Proteomics to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease

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1 Proteomics to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease Markus Kubicek Laboratorios de Biologia Vascular y Proteínómica Estructural, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia

2 ardiovascular disease - the killer number one CVD accounted for 38.5 percent of all deaths or 1 of every 2.6 deaths in the United States in CVD mortality was about 60 percent of total mortality. Source:CDC/NCHS CVD cause about a death a minute among females claiming nearly half a million female lives every year. That s more lives than the next 7 causes of death combined. Starting at age 75, the prevalence of CVD among women is higher than among men. The harsh fact is, cardiovascular diseases are the No. 1 killer of women and men

3 MORTALITY RATES IN SPAIN Digestive Disease Cancer 5% 22% 35% CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Respiratory Disease 10% 27% Others Cardiac Insuficiency 19% 5% Others 39% (INE, Dic. 2003) 37% Stroke Iscemic Cardiopathy

4 Coronary Atherosclerosis and Myocard Infarct Myocard Infarct Thrombus

Atherosclerosis:a slowly progressing disease lacking early diagnosis Adventitia

lesion Healthy artery Minor arterial cell proliferation Reduced leukocyte adhesion

Abundant production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines Fatty streak (early lesion)

(proliferation/migration, extracellular matrix production) Fibrous cap formation

5 Atherosclerosis:a slowly progressing disease lacking early diagnosis Adventitia (Fibroblasts) External Elastic Media (SMCs) Internal Elastic Intima (ECs) Advanced lesion Healthy artery Minor arterial cell proliferation Reduced leukocyte adhesion ATHEROGENIC STIMULI Onset atherogenesis Endothelial dysfunction Leukocyte recruitment Abundant production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines Fatty streak (early lesion) Foam cell / lipid core formation Leukocyte proliferation SMC activation (proliferation/migration, extracellular matrix production) Fibrous cap formation Necrotic core formation Plaque instability Plaque rupture and thrombus formation ISCHEMIC EVENT (i.e, myocardial infarction, stroke)

6 Genetic Factors Envinromental Factors antiatherogenic proatherogenic Individual risk for cardiovascular disease

7 The strength and limitations of proteomics in the study of vascular disease Transcription GENE GENOME stress Exon pre mrna metabolism temperature Extracellular signaling Alternative splicing culture condition I II IIIa IIIb IIIc IV Intron I II IIIa IV I II IIIb IV I II IIIc IV Translation Translation P Protein IIIa Protein IIIb Protein IIIc mature mrna TRANSCRIPTOME Expressed proteins Post-translational modifications (Phosphorylation, glycation, proteolysis, etc) PROTEOME PHENOTYPE

8 Separation of proteins by two-dimensional Gel-electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) TISSUE SAMPLING Control Pathologic Protein extraction and solubilization 1st DIMENSION: Isoelectric Focussing (IEF) ph - + kda Strip equilibration Control kda Pathologic Excision of differentially expressed proteins nd DIMENSION: SDS-PAGE (molecular weight) Protein visualisation

9 Proteolysis (i.e. trypsin) I II III IV Ion source MS1 colission cell MS2 Detector Peptide digestion mix V time of flight time of flight Intesnsity V III I II IV MS or MS/MS Mass spectrum (fingerprits) m/z I LGEYGL II LSQTFPL III LPCVEDYL IV LVQEVTDFAK V KQTAL MTHSDSDILTNIEDPSSHVPEFSSSSKLSQTFPLNADFAEITKLKQT ALAELVKLPCVEDYLTNIEDPSSHVPEFSSSSKLGEYGLFQNAILKV QEVTKFAKKLGMRAC: Serum Albumin A05103 Data base comparison Protein Identification

10 PROTEOMIC APPROACH FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS-BIOMARKERS FROM HUMAN PATIENT SAMPLES Hypercholesteremia Protein identification Angina pectoris Hypertension total blood plasma Protein extraction lymphoprep mononuclear cells erythrocytes and platelets 2D-PAGE

11 Proteiomic alterations in human angina pectoris patients c29 I) Angina c4 pectoris p31 p32 p33 p30 In collaboration with Dr. Panayotis Fantidis Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid Protein AP-4 c29 c4 p31 p32 p33 p30 c29 c4 p31 p32 p33 p30 among all changes observed in angina patients 2 yet not described proteins have been found to be differentially expressed in MNCs of > 80% of ~60 patients analyzed Protein AP-33 antibody production c29 c4 p31 p32 p33 p30

Proteiomic alterations in human hypertension patients Patient suffering hypertension II) Hypertension C5 abbrv SSP all kda pi 234-2 vs. -1 comment A1a 0402-45 4,1 spec. A1b 1403-60 4,2 spec.

Josep Redón A1 C3 D3 C1 A2 After treatment of hypertension Z1 C5 C3 C2 Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia D3 B1 5503 6501 80 5 d (sat) less in cj B2 8603 8703 80 6,4 spec only in 230-1 C1

12 Proteiomic alterations in human hypertension patients Patient suffering hypertension II) Hypertension C5 abbrv SSP all kda pi vs. -1 comment A1a ,1 spec. A1b ,2 spec. A2a 3706 n.a. 98 4,6 d x 10 A2b 3707 n.a. 98 4,6 d x 5 A2c ,6 d x 5 up in Pts In collaboration with Dr. Javier Chaves and Dr. Josep Redón A1 C3 D3 C1 A2 After treatment of hypertension Z1 C5 C3 C2 Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia D3 B d (sat) less in cj B ,4 spec only in C ,5 missing C ,5 spec all expt !!! C ,4 d x 1,5 C ,5 up 2,6 up in Pts C5a ,2 d x 2 C5b ,3 d 1,25 C5c ,4 d x 2 C5d ,5 d x 4 C D ,8 up 2,5 up in some pts D ,8 up 1,8? D ,6 d x 3,8 up in pts D ,6 d x 5 d in pts Z n.d. 44 4,4 spec. Z ,4 up 4,4 faint Z ,4 d x 2,5 faint Z n.d. 28 4,5 spec faint Z ,5 up 1,92 faint Z6a ,5 d 2,5 Z6b ,5 d 2

233-1 234-1 234-1 234-2 II) Hypertension

2 3.5patients 5 differentially expressed

13 Proteomic alteration of protein A4c is reversed after medical treatment cj ct II) Hypertension In collaboration with Dr. Javier Chaves and Dr. Josep Redón Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia Among proteomic alterations found in MNCs from 25 A4c A4c A4c (n2) patients 5 differentially expressed proteins 3.5 have been 1 3 found so far to be reversed after treatment cj ct contr. pts treated

Proteiomic alterations associated to hypercholestermia III) Hypercholesteremia

0001 vs 2 control + 3000 * Aortic human plasma bank of hereditary * + p< 0.

days n=10 7 days30 days n=11 n=11 High Fat Diet Oil Red O In collaboration with Dr. M.

14 Proteiomic alterations associated to hypercholestermia III) Hypercholesteremia ATHEROSCLEROSIS apoe-null mice + p< vs 2 control * Aortic human plasma bank of hereditary * + p< vs 2 days hypercholesteremia * [cholesterol] (mg/dl) Low Fat Diet n=5 * 2 days n=10 7 days30 days n=11 n=11 High Fat Diet Oil Red O In collaboration with Dr. M. Pocoví Universidad de Zaragoza MK and Kiko Verdeguer arch Thoracic aorta Instituto de Biomedicina Valencia ApoE deficient mouse model of atherosclerotic disease Abdomina aorta

15 lymphoprep PROTEOMIC APPROACH FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS-BIOMARKERS FROM APOE-/- MICE AORTA supersize me Mass Spectrometry BLOOD Protein extraction dimensional gel electrophoresis plasma 15 MNC

16 2D-ELECTROPHORESIS COMPARISON FOR DISCOVERY OF BIOMARKERS CONTROL DIET apoe KO MICE ATHEROGENIC DIET apoe KO MICE AORTA DISECTION (TORACICAL SECTION) AORTA DISECTION (TORACICAL SECTION) TISSUE HOMOGENIZATION (PROTEIN EXTRACTION) TISSUE HOMOGENIZATION (PROTEIN EXTRACTION) Molecular Mass (KDa) D-ELECTROPHORESIS CONTROL DIET Molecular Mass (KDa) D-ELECTROPHORESIS ATHEROGENIC DIET IMAGE COMPARISON WITH BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS

Proteiomic alterations of mononucleated cells derived from control and ATG diet fed mice A1 A4 Control diet B1 B4 D4 abbrv SSP kda pi ATG vs CTR A1a 0501 55 4,2 down 1,3 A1b

Atg A4 1401 48 5,1 down x 7 30 days atherogenic diet B4 A1 B1 B1a 4401 49 5,7 down 1,5 B1b 4402 49 5,8 down 1,6 B1c 5401 49 5,9 down 2 B1d 6401 49 6 down 1,8 B2 7501 60 6,1

17 Proteiomic alterations of mononucleated cells derived from control and ATG diet fed mice A1 A4 Control diet B1 B4 D4 abbrv SSP kda pi ATG vs CTR A1a ,2 down 1,3 A1b ,2 up 1,5 A ,8 down x 2,5 A spec. Atg A ,1 down x 7 30 days atherogenic diet B4 A1 B1 B1a ,7 down 1,5 B1b ,8 down 1,6 B1c ,9 down 2 B1d down 1,8 B ,1 down 2 B ,15 down 2 B ,2 down 3 B ,5 down 2,3 B ,6 down 2,9 B down 1,9 A4 D4 D ,7 up 1,9 D ,6 down 1,8 D3 6001/TLN 20 6 up 1,6 D4a ,4 down 1,8 D4b ,4 up 1,7 D ,8 down 2,3 Z up 2,2

18 Proteiomic alterations in mouse plasma from control versus high-fat diet fed mice Control diet control high fat Elevated in high fat x4 x x1 Nombre SSP1 ATG vs CT ATG vs CT ATG vs CT B ,83 2,76 2,49 A8(C1) ,66 10,62 2,71 x ,65 2,33 2,28 x ,79 2,45 5, Reduced in high fat x1 high-fat diet Nombre SSP1 ATG vs CT ATG vs CT ATG vs CT C ,94-5,00-4,00 A ,67-2,04-1,79 A ,23-4,17-2,56 C ,49-1,75-1, x Absent in control 6203 Nombre x SSP1 A B B9 1602

19 Proteiomic Proteiomic alterations alterations in mouse associated plasma from to control versus hypercholestermia high-fat diet fed mice III) Hypercholesteremia 8,00 In collaboration 6,00 with Dr. M. Pocoví Universidad de Zaragoza 4,00 human plasma bank of hereditary hypercholesteremia 2,00 project in progress! C3 0,00 B1 C1 x1 x4 A4 A1 C4-2,00 Ratio aterog/control -4,00 MK and Kiko Verdeguer -6,00 Instituto de Biomedicina Valencia ApoE deficient mouse model of atherosclerotic disease Proteomic alterations in ApoA E minus mice after 30 days of atherogenic diet: alterations found in 3 indepenent experiments, each carried out in tripcicates. Reproducible proteomic alteration of 14 proteins in mouse serum from which interestingly 3 have been shown to be also differentially expressed in mouse aorta.

20 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Vicente Andres Kiko Verdeguer Juanjo Calvete (JJ-TOF) The group Collaborations: Dr. Javier Chaves Dr. Josep Redón Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia Dr. Panayotis Fantidis Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid Dr. M. Pocoví Universidad de Zaragoza

Invited Review. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases

Invited Review. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases Histol Histopathol (2000) 15: 557-571 Histology and Histopathology Cellular and Molecular Biology Invited Review Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular