Diagnosis of intra-abdominal infections and management of catastrophic outcomes Atema, J.J.

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1 UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Diagnosis of intra-abdominal infections and management of catastrophic outcomes Atema, J.J. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Atema, J. J. (2015). Diagnosis of intra-abdominal infections and management of catastrophic outcomes General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam ( Download date: 04 Sep 2018

2 PART II Management of catastrophic outcomes of intraabdominal infections

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4 8 Clinical studies on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome J.J. Atema J.M. van Buijtenen B. Lamme M.A. Boermeester Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 2014 Jan;76(1):234-40

5 Chapter 8 INTRODUCTION An elevation in intra-abdominal pressure may result in intra-abdominal hypertension or even abdominal compartment syndrome and occurs in a wide variety of critically ill patients. 1 Although recent international consensus definitions and recommendations have helped to define, characterize and raise awareness of abdominal compartment syndrome, multiple aspects of the diagnosis and treatment remain subject of discussion. 2,3 The association between intra-abdominal pressure and organ function was described as early as 1876 when the German Wendt reported the association between a high intraabdominal pressure and oligo-uria. 4 Thereafter, several reports on the effect of increased intraabdominal pressure on different organ systems were made. 5,6 It was only until 1984 that Kron et al. measured the intra-abdominal pressure as a criterion for abdominal decompression. 7 This group was also the first to use the term Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Thereafter the number of publications related to IAH, IAP and the abdominal compartment syndrome seem to have increased exponentially. This study sets out to analyse the increasing number of publications on the abdominal compartment syndrome in number, origin and type of the study, and to categorize and discuss the topics and findings of the main clinical studies. METHODS Search For the period 1947 to April 2012 PubMed was searched using the 3 terms abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). All study-abstracts were searched for appropriateness of the search term(s) and had to contain at least one of the 3 search terms. When the abstract was inconclusive or missing, the complete article was retrieved. Two authors independently performed the search and discrepancies were solved by group discussion. No language limits were applied. In addition to the PubMed search we incorporated missing articles from the online World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WSACS) database. 8 Articles retrieved using the above search terms related to compartment syndromes of extremities were excluded. Definitions For this study the definitions are used as put forward at the 2007 World Congress of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WCACS) consensus meeting. 2,3 Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was defined as the pressure within the abdominal cavity, expressed in mmhg and 176

6 Studies on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome measured at end-expiration in the complete supine position. Normal IAP is approximately 5-7 mmhg in critically ill adults. Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) was defined as a sustained or repeated pathological elevation in IAP ³ 12 mmhg measured standardised at three occasions separated by 4-6 hours interval. The abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) was defined as IAP > 20 mmhg (with or without abdominal perfusion pressure <50 mmhg; calculated as mean arterial pressure minus intra-abdominal pressure) measured standardized at three occasions separated by 1-6 hours interval. This must coincide with single or multiple organ failure that was not previously present as measured by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. 9 Data collection and analysis Data concerning the articles first author, country and continent of origin, journal name, year of publication, language and type of publication was collected. In case of multiple contributing nationalities or international studies, the country of origin of the study s first author was decisive. Furthermore, 5-year impact factors (as defined by Journal Citation Reports (JCR) in 2012) of the journals were added to the database. 10;11 The estimated population numbers of the various countries and continents have been retrieved using the GeoHive Global Statistics online database. 12 The articles were categorized into four types of publications, according to the type of study the article described; clinical, animal, in vitro (including cadaver studies) or other. The clinical studies were subdivided into four groups according to study design; randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case control studies and case reports and series (as defined by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine). 13 Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 19.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS On April 30 th 2012 the latest update of the PubMed search was done. We screened a total of 5245 abstracts. A search using the term abdominal compartment syndrome resulted in 1354 articles, whereas intra-abdominal hypertension resulted in 949 and intra-abdominal pressure in 2942 articles. Besides these PubMed results, we incorporated 487 articles from the online WSACS literature database. 8 After eliminating overlap and articles not fulfilling inclusion criteria, 1211 individual articles were included in the present review. Of these included articles, 87.4 per cent was published in English. The number of yearly published articles in the last 6 decades has increased exponentially, as shown in Fig

7 Chapter Figure 1 The number of annually published articles on ACS, IAH and IAP in the last 65 years (N=1211) Table 1 Total number of publications on IAP, IAH and ACS per country, and number of publications per country corrected for number of inhabitants (N=1211) Country Publications (% of total) Per 10 6 inhabitants (ranking) USA 431 (35,6) 1,36 (8) Germany 74 (6,1) 0,90 (9) Belgium 72 (5,9) 6,67 (1) UK 56 (4,6) 0,89 (11) China 52 (4,2) 0,04 (20) Italy 50 (4,1) 0,82 (13) Turkey 49 (4,0) 0,66 (14) Australia 40 (3,3) 1,75 (7) Canada 31 (2,6) 0,89 (10) France 31 (2,6) 0,49 (16) Greece 25 (2,1) 2,19 (5) Spain 24 (2,0) 0,51 (15) Israel 23 (1,9) 2,99 (2) Japan 22 (1,8) 0,17 (17) Sweden 21 (1,7) 2,21 (4) Switzerland 16 (1,3) 2,07 (6) Russia 15 (1,2) 0,11 (18) Netherlands 14 (1,2) 0,84 (12) Finland 13 (1,1) 2,41 (3) Brazil 12 (1,0) 0,06 (19) 178

8 Studies on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome Of the included articles, 39.8 per cent was retrieved using the search term abdominal compartment syndrome alone, whereas the single search term intra-abdominal hypertension accounted for 0.9 per cent and intra-abdominal pressure for 17.8 per cent. In 9.9 per cent both terms abdominal compartment syndrome and intra-abdominal pressure were found. In 21.7 per cent the combination of all three search terms was found. Categorizing all publications by country, journal, study type and patient/disease category The 20 countries listed in Table 1 account for 88.4 per cent of all included articles. When corrected for the number of inhabitants, Belgium was leading with 6.67 publications per 10 6 inhabitants, followed by Israel (2.99) and Finland (2.41). The USA contributed the largest absolute number of articles (n=431) accounting for 35.6 per cent of the articles, followed by Germany (n=74; 6.1 per cent) and Belgium (n=72; 5.9 per cent). Table 2 shows the number of publications per continent. Europe tops the list (n=471; 38.9 per cent), followed by North America (n=462; 38.2 per cent) and Asia (n=204; 16.8 per cent). The top 10 journals publishing on ACS, IAH and IAP are shown in Table 3. The Journal of Trauma published most articles (n = 99; 8.2 per cent) followed by Critical Care Medicine (N=53; 4.4 per cent) and Intensive Care Medicine (N=51; 4.2 per cent). A supplement of the Acta Clinica Belgica in 2007 was a special edition in honorary of the third World Congress on Abdominal Compartment and accounted for 28 (2.3 per cent) articles. The American Surgeon published a supplement in 2011 on the occasion of the fifth World Congress, containing 15 articles on IAH and ACS (1.2 per cent). The top 10 journals together published 38.9 per cent of the included articles. The median 5-year impact factor calculated from this top 10 is (range ) and the highest impact factor is by Critical Care Medicine. From all 1211 articles, the journal s 5-year impact factors of 947 articles (78.2 per cent) were collected from the Journal Citation Reports database and the median impact factor was (range ). Considering the top 20 contributing first authors, 11 are member of the 2012 WSACS Executive Committee and 8 authors contributed to the WCACS consensus publications. 2;3 Table 2 Number of publications on IAP, IAH and ACS per continent (N=1211) Continent N % Europe North America Asia Oceania South America Africa

9 Chapter 8 Table 3 Top 10 journals regarding number of publications on IAP, IAH and ACS Journal N (%) JCR 5-year impact factor J Trauma Acute Care Surg * 99 (8.2) Crit Care Med 53 (4.4) Intensive Care Med 51 (4.2) Am Surg 51 (4.2) Acta Clin Belg 34 (2.8) World J Surg 22 (1.8) Am J Surg 21 (1.7) Crit Care 20 (1.7) Arch Surg 18 (1.5) J Surg Res 18 (1.5) * Previously titled The Journal of Trauma and The Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care JCR = Journal Citation Reports The type of publication is reflected in Table 4. The majority of studies consisted of clinical studies (N=604; 49.9 per cent)), and 14.9 per cent were animal studies. Only 12 (1.0 per cent) studies appeared to be in vitro studies. Seven articles could not be allocated to any of the groups because of language problems or the inability to retrieve the full article. The other 407 publications consisted of 277 reviews, of which 28 (10.1 per cent) were considered systematic, 103 commentaries, 13 surveys, 10 technical reports, 3 consensus definitions and recommendations and 1 trial protocol proposal. Table 5 shows the included clinical studies (N=604) grouped according to type of study design. The majority were case reports and case series (N=294; 48.7 per cent). Excluding case reports and case series we found 307 clinical studies on the topic. A total of 281 (46.5 per cent) were identified as cohort studies, of which 180 (64.1 per cent) were prospective. In three articles, the type of study design could not be determined because of language problems. Topics and main findings of the clinical studies. The main topics of the clinical studies, case reports and case series excluded, are discussed below in light of knowledge gained on ACS as well as the proportion of studies on subtopics of ACS and management (N=307). Key to intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome is the measurement of intra-abdominal pressure. Of the 307 clinical studies, 53 (17.3 per cent) have reported on different aspects and techniques of IAP measurements; e.g. the effect of body 180

10 Studies on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome Table 4 Articles on IAP, IAH and ACS subdivided into type of study (N=1211) Type of publication N % Clinical study % Animal study % In vitro study % Other (mostly reviews) % Unknown 7 0.6% Table 5 Frequency of types of clinical studies on IAP, IAH and ACS (N=604) Type of study design N % Randomized Controlled Trial % Cohort study % Case-control study % Case reports and case series % Unknown 3 0.5% positioning or instillation volume on pressure measurements (Table 6). 14;15 The standardized method for determining IAP was described by Malbrain et al in 2006, and is performed at endexpiration in the supine position with a maximal instillation volume of 25 ml sterile saline and the transducer zeroed at the level of the mid-axillary line. 3 Normal intra-abdominal pressure ranges from 5-7 mmhg in critically ill adults, but various conditions such as obesity, have been associated with a chronic increase of IAP. 3;16 Pressure levels in children are reported to be lower. 17 There is no consensus in which patients and when IAP should be measured. While intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome were originally considered to be a disease of the traumatically injured patients, IAH and ACS have now been recognized to occur in all critically ill patient populations. Table 6 gives an overview of the 307 clinical studies categorized by disease or patient. Given the multiple underlying pathologies, ACS can be classified in three types. 3 Primary ACS is due to the presence of an intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal pathology or process, such as an abdominal trauma 18, a strangulate hernia 19 or elective abdominal surgery 20, whereas secondary ACS develops in the absence of primary abdominal pathology, usually seen in the post-resuscitation phase for septic or haemorrhagic shock or burn injuries. 21;22 Tertiary or recurrent ACS develops after the surgical or medical treatment of either primary or secondary ACS. 23 Most clinical studies on IAP, IAH and ACS have included an unselected and mixed (medical and surgical) ICU population (Table 6, 57 studies; 18.6 per cent). Prevalence rates of IAH on ICU admission vary from 20 to 30 per cent, and incidence rates vary from 30 to 181

11 Chapter 8 55 per cent Several risk factors for the development of ACS in critically ill adult patients have been described; massive fluid resuscitation 24;30;31, multiple transfusions 32, hypothermia 30, acidosis 30, BMI 25;33, sepsis 33, mechanical ventilation 26, abdominal trauma 34 and abdominal surgery 24. Forty-eight clinical articles (15.6 per cent) studied the incidence or prevalence rates and risk factors for ACS. Mortality rates of 50 per cent have been described in critically ill adult and paediatric patients and early recognition and treatment has proven to reduce mortality. 30;35 Several subpopulations are associated with a higher incidence rate of IAH/ACS compared to the general critically ill patients. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) were included in 10.4 per cent of the clinical studies (Table 6). Intra-abdominal hypertension has a reported incidence of approximately 60 per cent; ACS is reported to develop in per cent Several risk factors for the development of IAH in patients with SAP have been identified and IAH is associated with an increased morbidity and mortality. 38;39 Nonsurgical interventions, such as percutaneous drainage of intraperitoneal fluid 40 and continuous hemodiafiltration 41, have been suggested to decrease IAP in patients with acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, a conservative protocol-based approach of patients with SAP, including monitoring of the intra-abdominal pressure, has proven to be a rational and effective treatment strategy. 42 Surgical decompression seems the most effective way to decrease IAP in patients with acute pancreatitis. 43 Table 6 Clinical studies (case reports and case series excluded) on IAP, IAH and ACS subdivided based on disease or patient category and subtopic (N=306) Patient category N % Medical / surgical ICU patients % Trauma % Open abdomen (for various indications) % Severe acute pancreatitis % Paediatric % Abdominal aorta aneurysm % Burn % Miscellaneous % Subtopic N % Intra-abdominal pressure measurement % Incidence, prevalence and risk factors % Clinical outcomes % Prevention and treatment Miscellaneous

12 Studies on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome Burn patients are another subpopulation frequently associated with IAH, although only 1 per cent of all burn victims develop IAH. 44;45 Incidence is positively correlated with burn size. Rates of IAH of 36 per cent and ACS of 17 per cent have been reported in patients with burn areas of > 40 per cent and > 30 per cent of total body surface area, respectively Despite various treatment strategies, including lower fluid resuscitation volumes 48, escharotomy 49, and burn resuscitation protocols 50, mortality rates in burn patients with ACS remain high. 44;51 Abdominal compartment syndrome is also a frequently recognized complication following open and endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (raaa). 52;53 The open abdomen, both as prophylaxis or after decompressive laparotomy, has been described in patients after undergoing raaa repair (Table 6). 54;55 With the increase of intra-abdominal pressure and the development of IAH, several organ systems are affected. Impaired cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatic and neurologic functioning has been described in IAH/ACS The influence of elevated intra-abdominal pressure and ACS on different clinical outcomes, e.g. specific organ dysfunction, morbidity or mortality, was the subject of 82 articles (26.7 per cent). Regarding the clinical studies, the most frequent subject was the prevention or treatment of ACS (89 studies, 29.0 per cent). Several non-operative strategies to reduce IAP have been described such as sedation 59, percutaneous drainage of free intraperitoneal fluid or blood 40;60, adequate fluid resuscitation 48;61, continuous hemofiltration 41, and negative extra-abdominal pressure 62. Surgical decompression by laparotomy remains the only definitive treatment of ACS and can successfully reduce IAP. 43;63 With the increased interest and awareness of IAH/ACS, the open abdomen (OA) has become an accepted treatment strategy. Is has been described both as prophylaxis and as treatment of ACS. Furthermore, several different methods for temporary abdominal closure have been studied Thirty-four studies included patients with an open abdomen for various indications, including ACS. The characteristics and main findings of the 16 randomized controlled trials are listed in Table 7. Seven studied the effect of different intra-abdominal pressure levels during laparoscopic cholecystectomy on various parameters and postoperative outcomes. Five studies evaluated the effect of resuscitation protocols, traditional Chinese medicine or indwelling catheter drainage on intra-abdominal pressure in severe acute pancreatitis patients. Two trials included patients undergoing emergency laparotomy and studied temporary abdominal closure techniques and suture techniques. One trial studied the effect of traditional Chinese medicine on intra-abdominal pressure in ICU patients with multi organ failure, and one trial evaluated the effect of type of resuscitation fluid on intra-abdominal pressure in burn patients. 183

13 Chapter 8 Table 7 Characteristics of the 16 randomized controlled trials on IAP, IAH and ACS No. of Reference Year citations Country Study population N Celik et al Turkey Patients undergoing elective 100 laparoscopic cholecystectomy Basgul et al Turkey Patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy 22 O Mara et al USA Burn patients ( 25% TBSA with inhalation injury or 40% TBSA without) 31 Sun et al China Severe acute pancreatitis patients 110 Bee et al USA Patients undergoing emergency 51 laparotomy requiring temporary abdominal closure Karagulle et al Turkey Patients undergoing elective 45 laparoscopic cholecystectomy Zhang et al China Severe acute pancreatitis patients 80 Ekici et al Turkey Patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy Joshipura et al India Patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy Mao et al China Severe acute pancreatitis patients 76 Yang et al.* na China Severe acute pancreatitis patients 120 Celik et al Turkey Patients undergoing elective 60 laparoscopic cholecystectomy Chen et al.* na China ICU patients with multi organ failure 60 Agarwal et al India Patients undergoing emergency laparotomy 190 Du et al China Severe acute pancreatitis patients 41 Topal et al Turkey Patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy 60 Web of Science (accessed July 2013), *Article in Chinese (English abstract), + Traditional Chinese medicines IAP = intra-abdominal pressure, IAH = intra-abdominal hypertension, ACS = abdominal compartment syndrome, n.a.= not applicable/available, TBSA = Total body surface area, APACHE = Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation 184

14 Studies on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome Intervention Control Main conclusion 5 different IAP levels; 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 mmhg n.a. No effect of IAP levels on gastric intramucosal ph Low IAP level (10 mmhg) High IAP level (14-15 mmhg) Less depression of immune function (expressed as Interleukin-2 and -6) in the low IAP group Plasma resuscitation Crystalloid resuscitation Less increase in IAP and less volume requirement in plasma-resuscitated patients Routine conservative treatment combined with indwelling catheter drainage Routine conservative treatment Lower mortality, lower APACHE II scores after 5 days and shorter hospitalization times in intervention group Vacuum-assisted closure Mesh closure No signification differences in delayed fascial closure or fistula rate 3 different IAP levels; 8, 12, and 15 mmhg n.a. Similar effects on pulmonary function test results Da-Cheng-Qi decoction enema + Normal saline enema Lower IAP levels in intervention group and sodium sulphate orally Low IAP level (7 mmhg) High IAP level (15 mmhg) More pronounced effect of high IAP on QT dispersion Low IAP level (8 mmhg) High IAP level (12 mmhg) Decrease in postoperative pain and hospital stay, and preservation of lung function in low pressure level group Controlled fluid resuscitation Rapid fluid resuscitation Lower incidence of ACS in controlled fluid resuscitation group (i.a.) Colloid plus crystalloid resuscitation Crystalloid resuscitation Decline of IAP was significant higher in crystalloid plus colloid group 3 different IAP levels; 8, 12 and 14 mmhg n.a. No effect of IAP level on postoperative pain Tongfu Granule + Placebo Decreased IAP in intervention group Reinforced tension line sutures Continuous suturing No difference in IAP but increased incidence of fascial dehiscence in continuous suture group Hydroxyethyl starch resuscitation Ringer s lactate resuscitation Lower incidence of IAH and reduced use of mechanical ventilation in intervention group 3 different IAP levels; 10, 13, and 16 mmhg n.a. No differences on thromboelastography 185

15 Chapter 8 DISCUSSION This study presents a descriptive review of publications on IAH, IAP and ACS over the last 65 years. Since its first description, the number of publications has grown exponentially in the last 6 decades suggesting increased interest and awareness. Most articles consist of low level evidence (especially case reports and expert opinions). To date, many questions concerning ACS have not been answered yet. However, considering the exponential rise in number of published articles, knowledge is increasing. Sixteen randomized trials and 180 prospective cohort studies on various aspects of ACS have been published, and are categorized and discussed in this review. The authors are aware that scoring abstract heuristics only, information about type of article and study design might have been erroneous. Furthermore, determining the quality of the articles content based on the journal s impact factor is an over-simplification. Moreover, for 248 articles no impact factor was available (yet) from the online JCR-database. Because non-english publications produced by Asian countries, which are not available in PubMed, were not included, this could have underestimated the overall number of articles and the share of the Asian continent. The exponential increase in number of published articles indicates the clinical awareness and interest in ACS. Hopefully, future research will outline a high quality evidence-based approach to patients with increased intra-abdominal pressure, intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. Studies should focus on the value of IAH monitoring in relation to patient outcome and the type and timing of interventions for ACS to improve patient survival. 186

16 Studies on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome REFERENCES 1. An G, West MA. Abdominal compartment syndrome: a concise clinical review. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: Cheatham ML, Malbrain ML, Kirkpatrick A et al. Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. II. Recommendations. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: Malbrain ML, Cheatham ML, Kirkpatrick A et al. Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. I. Definitions. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: Wendt EC. Ueber den Einfluss des intraabdominalen Druckes auf die Absonderungsgeschwindigkeit des Harnes. Arch Heilkunde 1876; 17: Emerson H. Intra-abdominal pressures. Arch intern med 1911; 7: Bradley SE, Bradley GP. The effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on renal function in man. J Clin Invest 1947; 26: Kron IL, Harman PK, Nolan SP. The measurement of intra-abdominal pressure as a criterion for abdominal re-exploration. Ann Surg 1984; 199: World Society on Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Reference Database. Available at: Accessed April Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: Countries and cities of the world. Available at: Accessed April ISI Web of Knowledge, Journal Citation Reports Available at: admin-apps.webofknowledge.com/jcr/ JCR?SID=4DI3Gfp8nIhk1heoafp&locale=en_ US.Accessed July GeoHive Global Statistics. Available at: Accessed April Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Levels of Evidence Available at: Accessed April Yi M, Leng Y, Bai Y et al. The evaluation of the effect of body positioning on intraabdominal pressure measurement and the effect of intra-abdominal pressure at different body positioning on organ function and prognosis in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 2012; 27: De WJ, Pletinckx P, Blot S et al. Saline volume in transvesical intra-abdominal pressure measurement: enough is enough. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: Lambert DM, Marceau S, Forse RA. Intraabdominal pressure in the morbidly obese. Obes Surg 2005; 15: Davis PJ, Koottayi S, Taylor A et al. Comparison of indirect methods of measuring intra-abdominal pressure in children. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31: Kozar RA, Moore JB, Niles SE et al. Complications of nonoperative management of high-grade blunt hepatic injuries. J Trauma 2005; 59: Beltran MA, Villar RA, Cruces KS. Abdominal compartment syndrome in patients with strangulated hernia. Hernia 2008; 12: Scollay JM, de B, I, Parks RW. Prospective study of intra-abdominal pressure following major elective abdominal surgery. World J Surg 2009; 33:

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18 Studies on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome 41. Oda S, Hirasawa H, Shiga H et al. Management of intra-abdominal hypertension in patients with severe acute pancreatitis with continuous hemodiafiltration using a polymethyl methacrylate membrane hemofilter. Ther Apher Dial 2005; 9: Pupelis G, Zeiza K, Plaudis H et al. Conservative approach in the management of severe acute pancreatitis: eight-year experience in a single institution. HPB (Oxford) 2008; 10: Mentula P, Hienonen P, Kemppainen E et al. Surgical decompression for abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis. Arch Surg 2010; 145: Hobson KG, Young KM, Ciraulo A et al. Release of abdominal compartment syndrome improves survival in patients with burn injury. J Trauma 2002; 53: Markell KW, Renz EM, White CE et al. Abdominal complications after severe burns. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208: Oda J, Ueyama M, Yamashita K et al. Hypertonic lactated saline resuscitation reduces the risk of abdominal compartment syndrome in severely burned patients. J Trauma 2006; 60: Oda J, Yamashita K, Inoue T et al. Resuscitation fluid volume and abdominal compartment syndrome in patients with major burns. Burns 2006; 32: O Mara MS, Slater H, Goldfarb IW et al. A prospective, randomized evaluation of intraabdominal pressures with crystalloid and colloid resuscitation in burn patients. J Trauma 2005; 58: Oda J, Ueyama M, Yamashita K et al. Effects of escharotomy as abdominal decompression on cardiopulmonary function and visceral perfusion in abdominal compartment syndrome with burn patients. J Trauma 2005; 59: Ennis JL, Chung KK, Renz EM et al. Joint Theater Trauma System implementation of burn resuscitation guidelines improves outcomes in severely burned military casualties. J Trauma 2008; 64:S146-S Kowal-Vern A, Ortegel J, Bourdon P et al. Elevated cytokine levels in peritoneal fluid from burned patients with intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. Burns 2006; 32: Mehta M, Darling RC, III, Roddy SP et al. Factors associated with abdominal compartment syndrome complicating endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2005; 42: Papavassiliou V, Anderton M, Loftus IM et al. The physiological effects of elevated intraabdominal pressure following aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003; 26: Seternes A, Myhre HO, Dahl T. Early results after treatment of open abdomen after aortic surgery with mesh traction and vacuum-assisted wound closure. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40: Rasmussen TE, Hallett JW, Jr., Noel AA et al. Early abdominal closure with mesh reduces multiple organ failure after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: guidelines from a 10-year case-control study. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35: Malbrain ML, De Laet IE. Intra-abdominal hypertension: evolving concepts. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2012; 24: Sugrue M, Jones F, Deane SA et al. Intraabdominal hypertension is an independent cause of postoperative renal impairment. Arch Surg 1999; 134: Atila K, Terzi C, Ozkardesler S et al. What is the role of the abdominal perfusion pressure for subclinical hepatic dysfunction in laparoscopic cholecystectomy? J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2009; 19:

19 Chapter De L, I, Hoste E, Verholen E et al. The effect of neuromuscular blockers in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: Cheatham ML, Safcsak K. Percutaneous catheter decompression in the treatment of elevated intraabdominal pressure. Chest 2011; 140: Du XJ, Hu WM, Xia Q et al. Hydroxyethyl starch resuscitation reduces the risk of intraabdominal hypertension in severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2011; 40: Valenza F, Bottino N, Canavesi K et al. Intra-abdominal pressure may be decreased non-invasively by continuous negative extraabdominal pressure (NEXAP). Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: De Waele JJ, Hoste EA, Malbrain ML. Decompressive laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome--a critical analysis. Crit Care 2006; 10:R Barker DE, Green JM, Maxwell RA et al. Experience with vacuum-pack temporary abdominal wound closure in 258 trauma and general and vascular surgical patients. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204: Batacchi S, Matano S, Nella A et al. Vacuumassisted closure device enhances recovery of critically ill patients following emergency surgical procedures. Crit Care 2009; 13:R Howdieshell TR, Proctor CD, Sternberg E et al. Temporary abdominal closure followed by definitive abdominal wall reconstruction of the open abdomen. Am J Surg 2004; 188: Bee TK, Croce MA, Magnotti LJ et al. Temporary abdominal closure techniques: a prospective randomized trial comparing polyglactin 910 mesh and vacuum-assisted closure. J Trauma 2008; 65: Celik V, Salihoglu Z, Demiroluk S et al. Effect of intra-abdominal pressure level on gastric intramucosal ph during pneumoperitoneum. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2004; 14: Basgul E, Bahadir B, Celiker V, Karagoz AH, Hamaloglu E, Aypar U. Effects of low and high intra-abdominal pressure on immune response in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Saudi Med J 2004;25: Karagulle E, Turk E, Dogan R et al. The effects of different abdominal pressures on pulmonary function test results in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2008; 18: Zhang MJ, Zhang GL, Yuan WB et al. Treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis patients with traditional Chinese medicine. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: Ekici Y, Bozbas H, Karakayali F et al. Effect of different intra-abdominal pressure levels on QT dispersion in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2009; 23: Joshipura VP, Haribhakti SP, Patel NR et al. A prospective randomized, controlled study comparing low pressure versus high pressure pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2009; 19: Mao EQ, Tang YQ, Fei J et al. Fluid therapy for severe acute pancreatitis in acute response stage. Chin Med J (Engl ) 2009; 122: Yang ZY, Wang CY, Jiang HC et al. [Effects of early goal-directed fluid therapy on intraabdominal hypertension and multiple organ dysfunction in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2009; 47: Celik AS, Frat N, Celebi F et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and postoperative pain: is it affected by intra-abdominal pressure? Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2010; 20:

20 Studies on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome 77. Chen X, Li A, Zhang SW. [Effects of Tongfu Granule on intestinal dysfunction in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2010; 30: Agarwal A, Hossain Z, Agarwal A et al. Reinforced tension line suture closure after midline laparotomy in emergency surgery. Trop Doct 2011; 41: Topal A, Celik JB, Tekin A et al. The effects of 3 different intra-abdominal pressures on the thromboelastographic profile during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2011; 21: