Medicinal Plants of the World

Transcription

1 Medicinal Plants of the World

2 Medicinal Plants of the World Volume 3 Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses By Ivan A. Ross Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey

3 2005 Humana Press Inc. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey humanapress.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. All papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. The author assumes no responsibility for, makes no warranty with respect to results that may be obtained from the uses or dosages listed, and does not necessarily endorse such uses or dosages and procedures. The author is not liable to any person whatsoever for and damage resulting from reliance on any information contained herein, whether with respect to plant identification, uses, procedures, dosages or by reason of any misstatement or error contained in this work. The author recognized that there are differences in varieties of plants, the geographical location in which they are grown, growing conditions, stage of maturity, and method of harvesting and preparation. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. ANSI Z (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Production Editor: Amy Thau Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary Cover Illustration: For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel.: ; Fax: ; orders@humanapr.com; or visit us at Photocopy Authorization Policy: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $30.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [ /05 $30.00]. Printed in the United States of America eisbn:

4 Preface This volume of the series Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Modern and Traditional Medicinal Uses contains information on 16 plant species and follows the same format as volumes 1 and 2. Some of the plants discussed in volume 3 may be considered controversial in their classification as medicinal. However, the Paracelsian dictum that sola dosis fecit venenum has been appreciated since ancient times, and throughout the ages many highly toxic materials used for lethal purposes have also found applications in modern medicine. It has been recognized that plants contain substances that are either harmful or toxic. However, it is wrong to think that there are plant toxins that are known or that are likely to have adverse effects on any and every form of life. A common feature of most toxic plants is that they are also known for their curative properties, and although they may provide the cure for an individual s disease at one dose, they may cause the death of the same individual at another. Poisons are widespread in plants, and humans have tried to either get rid of them or convert them to their own advantage. By their very nature, poisons are biodynamic substances because they affect, or are intended to affect, the functioning of the victims body. This also means that they have been, and are, important sources of medicine. With such potentially dangerous substances, it also means that care in medication is essential, and it raises the question of the relationship between the toxic dose and the therapeutic dose. For full advantage to be taken of their properties, a combination of reliable sources of materials and effective methodologies is required to enable not only isolation of the substances responsible, but also the investigation of their mechanisms of action. As more sophisticated methods are evolved to elucidate their chemical and pharmacological natures, it will be possible to target more precisely the use of these substances as possible templates to produce medicinal agents. I am very grateful to a number of individuals for their valuable cooperation in this work. I owe sincere appreciation to Professor Ron Olowin of St. Mary s College of California for granting me permission to use his photograph of Plantago ovata and Mr. Gary Monroe of Reno, Nevada for sharing his picture of Larrea tridentata. In work of this nature there is always room for improvement. Suggestions from readers are welcome and will be gratefully received. Ivan A. Ross v

5 Acknowledgments I am very grateful to Dr. Diana E. Dyrda of the University of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland for her contribution in collecting data and working on the manuscript, and to Yvonne Gordon for editing this work. Also, to our families for enduring our absence in their lives. vii

6 Contents Preface... v Acknowledgments... vii List of Plants in Volumes 1 and 2... xiii List of Color Plates... xv Abbreviations Used in the Chemical Constituents Section... xvii 1 Camellia sinensis...1 Common Names... 1 Botanical Description... 2 Origin and Distribution... 2 Traditional Medicinal Uses... 2 Chemical Constituents... 2 Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials... 9 References Cannabis sativa...29 Common Names...29 Botanical Description...30 Origin and Distribution...30 Traditional Medicinal Uses...30 Chemical Constituents...32 Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Cocos nucifera Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Coffea arabica Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References ix

7 X CONTENTS 5 Daucus carota Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Ferula assafoetida Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Hordeum vulgare Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Larrea tridentata Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Nicotiana tabacum Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References...339

8 CONTENTS XI 10 Olea europaea Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Oryza sativa Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Plantago ovata Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Saccharum officinarum Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Serenoa repens Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References...478

9 XII CONTENTS 15 Sesamum indicum Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Zingiber officinale Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Glossary Cross Reference Index About the Author...623

10 List of Plants Covered in Medicinal Plants of the World Volumes 1 and 2 Volume 1 1. Abrus precatorius 2. Allium sativum 3. Aloe vera 4. Annona muricata 5. Carica papaya 6. Cassia alata 7. Catharanthus roseus 8. Cymbopogon citratus 9. Cyperus rotundus 10. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 11. Hibiscus sabdariffa 12. Jatropha curcas 13. Lantana camara 14. Macuna pruriens 15. Mangifera indica 16. Momordica charantia 17. Moringa pterygosperma 18. Persea americana 19. Phyllathus niruri 20. Portulaca oleracea 21. Psidium guajava 22. Punica granatum 23. Syzygium cumini 24. Tamarindus indica xiii

11 XIV CONTENTS Volume 2 1. Allium cepa 2. Althaea officinalis 3. Anacardium occidentale 4. Ananas comosus 5. Angelica sinensis 6. Azadirachta indica 7. Echinacea angustifolia 8. Ephedra sinica 9. Eucalyptus globulus 10. Ginkgo biloba 11. Glycyrrhiza glabra 12. Hypericum perforatum 13. Laurus nobilis 14. Lycopersicon esculentum 15. Matricaria chamomilla 16. Morinda citrifolia 17. Musa sapientum 18. Myristica fragrans 19. Nelumbo nucifera 20. Pimpinella anisum 21. Ricinus communis 22. Tanacetum partheium 23. Tribulus terrestris 24. Vitex agnus-castus

12 List of Color Plates Color plates appear as an insert following page 270. Plate 1. Camellia sinensis (see full discussion in Chapter 1). Plate 2. Cannabis sativa (see full discussion in Chapter 2). Plate 3. Cocos nucifera (see full discussion in Chapter 3). Plate 4. Coffea arabica (see full discussion in Chapter 4). Plate 5. Daucus carota (see full discussion in Chapter 5). Plate 6. Ferula assafoetida (see full discussion in Chapter 6). Plate 7. Hordeum vulgare (see full discussion in Chapter 7). Plate 8. Larrea tridentata (see full discussion in Chapter 8). Plate 9. Nicotiana tabacum (see full discussion in Chapter 9). Plate 10. Olea europaea (see full discussion in Chapter 10). Plate 11. Oryza sativa (see full discussion in Chapter 11). Plate 12. Plantago ovata (see full discussion in Chapter 12). Plate 13. Saccharum officinarum (see full discussion in Chapter 13). Plate 14. Serenoa repens (see full discussion in Chapter 14). Plate 15. Sesamum indicum (see full discussion in Chapter 15). Plate 16. Zingiber officinale (see full discussion in Chapter 16). xv

13 Abbreviations Used in Chemical Constituents Sections Aer An As Bd Bk Bu Call Tiss Cr Ct Cx Cy Em EO Ep Fl Fr Gel Hu Ju Lf Lx Pc Pe Pl Pn Pt Pu Rh Rt Sd Sh St Tr Tu Tw Aerial parts Anther Ash Bud Bark Bulb Callus tissue Crown Coat Calyx Cotyledon Embryo Essential oil Epidermis Flower Fruit Jell Hull Juice Leaf Latex Pericarp Peel Plant Panicle Part Pulp Rhizome Root Seed Shoot Stem Trunk Tuber Twig xvii