH, subdurl hemtom; U unilterl with busive hed trum, with one discrepnt red, which ws resolved by consensus. Imging findings Retroclivl collections were identified in 21/65 (32%) children (ge rnge 1 36 months, men 8.7 months, SD 10.5 months). Ptient demogrphics, clinicl determintion of retinl hemorrhge, imging nd ssocited findings in children with busive hed trum nd retroclivl collections re summrized in Tbles 3 nd 4. Of the 65 children in this cohort, 62 children (95%) hd hed CTs; 43 of those 62 (69%) children hd sgittl reformtted imges nd 19 (31%) did not. Almost ll of the 65 ptients (58 children, 89%) underwent MRI imging of the brin. Retroclivl collections were identified in 8/62 (13%) children on hed CT nd 18/57 (32%) by MRI. In 5 children retroclivl collection ws identified on both modlities (4 subdurl collections nd 1 epidurl collection with subdurl collection). Of the 18 children with retroclivl collections identified on MRI, 12 (67%) (2 epidurl collections, 6 subdurl collections, 1 subdurl with epidurl collection, 3 indeterminte collections) could not be identified on the preceding hed CT; 5 were seen on the prior hed CT; nd 1 child (epidurl collection) hd brin MRI exmintion but no hed CT. Seven of the 8 (88%) children in whom retroclivl collection ws detected on hed CT hd sgittl reformtted imges vilble for interprettion. In three children, retroclivl collections were identified only by hed CT; in two of these, CT ws the only imging modlity utilized nd in one child retroclivl collection initilly present on the CT performed t 1.5 h post injury ws resolved on the CT t 6 h post injury (Fig. 2)ndtheMRI performed 7 h post injury confirmed resolution. The loction, CT ttenution nd MRI signl chrcteristics of the retroclivl collections re listed in Tble 3. Of the 21 retroclivl collections, subdurl collections (10 of 21; 48%) (Fig. 3) weremorecommonlyobservedthnepidurlcollections (3 of 21; 14%), nd combined epidurl nd subdurl collections (2 of 21; 10%) (Fig. 4) were lest common. Six collections (6 of 21; 28%) could not be ctegorized nd were clssified s indeterminte for the following resons: two children did not hve n MRI following their hed CT nd thus by definition were indeterminte in loction; in one child the retroclivl collection hd resolved by the time the MRI ws performed nd therefore only hed CT ws vilble for clssifiction; in two cses the collections were well seen, but the lck of sgittl fluid-sensitive sequence precluded ccurte locliztion of the collections (Fig. 5); nd in one cse the
6 S626 Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 Fig. 2 CT in 16-month-old girl with retroclivl collection (cse 8, indeterminte). Sgittl reformtted CT imge 1.5 h post symptom onset shows n intermedite-density retroclivl collection (rrows). b Sgittl reformttedctimge6hpost symptom onset shows resolution of the retroclivl collection. Resolution ws confirmed on brin MRI performed 7 h post symptom onset (not shown) Fig. 3 CT nd MRI in 7-month-old girl with retroclivl subdurl collection (cse 11). Sgittl reformtted CT imge performed 2 dys post symptom onset shows the subdurl collection (long rrows) s intermedite in density. Note the retroclivl collection is superficil to the tectoril membrne (short rrow). b Sgittl reformtted CT imge membrne overlying the collection ws well seen nd likely represented the rchnoid membrne, but the ngle of the membrne reltive to the clivus ws considered typicl (cse 18). performed 3 dys post symptom onset shows tht the collection is incresed in size nd density. c Sgittl T1-weighted spin echo MR imge 4 dys post symptom onset shows the collection (white rrow) s bright in signl nd superficil to the tectoril membrne (blck rrow) The erliest point t which retroclivl collection ws identified on imging ws 1.5 h post symptom onset. The erliest point t which retroclivl collection resolved ws 6 h post symptom onset. The ltest point t which retroclivl collection Fig. 4 MRI in 30-month-old girl with combined retroclivl epidurl nd subdurl collection (cse 21). Sgittl fst spin echo inversion recovery imge shows smll epidurl collection (long blck rrows) deep to the tectoril membrne (short blck rrow). A subdurl collection (white rrows) overlies the tectoril membrne. Note the subdurl hemtom long the occipitl squm (rrowheds). b Sgittl fst imging employing stedy-stte cquisition sequence shows the subdurl collections long the clivus (white rrow) nd occipitl squm (blck rrows)
7 Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 S627 Fig. 5 MRI in n 8-month-old boy with retroclivl collection (cse 13, indeterminte). Sgittl T1-weighted imge shows hyperintense retroclivl collection. The tectoril membrne is not clerly visulized ws identified on imging during the sme hospitl dmission ws 19 dys post symptom onset. Ten children with retroclivl collections identified on MRI underwent second MRI exmintion during the sme hospitl dmission nd of these 10 children, retroclivl collections could still be identified in 9 (rnge 2 19 dys, men 10.8 dys). Of children with retroclivl collection, 19 underwent brin MRI, on which 18 retroclivl collections were identified. The sgittl sequences employed in the MRI exmintions tht detected retroclivl collections were s follows: 18 children were imged with sgittl T1-weighted sequence nd 9 children with sgittl fluid-sensitive sequences. Retroclivl collections were identified on sgittl T1-weighted imges in 16/18 (89%), nd on sgittl fluid-sensitive sequences in 9/9 (100%). In regrd to xil brin imging, of the 18 children with retroclivl collection identified by MRI, 18 hd T2-weighted sequences, 16 hd susceptibility sequences (SWI or stedy-stte grdient echo imges), nd 11 hd FLAIR imges (xil FLAIR imging is not typiclly included in our infnt brin imging protocol nd ws therefore not consistently vilble for interprettion). Retroclivl collections were visulized on xil T2- weighted imges in 7/18 (39%), xil susceptibility imges in 4/ 16 (25%) nd xil FLAIR imges in 9/11 (82%). Five children hd gdolinium-enhnced MRIs nd in two cses the retroclivl collections enhnced (Fig. 6). A fluid-fluid level ws observed in 2 of 18 children with RCCs (Fig. 7). Other posterior foss nd impct injuries Subdurl hemtoms were concurrently noted within the posterior foss long the occipitl squm by CT or MRI in 20/21 (95%) children with retroclivl collections (Figs. 4 nd 6). Fig. 6 MRI in 30-month-old boy with n enhncing retroclivl subdurl collection (cse 10). The sgittl T1- weighted imge shows retroclivl subdurl collection (white rrows) nd n occipitl squm subdurl hemtom (blck rrow). b Sgittl T1- weighted post-contrst imge shows enhncement of the retroclivl subdurl collection (white rrows) nd the occipitl squml subdurl hemtom (blck rrow). c Axil FLAIR imge shows the retroclivl collection long the clivus (rrow), wheres the xil T2- weighted imge (d) does not. FLAIR fluid-ttenuted inversion recovery
8 S628 Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 Fig. 7 MRI in 1-month-old boy with retroclivl collection (cse 18, indeterminte). Sgittl T1- weighted nd (b) sgittlfst imging employing stedy-stte cquisition imges show retroclivl collection with fluidfluid level (rrows) representing the interfce between sediment nd superntnt Imging resolution did not llow for ssessment for continuity between occipitl squm subdurl hemtoms nd retroclivl collections. In 3/21 (14%) children with retroclivl collections, prenchyml injury of the cerebellum ws lso present. Of those children without retroclivl collection (n=44), 28/ 44 (64%) hd subdurl hemtoms long the occipitl squm nd 8/44 (18%) hd prenchyml injury of the cerebellum. Skull frctures were present in 4/21 children (19%) with retroclivl collection nd in 15/44 (34%) children without retroclivl collection. There ws sttisticlly significnt correltion between retroclivl collections nd occipitl squm subdurl hemtoms (P=0.0066); there ws no sttisticlly significnt correltion between retroclivl collections nd skull frcture (P=0.21) or cerebellr prenchyml injury (P=0.69). Finlly, no child ws found to hve focl contusion of the brinstem or cerebellum, brinstem compression, epidurl hemtom long the occipitl squm, or clivl frcture. In ddition, no child hd evidence of ruptured tectoril membrne s hs beendescribedinchildrenwithretroclivlepidurlhemtoms occurring with ccidentl trum [28]. Discussion Retroclivl collections were reltively common (32%) in our cohort of young children with busive hed trum. This finding contrsts with the generl consensus tht these collections re rre [4, 6, 10, 11, 22]. Retroclivl collections were best visulized on CT in children with sgittl reformtted imges nd on MRI in the sgittl plne on T1-weighted, T2- weighted 3D vrible-flip-ngle FSE, fst imging employing stedy-stte cquisition, nd FSE inversion recovery imges, nd in the xil plne on FLAIR imges. A retroclivl collection cn be subdurl or epidurl in loction nd occsionlly combintion of both is identified. To scertin the loction of retroclivl collection, the tectoril membrne, thin sheet-like structure tht is continuous Additionl findings The dditionl neuroimging, clinicl nd skeletl survey findings re detiled in Tble 4. Thirteen children with retroclivl collection hd prenchyml injury of the suprtentoril brin prenchym, nd ll (n=21) hd suprtentoril subdurl hemtoms. There ws sttisticlly significnt correltion between retroclivl collections nd suprtentoril subdurl hemtoms (P=0.018) but no significnt correltion with prenchyml injury of the cerebrl hemispheres (P=0.16). No retroclivl collection demonstrted enough mss effect in the posterior foss to cuse obstructive hydrocephlus from loclized brinstem compression. In one child, retroclivl collection ws contiguous with subdurl collection in the cervicl nd thorcic spinl cnl (cse 12, Fig. 8). No child underwent surgicl evcution of retroclivl collection. Fig. 8 MRI in 7-month-old girl with retroclivl subdurl collection extending into the spinl cnl (cse 12). Sgittl T1-weighted imge shows thin but extensive subdurl collection extending from the mid clivus into the spinl cnl (white rrows). The tectoril membrne is well seen (blck rrow)
9 Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 with the intrcrnil dur mter nd extends from the midclivus to the bse of C2, hs to be identified [29]. Fluid collections deep to the tectoril membrne re epidurl in loction nd those superficil to the tectoril membrne re subdurl [30]. In this study, the most common type of retroclivl collection ws locted in the subdurl comprtment (48%). Less common were retroclivl epidurl collections (14%) or combined retroclivl epidurl nd subdurl collections (10%). Approximtely one-third (28%) of collections were ctegorized s indeterminte for the following resons: the retroclivl collection ws identified on CT only nd no brin MRI ws performed; the retroclivl collection resolved (on CT) prior to the MRI being performed; nd MRI detil/ vilble sequences did not permit relible identifiction of the tectoril membrne nd therefore limited ctegoriztion of the retroclivl collection. Severl mechnisms hve been proposed for the formtion of clivl epidurl hemtoms which include stripping of the tectoril membrne from the surfce of the clivus from hyperextension injury resulting in trumtic injury to the tectoril membrne nd bleeding from the injured dur; trumtic disruption of the locl vsculture such s the meninohypophysel trunk or bsilr plexus; nd clivl frcture or distsis of the spheno-occipitl synchondrosis with durl bleeding [4, 5, 8]. Clivl subdurl hemtoms re rrely reported nd the source of bleeding is not clerly understood becuse there re few vessels in the clivl subdurl spce [30, 31]. We hypothesize tht fluid within the subdurl spce cn ccumulte secondry to (1) durl injury, resulting in bleeding; (2) trumtic rchnoid ter llowing cerebrospinl fluid to enter the subdurl spce, which would explin the three CSF-intensity subdurl collections seen in this cohort, nd (3) redistribution of subdurl fluid/blood from subdurl hemtoms locted long the occipitl squm or middle crnil foss. The clinicl presenttion of children with retroclivl collections vries. Children with retroclivl epidurl hemtoms occurring in the setting of ccidentl trum often present with neurologicl deficits rnging from lower crnil nerve presis to tetrplegi nd loss of spontneous respirtion [21 23, 28]. Children with retroclivl subdurl hemtoms rising from ccidentl injury my present with hemipresis nd respirtory rrest but children cn lso be symptomtic [27, 30, 32]. Neurologicl bnormlities observed in ccidentlly injured children with retroclivl collections my be relted to loclized injury to posterior foss contents with stretching, direct compression or contusion of nerves nd brin tissue. In ddition, deficits my reflect broder injury to the centrl nervous system [33]. Correlting neurologicl deficits in bused infnts to retroclivl epidurl or subdurl collections cn be especilly chllenging, prticulrly when there is polytrum with dditionl intrcrnil injuries in sedted/intubted ptient. In this S629 study, correltion of retroclivl collections with neurologicl bnormlities ws not possible bsed on lck of detiled neurologicl findings documented in the medicl records. The imging ppernces of retroclivl subdurl nd epidurl collections differed in this study. Retroclivl subdurl collections were either low or intermedite in ttenution on the first CT exmintion. This resulted in subtle ppernce of these collections in the xil plne, which ws further compounded by volume verging with the clivus nd bem hrdening rtifct rising from the clvrium. Sgittl reformtted imges were helpful in identifying some but not ll retroclivl subdurl collections. Interestingly, no retroclivl subdurl collection ws of high or mixed ttenution on the first CT exmintion, n ppernce tht is considered common for suprtentoril subdurl hemtoms in children with busive hed trum [34 36]. On MRI, one-third of retroclivl subdurl collections pproximted cerebrl spinl fluid in signl intensity. These collections represented either subdurl hygroms, possibly relted to n rchnoid ter with lekge of CSF into the subdurl spce [34, 36, 37], hemtohygroms or chronic subdurl hemtoms. The remining two-thirds of retroclivl subdurl collections followed signl intensities consistent with hemorrhgic/proteinceous fluid content. By contrst, retroclivl epidurl collections followed signl intensities consistent with bloody/proteinceous fluid. Furthermore, retroclivl epidurl hemtoms were not esily detected on hed CT, nd ll isolted retroclivl epidurl collections were identified on MRI only. This is of potentil clinicl significnce becuse retroclivl epidurl hemtoms seen in ccidentlly injured children re usully ssocited with crniocervicl junction injuries [4, 21, 28]. We detected more thn twice s mny retroclivl collections with MRI thn with CT, which suggests superior sensitivity of MRIcompredtoCT.SgittlT1-weightedimges,sgittl fluid-sensitive nd xil FLAIR imges showed the collections best, demonstrting the collections in 89%, 100% nd 82% of cses, respectively. Axil T2-weighted MR imges nd susceptibility sequences did not show the collections well, positive in only 37% nd 25% of cses, respectively. In some imging centers, sgittl fluid-sensitive sequences re not incorported into peditric brin trum protocols, nd xil FLAIR sequences re omitted in infnts. Thus, supplementtion of brin imging with these potentilly helpful sequences should be considered when ssessing children for busive hed trum. Severl interesting imging fetures of retroclivl collections were observed in this study. Two children with retroclivl collections demonstrted fluid-fluid levels within the collection, representing seprtion of blood components into sediment nd superntnt. Additionlly, 2 of 5 children who received gdolinium on MRI showed enhncement of the retroclivl collection. The mechnism of enhncement of subdurl collections is not known. Hypotheses put forwrd
10 S630 include pssive diffusion of contrst gent into the subdurl spce similr to ccumultion of contrst gent in pinel cysts nd contrst lekge from neovsculture in children with preexistent subdurl collections [38]. One child demonstrted continuity of retroclivl subdurl collection with cervicl nd thorcic subdurl collection. This observtion suggests tht it is possible tht posterior foss subdurl hemtoms resolve, t lest in prt, by redistribution of blood from the posterior foss into the spinl subdurl spce [39]. This mechnism would explin the rpid resolution of the retroclivl collectionseenincse8,whichresolvedwithin6hofinjury. Rpid resolution of retroclivl subdurl hemtom into the spinl comprtment hs lso been reported in child with ccidentl trum [19]. In our cohort, some retroclivl collections resolved quickly, while others remined evident dys fter the initil symptom onset. About hlf were visible on MRI t n verge of 10 dys fter symptom onset nd one ws still visible on dy 19. Therefore, even if brin MRI is delyed for severl dys fter dmission, retroclivl collection my still be detectble. In ddition to retroclivl collections, other posterior foss bnormlities were identified, such s subdurl hemtoms long the occipitl squm, common finding in children with busive hed trum, s well s cerebellr prenchyml injury, which is less commonly observed in these children nd ssocited with poor neurodevelopmentl outcomes [40]. Retroclivl collections were significntly correlted with posterior foss subdurl hemtoms but not with prenchyml injury of the cerebellum. No child in this study hd retroclivl collection lrge enough to cuse brinstem compression or hydrocephlus from loclized brinstem compression. Nor did ny child hve evidence of brinstem or cerebellr contusion or clivl frcture, ll findings previously reported in children with retroclivl hemtoms occurring with ccidentl trum [2, 7, 8, 10]. The spectrum of tectoril membrne bnormlities described in ccidentlly injured children rnges from bowing/ elevtion of the tectoril membrne to prtil nd complete tectoril membrne ters with frnk disruption. We did not identify ny child with prtil or complete ter of the tectoril membrne, findings seen t the most severe end of theinjuryspectruminchildrenwithccidentltrum[28, 41]. Furthermore, ll children with retroclivl collections in this cohort were mnged expectntly, s opposed to children with ccidentl trum who re occsionlly treted surgiclly [7, 9, 11, 20]. In regrd to suprtentoril hed injury, retroclivl collections were significntly correlted with suprtentoril subdurl hemtoms but not with prenchyml brin injury or skull frcture. This suggests tht in cses of busive hed trum, retroclivl collections re not necessrily ssocited with more severe brin injury ptterns or injuries tht involve blunt force trum. This study is limited by its retrospective nture nd modest cohort size. Results need to be vlidted in lrger prospective study. Also, s with most studies of busive hed trum, we cnnot be certin of the exct timing of injury in our cses nd cn only drw inferences bsed on when ptients presented for cre nd histories provided by cretkers regrding the onset of symptoms. Imging findings on hed CT nd MRI were tken into considertion in the clinicl multidisciplinry ssessment of the children in this cohort. Although the presence of n intrcrnil subdurl hemtom or retroclivl collection on imging did not constitute n inclusion criterion for dignosing buse, knowledge of the presence of these findings in the clinicl ssessment represented confounding fctor. Nevertheless, these findings were but two of mny dditionl dt points considered in the finl determintion of busive injury. CT nd MRI were not both vilble for ll ptients with identified retroclivl collections, nd thus in few cses modlities with differentil sensitivities for retroclivl collections were used. In ddition, children were dmitted to the hospitl on n emergent bsis nd the institution is tertiry cre center. Therefore, the cohort my hve been skewed towrd the more severe end of the spectrum of busive hed trum. Finlly, lck of detiled neurologicl ssessments vilble in the medicl chrts limited our bility to correlte retroclivl collections to specific neurologicl deficits. Conclusion Our study shows tht retroclivl collections re reltively common in children with busive hed trum nd suggests tht these collections re n importnt component of the busive hed trum imging spectrum. Retroclivl collections cn be subtle in ppernce, re better demonstrted on MRI thn on CT, nd cn be overlooked if cre is not tken with imge cquisition nd interprettion. Retroclivl collections were commonly identified in conjunction with multifocl subdurl hemtoms, which re considered hllmrk findings in busive hed trum, but were not significntly correlted with brin prenchyml injury or skull frcture. Conflicts of interest References Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S631 None. 1. Piteu SJ, Wrd MG, Brrowmn NJ et l (2012) Clinicl nd rdiogrphic chrcteristics ssocited with busive nd nonbusive hed trum: systemtic review. Peditrics 130: Orrison WW, Rogde S, Kinrd RE et l (1986) Clivus epidurl hemtom: cse report. Neurosurgery 18: Agrwl D, Cochrne DD (2006) Trumtic retroclivl epidurl hemtom peditric entity? Childs Nerv Syst 22:
11 Peditr Rdiol (2014) 44 (Suppl 4):S621 S Guillume D, Menezes AH (2006) Retroclivl hemtom in the peditric popultion. Report of two cses nd review of the literture. J Neurosurg 105: Kurosu A, Amno K, Kubo O et l (1990) Clivus epidurl hemtom. Cse report. J Neurosurg 72: Kwon TH, Joy H, Prk YK et l (2008) Trumtic retroclivl epidurl hemtom in child: cse report. Neurol Med Chir 48: Mrks SM, Prmrswren RN, Johnston RA (1997) Trnsorl evcution of clivus extrdurl hemtom with good recovery: cse report. Br J Neurosurg 11: Mizushim H, Kobyshi N, Swbe Y et l (1998) Epidurl hemtom of the clivus. Cse report. J Neurosurg 88: Ppdopoulos SM, Dickmn CA, Sonntg VK et l (1991) Trumtic tlntooccipitl disloction with survivl. Neurosurgery 28: Sulimn HM, Merx HL, Wesseling P et l (2001) Retroclivl extrdurl hemtom is mgnetic resonnce imging dignosis. J Neurotrum 18: Yng BP (2003) Trumtic retroclivl epidurl hemtom in child. Peditr Neurosurg 39: Cstillo C, Lmbre H, Meli F (1994) Acute extr-xil hemtom post-trumtic of the clivus. Medicin (B Aires) 54: Muller JU, Piek J, Kllwellis G et l (1998) Prepontine epidurl hemorrhge. Zentrlbl Neurochir 59: Pterkis KN, Krntns AH, Hdjigeorgiou GM et l (2005) Retroclivl epidurl hemtom secondry to longitudinl clivus frcture. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 108: Clisneller T, Ozdemir O, Altinors N (2006) Posttrumtic cute bilterl bducens nerve plsy in child. Childs Nerv Syst 22: Itshyek E, Goldmn J, Rosenthl G et l (2006) Extrdurl hemtom of the clivus, not limited to the severely injured ptient: cse report nd review of the literture. J Trum 60: Ver M, Nvrro R, Estebn E et l (2007) Assocition of tlntooccipitl disloction nd retroclivl hemtom in child. Childs Nerv Syst 23: Khn N, Zumstein B (2000) Trnsverse clivus frcture: cse presenttion nd significnce of clinico-ntomic correltions. Surg Neurol 54: Ahn ES, Smith ER (2005) Acute clivl nd spinl subdurl hemtom with spontneous resolution: clinicl nd rdiogrphic correltion in support of proposed pthophysiologicl mechnism. Cse report. J Neurosurg 103: Tubbs RS, Griessenuer CJ, Hnkinson T et l (2010) Retroclivl epidurl hemtoms: clinicl series. Neurosurgery 67: , discussion Meoded A, Singhi S, Poretti A et l (2011) Tectoril membrne injury: frequently overlooked in peditric trumtic hed injury. AJNR Am J Neurordiol 32: Ym N, Kno H, Nr S et l (2007) The vlue of multidetector row computed tomogrphy in the dignosis of trumtic clivus epidurl hemtom in children: three-yer experience. J Trum 62: Grton HJ, Gebrski SS, Ahmd O et l (2010) Clivl epidurl hemtom in trumtic sixth crnil nerve plsies combined with cervicl injuries. J Neuroophthlmol 30:18 25 S Rtill B, Cstnho P, Vr Luiz C et l (2006) Trumtic clivus epidurl hemtom: cse report nd review of the literture. Surg Neurol 66: , discussion Fuentes S, Bouillot P, Dufour H et l (2000) Occipitl condyle frctures nd clivus epidurl hemtom. Cse report. Neurochirurgie 46: Petit D, Mercier P (2011) Regrding retroclivl epidurl hemtoms: clinicl series. Neurosurgery 68: , uthor reply E Myers DJ, Moossy JJ, Rgni MV (1995) Ftl clivl subdurl hemtom in hemophilic. Ann Emerg Med 25: Grbb BC, Frye TA, Hedlund GL et l (1999) MRI dignosis of suspected tlnto-occipitl dissocition in childhood. Peditr Rdiol 29: Tubbs RS, Kelly DR, Humphrey ER et l (2007) The tectoril membrne: ntomicl, biomechnicl, nd histologicl nlysis. Clin Ant 20: Csey D, Chudhry BR, Lech PA et l (2009) Trumtic clivl subdurl hemtom in n dult. J Neurosurg 110: Ayberk G, Ozveren MF, Asln S et l (2011) Subrchnoid, subdurl nd interdurl spces t the clivl region: n ntomicl study. Turk Neurosurg 21: Ahn SS, Mntello MT, Jones KM et l (1992) Rpid MR imging of the peditric brin using the fst spin-echo technique. AJNR Am J Neurordiol 13: Becco de Souz R, Brsileiro de Aguir G, Sette Dos Sntos ME et l (2011) Retroclivl epidurl hemtom in child ffected by whiplsh cervicl injury: typicl cse of rre condition. Peditr Neurosurg 47: Vinchon M, Noule N, Tchofo PJ et l (2004) Imging of hed injuries in infnts: temporl correltes nd forensic implictions for the dignosis of child buse. J Neurosurg 101: Tung GA, Kumr M, Richrdson RC et l (2006) Comprison of ccidentl nd nonccidentl trumtic hed injury in children on noncontrst computed tomogrphy. Peditrics 118: Brdford R, Choudhry AK, Dis MS (2013) Seril neuro imging in infnts with busive hed trum: timing busive injuries. J Neurosurg Peditr 12: Cse ME (2008) Forensic pthology of child brin trum. Brin Pthol 18: Shw DW, Weinberger E, Brewer DK et l (1996) Spinl subdurl enhncement fter suboccipitl crniectomy. AJNR Am J Neurordiol 17: Choudhry AK, Brdford RK, Dis MS et l (2012) Spinl subdurl hemorrhge in busive hed trum: retrospective study. Rdiology 262: Tnoue K, Aid N, Mtsui K (2013) Apprent diffusion coefficient vlues predict outcomes of busive hed trum. Act Peditr 102: Sun PP, Poffenbrger GJ, Durhm S et l (2000) Spectrum of occipitotlntoxil injury in young children. J Neurosurg 93: 28 39
Fundamentals of Spine MRI and Essential Protocols
Fundmentls of Spine MRI nd Essentil Protocols A. C. Dougls-Akinwnde, MD Octoer 13, 2009 Fundmentls of Spine MRI Lerning Ojectives: 1. List the essentil sequences for Spine MRI exmintion 2. Discuss the
More informationFindings Regarding an Intracranial Hemorrhage on the Phase Image of a Susceptibility-Weighted Image (SWI), According to the Stage, Location, and Size
pissn 2384-1095 eissn 2384-1109 imri 2015;19:107-113 http://dx.doi.org/10.13104/imri.2015.19.2.107 Findings Regrding n Intrcrnil Hemorrhge on the Phse Imge of Susceptiility-Weighted Imge (SWI), According
More informationCommunity. Profile Yellowstone County. Public Health and Safety Division
Community Helth Profile 2015 Yellowstone County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl
More informationCommunity. Profile Missoula County. Public Health and Safety Division
Community Helth Profile 2015 Missoul County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl Risk
More informationCommunity. Profile Powell County. Public Health and Safety Division
Community Helth Profile 2015 Powell County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl Risk
More informationCommunity. Profile Lewis & Clark County. Public Health and Safety Division
Community Helth Profile 2015 Lewis & Clrk County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl
More informationCommunity. Profile Big Horn County. Public Health and Safety Division
Community Helth Profile 2015 Big Horn County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl
More informationCommunity. Profile Anaconda- Deer Lodge County. Public Health and Safety Division
Community Helth Profile 2015 Ancond- Deer Lodge County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12
More informationCommunity. Profile Carter County. Public Health and Safety Division
Community Helth Profile 2015 Crter County Public Helth nd Sfety Division Tble of Contents Demogrphic Informtion 1 Communicble Disese 3 Chronic Disese 4 Mternl nd Child Helth 10 Mortlity 12 Behviorl Risk
More informationSkull fracture vs. accessory sutures: how can we tell the difference?
Emerg Rdiol (2010) 17:413 418 DOI 10.1007/s10140-010-0877-8 PICTORIAL ESSAY Skull frcture vs. ccessory sutures: how cn we tell the difference? Thoms Snchez & Deorh Stewrt & Mtthew Wlvick & Leonrd Swischuk
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementry Online Content Zulmn DM, Pl Chee C, Ezeji-Okoye SC, et l. Effect of n intensive outptient progrm to ugment primry cre for high-need Veterns Affirs ptients: rndomized clinicl tril. JAMA Intern
More informationDiffusion Tensor Scalars Vary with Age and Across Spinal Levels in Children
Reserch Article imedpub Journls http://www.imedpub.com JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE ISSN DOI: 10.21767/.100047 Abstrct Diffusion Tensor Sclrs Vry with Age nd Across Spinl Levels in Children Purpose:
More informationLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, EGFR Mutation and Brain Metastasis in Pulmonary Adenocarcinomas
Originl Article EGFR Muttion nd Brin Metstsis in Pulmonry Adenocrcinoms Dong-Yeop Shin, MD,* Im Il N, MD,* Cheol Hyeon Kim, MD, PhD, Sunhoo Prk, MD, PhD, HeeJong Bek, MD, PhD, nd Sung Hyun Yng, MD, PhD*
More informationA Rare Manifestation of Solitary Primary Bone Lymphoma of the Finger: a Case Report
pissn 2384-1095 eissn 2384-1109 imri 2018;22:240-244 A Rre Mnifesttion of Solitry Primry Bone Lymphom of the Finger: Cse Report Jeong A Yeom 2, You Seon Song 1 *, In Sook Lee 1, Kyung Un Choi 3, Jeung
More informationAnalysis of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography findings in patients with pituitary lesions
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Koren J Intern Med 2013;28:81-88 http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2013.28.1.81 Anlysis of F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomogrphy findings in ptients with pituitry lesions Hnnh
More informationInfluence of lateral cephalometric radiography in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning
Originl Article Influence of lterl cephlometric rdiogrphy in orthodontic dignosis nd tretment plnning An Reis Durão ; Ali Alqerbn b ; Afonso Pinhão Ferreir c ; Reinhilde Jcobs d ABSTRACT Objective: To
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Syringomyelia
Act Neurochir (Wien)(1995) 134:93-99 :Act. _ N urochlrurgc 9 Springer-Verlg t995 Printed in Austri Mgnetic Resonnce Imging (MRI) in Syringomyeli H. L. J. Tnghe Deprtment of Rdiodignostics, University Hospitl
More informationMultiple sclerosis (MS) affects approximately. Triaging Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in the Emergency Department. Room for Improvement
Systemtic Review of Tools for Anxiety in MS MS CARE DELIVERY: CHALLENGES AND INVATIONS Triging Ptients with Multiple Sclerosis in the Emergency Deprtment Room for Improvement Heshm Abboud, MD, PhD; Krin
More informationThe Prevalence of Bacteremia in Pediatric Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Guidelines to Reduce the Frequency of Obtaining Blood Cultures
RESEARCH ARTICLE The revlence of Bcteremi in editric tients With Community-Acquired neumoni: Guidelines to Reduce the Frequency of Obtining Blood Cultures bstrct OBJECTIVE: The gol of this study ws to
More informationInvasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report. July September 2017
Invsive Pneumococcl Disese Qurterly Report July September 2017 Prepred s prt of Ministry of Helth contrct for scientific services by Rebekh Roos Helen Heffernn October 2017 Acknowledgements This report
More informationEmerging Options for Thromboprophylaxis After Orthopedic Surgery: A Review of Clinical Data
Emerging Options for Thromboprophylxis After Orthopedic Surgery: A Review of Clinicl Dt Bob L. Lobo, Phrm.D. In four rndomized, controlled studies of ptients undergoing orthopedic surgery, the ntithrombotic
More informationLATE RESULTS OF TRANSFER OF THE TIBIAL TUBERCLE FOR RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA1
LATE RESULTS OF TRANSFER OF THE TIBIAL TUBERCLE FOR RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA1 W. G. J. HAMPSON nd P. HILL, BRISTOL, ENGLAND The uthors wished to determine the lte results of the Huser opertion,
More informationXII. HIV/AIDS. Knowledge about HIV Transmission and Misconceptions about HIV
XII. HIV/AIDS Knowledge bout HIV Trnsmission nd Misconceptions bout HIV One of the most importnt prerequisites for reducing the rte of HIV infection is ccurte knowledge of how HIV is trnsmitted nd strtegies
More informationLipase and Pancreatic Amylase Activities in Tissues and in Patients with Hyperamylasemia
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Originl Article Lipse nd Pncretic Amylse Activities in Tissues nd in Ptients with Hypermylsemi FRED APPLE, PH.D, PETER BENSON, M.D., LYNNE PREESE, MT, M.B.A., STEVEN EASTEP, M.D., LAURA
More informationImpact of Positive Nodal Metastases in Patients with Thymic Carcinoma and Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Originl Article Impct of Positive Nodl Metstses in Ptients with Thymic Crcinom nd Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors Benny Weksler, MD, Anthony Holden, MD, nd Jennifer L. Sullivn, MD Introduction: Thymic crcinoms
More informationRecently, the National Lung Screening Trial demonstrated that three annual low-dose
Dign Interv Rdiol DOI 10.5152/dir.2015.14541 Turkish Society of Rdiology 2015 CHEST IMAGING ORIGINAL ARTICLE Impct of rdition dose nd itertive reconstruction on pulmonry nodule mesurements t chest CT:
More informationClinical Study Report Synopsis Drug Substance Naloxegol Study Code D3820C00018 Edition Number 1 Date 01 February 2013 EudraCT Number
EudrCT Number 2012-001531-31 A Phse I, Rndomised, Open-lbel, 3-wy Cross-over Study in Helthy Volunteers to Demonstrte the Bioequivlence of the Nloxegol 25 mg Commercil nd Phse III Formultions nd to Assess
More informationUC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works
UC Dvis UC Dvis Previously Published Works Title Rib hed protrusion into the centrl cnl in type 1 neurofibromtosis Permlink https://escholrship.org/uc/item/8457m5x3 Journl Peditric Rdiology, 40(12) ISSN
More informationEffects of physical exercise on working memory and prefrontal cortex function in post-stroke patients
Effects of physicl exercise on working memory nd prefrontl cortex function in post-stroke ptients M Moriy, C Aoki, K Sktni Grdute School of Helth Sciences Reserch, Mjor of Physicl Therpy, TeikyoHeisei
More informationSeeding Metastasis of Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma after Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy
pissn 2384-1095 eissn 2384-1109 imri 2017;21:119-124 https://doi.org/10.13104/imri.2017.21.2.119 Seeding Metstsis of Chromophoe Renl Cell Crcinom fter Root-Assisted Lproscopic Prtil Nephrectomy Knghun
More informationOpioid Use and Survival at the End of Life: A Survey of a Hospice Population
532 Journl of Pin nd Symptom Mngement Vol. 32 No. 6 December 2006 NHPCO Originl Article Opioid Use nd Survivl t the End of Life: A Survey of Hospice Popultion Russell K. Portenoy, MD, Un Sibircev, BA,
More informationPNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended by the CDC for all your appropriate adult patients at increased risk for pneumococcal disease 1,2 :
PNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended y the CDC for ll your pproprite dult ptients t incresed risk for pneumococcl disese 1,2 : Adults ged
More informationENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY
ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY VARIATION IN THE DIETARY ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY Shwn Firbirn, John Ptience, Hnk Clssen nd Ruurd Zijlstr SUMMARY Formultion of commercil pig diets requires n incresing degree
More informationBENIGN ulceration along the greater curvature of the pars media of the
BENIGN ULCERS OF THE GREATER CURVATURE OF THE STOMACH Report of Two Cses CHARLES H. BROWN, M.D. Deprtment of Gstroenterology nd ANTHONY D. INTRIERE, M.D.* BENIGN ulcertion long the greter curvture of the
More informationCheckMate 153: Randomized Results of Continuous vs 1-Year Fixed-Duration Nivolumab in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
CheckMte 53: Rndomized Results of Continuous vs -Yer Fixed-Durtion Nivolumb in Ptients With Advnced Non-Smll Cell Lung Cncer Abstrct 297O Spigel DR, McCleod M, Hussein MA, Wterhouse DM, Einhorn L, Horn
More informationEfficacy of Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Melanoma With Stable Brain Metastases at Baseline: A Pooled Retrospective Analysis
Efficcy of Pembrolizumb in Ptients With Advnced Melnom With Stble Brin Metstses t Bseline: A Pooled Retrospective Anlysis Abstrct 1248PD Hmid O, Ribs A, Dud A, Butler MO, Crlino MS, Hwu WJ, Long GV, Ancell
More informationGeneral Microscopic Changes
Generl Microscopic Chnges 2 This chpter covers collection of microscopic chnges tht lck dignostic specificity ut occur in different specific diseses, s will ecome pprent in susequent chpters. Almost ll
More informationAppendix J Environmental Justice Populations
Appendix J Environmentl Justice s [This pge intentionlly left blnk] Tble of Contents REFERENCES...J-2 Pge LIST OF TABLES Pge Tble J-1: Demogrphic Overview of Bruinsburg Site Project Are... J-3 Tble J-2:
More informationEFFECTS OF AN ACUTE ENTERIC DISEASE CHALLENGE ON IGF-1 AND IGFBP-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN PORCINE SKELETAL MUSCLE
Swine Dy 22 Contents EFFECTS OF AN ACUTE ENTERIC DISEASE CHALLENGE ON IGF-1 AND IGFBP-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN PORCINE SKELETAL MUSCLE B. J. Johnson, J. P. Kyser, J. D. Dunn, A. T. Wyln, S. S. Dritz 1, J.
More informationCharacteristics and clinical predictors of minor head injury in children presenting to two Malaysian accident and emergency departments
O r i g i n l A r t i c l e Singpore Med J 2005; 46(5) : 219 Accident nd Emergency Medicine School of Medicl Sciences Universiti Sins 16150 Kubng Kerin Kot Bhru H C Chn, MBBS, MMed Physicin W A W Asim,
More information3D RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TEMPORAL BONE IN COCHLEAR IMPLANT SURGERY
3D RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TEMPORAL BONE IN COCHLEAR IMPLANT SURGERY M.C. Dhm, H.L. Seldon, B.C. Pymn nd G.M. Clrk Humn Communiction Reserch Centre, Deprtment o/otolryngology, University 0/ Melbourne, The
More informationAmyvid (Florbetapir F 18 Injection) Reader Training
Amyvid (Florbetpir F 18 Injection) Reder Trining Imging Report (Negtive Templte) EXAMINATION: Brin Amyloid PET/CT IMAGING DATE OF STUDY: 01/02/2012 PET ID: 029-004 RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL: 370 MBq (10 mci)
More informationThallium-201 chloride scintigraphy in soft tissue tumors
136 ORIGINAL Thllium-201 chloride scintigrphy in soft tissue tumors Hideki Otsuk, Kori Terzw, Nomi Morit, Yoichi Otomi, Shoichiro Tko, Seiji Iwmoto, Kyosuke Oski, Msfumi Hrd, nd Hiromu Nishitni Deprtment
More informationAmerican Joint Committee on Cancer Staging and Clinicopathological High-Risk Predictors of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Americn Joint Committee on Cncer Stging nd Clinicopthologicl High-Risk Predictors of Oculr Surfce Squmous Neoplsi A Study From Tertiry Eye Center in Indi Sheetl Chuhn, MSc; Seem Sen, MD; Anjn Shrm, PhD;
More informationEarly Resuscitation of Children With Moderate-to- Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Erly Resuscittion of Children With Moderte-to- Severe Trumtic Brin Injury WHAT S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Trumtic brin injury is the leding cuse of deth nd disbility in children. Postinjury hypotension nd
More informationA review of the patterns of docetaxel use for hormone-resistant prostate cancer at the Princess Margaret Hospital
MEDICAL ONCOLOGY A review of the ptterns of docetxel use for hormone-resistnt prostte cncer t the Princess Mrgret Hospitl S.N. Chin MD,* L. Wng MSc, M. Moore MD,* nd S.S. Sridhr MD MSc* ABSTRACT Bckground
More informationAssessment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis. Validity of Including Somatic Items on the Beck Depression Inventory II
Assessment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Vlidity of Including Somtic Items on the Beck Depression Inventory II Peggy Crwford, PhD; Noh J. Webster, MA Signs nd symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS)
More informationEruption of the permanent maxillary canines in relation to mandibular second molar maturity
Originl Article Eruption of the permnent mxillry cnines in reltion to mndibulr second molr mturity Giuseppe Perinetti ; Mrilen Cllovi b ; Stefno Slgrello c ; Mtteo Bisotto d ; Luc Contrdo d ABSTRACT Objective:
More informationBody mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and metabolic syndrome as predictors of middle-aged men's health
Originl Article - Sexul Dysfunction/Infertility pissn 2005-6737 eissn 2005-6745 Body mss index, wist-to-hip rtio, nd metbolic syndrome s predictors of middle-ged men's helth Jung Hyun Prk *, In-Chng Cho
More informationStudy of Stress Distribution in the Tibia During Stance Phase Running Using the Finite Element Method
Ksetsrt J. (Nt. Sci.) 48 : 729-739 (2014) Study of Stress Distriution in the Tii During Stnce Phse Running Using the Finite Element Method Thepwchr Ruchirh 1, Tumrong Puttpitukporn 1, * nd Siriporn Ssimontonkul
More information27 June Bmnly L. WALTER ET AL.: RESPONSE OF CERVICAL CANCERS TO IRRADIATION
27 June 1964 Bmnly MEDICAL JOURNAL L. WALTER ET AL.: RESPONSE OF CERVICAL CANCERS TO IRRADIATION x 1,638.) FIG. 2.-Foci of sme tumour s in Fig. 1 contining vible tumour cells with scnty cytoplsm, reltively
More informationPostinfective physeal bars MRI features and choice of management
Postinfective physel rs MRI fetures nd choice of mngement Murry Hyes, MB ChB Svvs Andronikou, MB BCh, FC Rd, FRCR, PhD Crey Mckenzie, MB ChB, FCRd Jco du Plessis, MB ChB Reen George, MB BS, MMed Rd Slomine
More informationThe potential future of targeted radionuclide therapy: implications for occupational exposure? P. Covens
The potentil future of trgeted rdionuclide therpy: implictions for occuptionl exposure? Introduction: Trgeted Rdionuclide Therpy (TRT) Systemic tretment Molecule lbelled with rdionuclide delivers toxic
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. Diagnostic Signs of Accommodative Insufficiency. PILAR CACHO, OD, ÁNGEL GARCÍA, OD, FRANCISCO LARA, OD, and M A MAR SEGUÍ, OD
1040-5488/02/7909-0614/0 VOL. 79, NO. 9, PP. 614 620 OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE Copyright 2002 Americn Acdemy of Optometry ORIGINAL ARTICLE Dignostic Signs of Accommodtive Insufficiency PILAR CACHO,
More informationClinical statistics analysis on the characteristics of pneumoconiosis of Chinese miner population
Originl Article Clinicl sttistics nlysis on the chrcteristics of pneumoconiosis of Chinese miner popultion Mei-Fng Wng 1 *, Run-Ze Li 2 *, Ying Li 2, Xue-Qin Cheng 1, Jun Yng 1, Wen Chen 3, Xing-Xing Fn
More informationMeat and Food Safety. B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikeman, L.C. Hollis, R.A. Phebus, A.N. Ray, T.A. Houser, and J.P. Grobbel
Met nd Food Sfety Needle-Free Injection Enhncement of Beef Strip Loins with Phosphte nd Slt Hs Potentil to Improve Yield, Tenderness, nd Juiciness ut Hrm Texture nd Flvor B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikemn, L.C. Hollis,
More informationSymptomatic Remote Cyst after BCNU Wafer Implantation for Malignant Glioma
Cse Report doi: 10.2176/nmc.cr.2017-0218 Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 58, 270 276, 2018 Symptomtic Remote Cyst fter BCNU Wfer Implnttion for Mlignnt Gliom Online My 21, 2018 Hideki MATSUMURA, 1 Eiichi ISHIKAWA,
More informationIntraventricular CNS lesions: A pictorial essay
s_s_nner Journl of Medicl Imging nd Rdition Oncology 59 (2015) 453 460 MEDICAL IMAGING PICTORIAL ESSAY Intrventriculr CNS lesions: A pictoril essy Jne Wtts, 1 Kelvin K Yp, 1 Dniel Ou, 2 Con Trtgli, 1 Nichols
More informationArthroscopic Anatomy of Shoulder
Arthroscopic Antomy of Shoulder Murt Bozkurt, Mehmet Emin Simsek, nd Hlil İrhim Açr 2 2.1 Introduction In the lst 30 yers, shoulder rthroscopy hs ecome of greter importnce in the dignosis nd tretment of
More informationAnus,Rectum and Colon
JOURNAL OF THE Anus,Rectum nd Colon http://journl-rc.jp CASE REPORT Anl Cnl Dupliction Associted with Prescrl Cyst in n Adult Tkyuki Toyong 1), Hiromitsu Mtsud 1), Ryuichi Miu 1), Yohei Toming 1), Keiji
More informationMuhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Usman, Rabia Fatima, Sajid Aziz, Muhammad Wasif Malik, Muhammad Javaid Asad and Sikandar Khan Sherwani
Americn-Eursin Journl of Toxicologicl Sciences 7 (4): 214-219, 2015 ISSN 2079-2050 IDOSI Publictions, 2015 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ejts.2015.7.4.9447 Reltionship Among Alnine Amino-Trnsferse (ALT), Prtil Thromboplstin
More informationReport of the Conference on Low Blood
1046 Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortlity Associtions Dvid Jcobs, PhD; Henry Blckburn, MD; Millicent Higgins, MD; Dwyne Reed, MD, PhD; Hiroysu Iso, MD; Grdner McMilln, MD, PhD; Jmes
More informationOptimal sites for orthodontic mini-implant placement assessed by cone beam computed tomography
Originl Article Optiml sites for orthodontic mini-implnt plcement ssessed by cone bem computed tomogrphy Mon Mohmed Slh Fyed ; Pwel Pzer b ; Christos Ktsros c ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine (1) the
More informationEtiology of Vocal Cord Paralysis
Originl Pper ORL 2007;69:167 171 DOI: 10.1159/000099226 Received: Mrch 6, 2006 Accepted fter revision: August 25, 2006 Published online: Jnury 30, 2007 Etiology of Vocl Cord Prlysis Hsin-Chien Chen Yee-Min
More informationHepatitis A virus (HAV) infection contributes approximately
Multiple Fctors Contribute to Positive Results for Heptitis A Virus Immunoglobulin M Antibody Adnn Altoom, MD, PhD; M. Qsim Ansri, MD; Jennifer Cuthbert, MD Context. In the United Sttes, successful vccintion
More informationOriginal Article. T Akter 1, N Islam 2, MA Hoque 3, S Khanam 4, HA khan 5, BK Saha 6. Abstract:
Fridpur Med. Coll. J. 214;9(2):61-67 Originl Article Nebuliztion by Isotonic Mgnesium Sulphte Solution with Provide Erly nd Better Response s Compred to Conventionl Approch ( Plus Norml Sline) in Acute
More informationEstimating the impact of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic on mortality in the elderly in Navarre, Spain
Rpid communictions Estimting the impct of the influenz pndemic on mortlity in the elderly in Nvrre, Spin J Cstill (jcstilc@nvrr.es) 1, J Etxeberri 1, E Ardnz 1, Y Floristán 1, R López Escudero 1, M Guevr
More informationmsmr MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE MONTHLY REPORT INSIDE THIS ISSUE: A publication of the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center Summary tables and figures
VOL. 17 NO. 09 SEPTEMBER 2010 msmr A publiction of the Armed Forces Helth Surveillnce Center MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE MONTHLY REPORT Source: CDC INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Contct trnsfer of vccini virus from U.S.
More informationMath 254 Calculus Exam 1 Review Three-Dimensional Coordinate System Vectors The Dot Product
Mth 254 Clculus Exm 1 Review Your first exm is Fridy, April 26. I will provide one pge of notes. You my bring in one 3- inch by 5-inch note crd with notes on both sides. You should hve been working on
More informationRheumatoid-susceptible alleles of HLA-DRB 1 are genetically recessive to non-susceptible alleles in the progression of bone destruction in the wrists
Annls of the Rheumtic Diseses 1994; 53: 587-592 587 Deprtment of Orthopedic Surgery, Knsi Medicl University, Otokoym Hospitl, Kyoto, Jpn Y Tod Y Mori Deprtment of Orthopedic Surgery, Knsi Medicl University,
More informationMagnetic resonance imaging of the pediatric spine
RdloGrphlcs Index terms: MgnetIc resonnce ImgIng Musculoskeletl Imging PedItrIc Imging Cumultive index terms: Spine; MR studies Mgnetic resonnce (MR); in infnts nd children Children; skeletl system Mgnetic
More informationComparison of three simple methods for the
J. clin. Pth. (1967), 2, 5 Comprison of three simple methods for the ssessment of 'free' thyroid hormone T. M. D. GIMLETTE1 From the Rdio-Isotope Lbortory, St. Thoms's Hospitl, London SYNOPSIS A dilysis
More informationFibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an uncommon
Top 8 Lessons Lerned From the US Registry for FMD Understnding the impct of registry dt on clinicl prctice. By Srh O Connor; Jeffrey W. Olin, DO; nd Hether L. Gornik, MD Fibromusculr dysplsi (FMD) is n
More informationGlobal Intellectual Deficits in Cystinosis
Americn Journl of Medicl Genetics 49:83-87 (1994) Globl Intellectul Deficits in Cystinosis Brbr L.H. Willims, Jerry A. Schneider, nd Doris A. Truner Deprtments of Neurosciences (B.L.H.W.. D.A.T.) nd Peditrics
More informationCorrelation between periodontal soft tissue and hard tissue surrounding incisors in skeletal Class III patients
Originl Article Correltion between periodontl soft tissue nd hrd tissue surrounding incisors in skeletl Clss III ptients Jeong-Ho Prk ; Ji-Yeon Hong b ; Hyo-Won Ahn c ; Su-Jung Kim d ABSTRACT Objectives:
More informationIndirect magnetic resonance arthrography of the shoulder; a reliable diagnostic tool for investigation of suspected labral pathology
Skeletl Rdiol (2013) 42:1225 1233 DOI 10.1007/s00256-013-1644-1 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Indirect mgnetic resonnce rthrogrphy of the shoulder; relile dignostic tool for investigtion of suspected lrl pthology
More informationSingle-Molecule Studies of Unlabelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA
Single-Molecule Studies of Unlbelled Full-Length p53 Protein Binding to DNA Philipp Nuttll, 1 Kidn Lee, 2 Pietro Ciccrell, 3 Mrco Crminti, 3 Giorgio Ferrri, 3 Ki- Bum Kim, 2 Tim Albrecht 1* 1 Imperil College
More informationPredictors of Hospitalization in Male Marine Corps Recruits with Exertional Heat Illness
MILITARY MEDICINE, 169, 3:169, 2004 Predictors of Hospitliztion in Mle Mrine Corps Recruits with Exertionl Het Illness Gurntor: COL John W. Grdner, MC FS USA Contributors: Shilp Hkre, DrPH; COL John W.
More informationConcomitant Intraocular Retinoblastoma and Choroidal Hemangioma in a 1-Year-Old Boy
Cse Report doi: 10.5146/tjpth.2017.01411 Concomitnt Introculr Retinoblstom nd Choroidl Hemngiom in 1-Yer-Old oy Ycoub A. Yousef 1, Mys Al-Hussini 2, Freed H. rkt 2, Al Sleh 3, Mon Mohmmd 1, Rsh Deebjh
More informationClassic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Tall Cell Features and Tall Cell Variant Have Similar Clinicopathologic Features
The Koren Journl of Pthology 2014; 48: 201-208 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Clssic Ppillry Thyroid Crcinom with Tll Cell Fetures nd Tll Cell Vrint Hve Similr Clinicopthologic Fetures Woo Jin Oh 1 Young Sub Lee 1 Uiju
More informationPaper-based skin patch for the diagnostic screening of cystic fibrosis
Electronic Supplementry Mteril (ESI) for ChemComm. This journl is The Royl Society of Chemistry 2015 Supplementry informtion Pper-bsed skin ptch for the dignostic screening of cystic fibrosis Xun Mu,*
More informationMRI of Intraspinal Cysticercosis 1
Jou rn l of the Koren Rdiologicl Society, 1995 ; 32( 1) : 33-37 MRI of Intrspinl Cysticercosis 1 Seung Cheol Kim, M.D., Kee-Hyun Chng, M.D., Moon Hee Hn M.D., Gi Seok Hn, M.D., HeeYoung Hwng, M.D.2 Purpose
More informationGoal: Evaluate plant health effects while suppressing dollar spot and brown patch
Newer Fungicide Products Alone nd In Rottion on Chicgo Golf Green Reserchers: Chicgo District Golf Assoc. Derek Settle, Tim Sibicky, nd Nick DeVries Gol: Evlute plnt helth effects while suppressing dollr
More informationThe Acute Time Course of Concurrent Activation Potentiation
Mrquette University e-publictions@mrquette Exercise Science Fculty Reserch nd Publictions Exercise Science, Deprtment of 1-1-2010 The Acute Time Course of Concurrent Activtion Potentition Luke Grceu Mrquette
More informationInfrared Image Edge Detection based on Morphology- Canny Fusion Algorithm
, pp.42-46 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/stl.2016.137.08 Infrred Imge Edge Detection bsed on Morphology- Cnny Fusion Algorithm Tng Qingju 1, Bu Chiwu 2, Liu Yunlin 1, Zng Jinsuo 1, Li Dyong 1 1 School of
More informationSurgical Neurology International
Surgicl Neurology Interntionl OPEN ACCESS For entire Editoril Bord visit : http://www.surgiclneurologyint.com Editor: Jmes I. Ausmn, MD, PhD University of Cliforni, Los Angeles, CA, USA Originl Article
More informationCase Report Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy with Atypical Findings
Cse Reports in Medicine Volume 24, Article ID 29696, 7 pges http://dx.doi.org/.55/24/29696 Cse Report Acute Zonl Occult Outer Retinopthy with Atypicl Findings Dimitrios Krginnis, Georgios A. Kontdkis,
More informationMorphometric Analysis of Tentorial Incisura and its Clinical Implications
Originl Article Print ISSN: 2321-6379 Online ISSN: 2321-595X DOI: 10.17354/ijss/2017/504 Morphometric Anlysis of Tentoril Incisur nd its Clinicl Implictions K Rjrjn 1, R Prgdhees 1, SS Sthish Prbu 2, S
More informationRetrospective Study of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Patients with Cervical Spine Pathology
98 Pulmonry Originl Article Compliction fter Cervicl Spine Surgery THIEME Retrospective Study of Postopertive Pulmonry Complictions in Ptients with Cervicl Spine Pthology Sury Kumr Dube 1 Mihir Prksh Pndi
More informationBright Futures Medical Screening Reference Table 2 to 5 Day (First Week) Visit
Bright Futures Medicl Reference Tle 2 to 5 Dy (First Week) Visit Universl Action Metolic nd Verify documenttion of neworn metolic screening results, pproprite rescreening, nd needed follow-up. Document
More informationBreast carcinomas: why are they missed?
O r i g i n l A r t i c l e Singpore Med J 2006; 47(10) : 851 Brest crcinoms: why re they missed? Muttrk M, Pojchmrnwiputh S, Chiwun B ABSTRACT Introduction: Mmmogrphy hs proven to e n effective modlity
More informationDXA: Can It Be Used as a Criterion Reference for Body Fat Measurements in Children?
nture publishing group rticles methods AND techniques DXA: Cn It Be Used s Criterion Reference for Body Ft Mesurements in Children? Romn J. Shypilo 1, Nncy F. Butte 1 nd Kenneth J. Ellis 1 Objective: Dul-energy
More informationCord Injuries. on admission, and intermittent catheterization. (IC) was carried out until spontaneous voiding occurred.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1982, P. 856-860 0095-1137/82/110856-05$02.00/0 Copyright 1982, Americn Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 5 Pseudomons eruginos Coloniztion in Ptients with Spinl
More informationRole of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fistulography in Preoperative Evaluation of Perianal Fistulas
Originl Article Print ISSN: 2321-6379 Online ISSN: 2321-595X DOI: 10.17354/ijss/2017/446 Role of Mgnetic Resonnce Imging Fistulogrphy in Preopertive Evlution of Perinl Fistuls Sushil Kumr K Kle 1, Prteek
More informationA Comparative Study of Two Methods of Quantifying the Soft Tissue Profile
Originl Article A Comprtive Study of Two Methods of Quntifying the Soft Tissue Profile Hyeon-Shik Hwng, DDS, M, PhD ; Wng-Sik Kim, DDS, M b ; Jmes A. McNmr, Jr, DDS, PhD c Abstrct: One of the most importnt
More informationSYNOPSIS Final Abbreviated Clinical Study Report for Study CA ABBREVIATED REPORT
Finl Arevited Clinicl Study Report Nme of Sponsor/Compny: Bristol-Myers Squi Ipilimum Individul Study Tle Referring to the Dossier (For Ntionl Authority Use Only) Nme of Finished Product: Yervoy Nme of
More informationInformative Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and EEG in the Prognosis of Infantile Spasms
Epilepsi, 43(3):246 252, 2002 Blckwell Publishing, Inc. Interntionl Legue Aginst Epilepsy Informtive Vlue of Mgnetic Resonnce Imging nd EEG in the Prognosis of Infntile Spsms *Sem Sltik, Nci Kocer, nd
More informationUrinary Tract Infection in Men
C H A P T E R 1 9 Urinry Trct Infection in Men Toms L. Griebling, MD Associte Professor & Vice Chir of Urology University of Knss Knss City, Knss Contents INTRODUCTION........................................623
More information