Medicinal Plants of the World

Transcription

1 Medicinal Plants of the World

2 Medicinal Plants of the World Volume 1 Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modem Medicinal Uses SECOND EDITION By Ivan A. Ross Springer-Science+Business Media, LLC *-

3 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 2nd edition 2003 AII rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilm ing, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. AII papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. The author assumes no responsibility for, make no warranty with respect ro results that may be obtained from the uses or dosages listed, and does not necessarily endorse such uses or dosages and procedures. The author is not liable ro any person whatsoever for and damage resulting from reliance on any informat ion contained herein, whether with respect to plant identification, uses, procedures, dosages or by reason of any misstatement or error contained in this work. The author recognized that there are differences in varieties of plants, the geographicallocation in which they are grown, growing conditions, stage of maturity, and method of harvesting and preparat ion. This publicat ion is printed on acid-free ANSI Z (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Production Editor: Kim Hoather-Potter. Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary. For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel.: ; Fax: ; humana@humanapr.com; or visit us at Photocopy Authorization Policy: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Springer-Science+Business Media, LLC, provided that the base fee ofus $20.00 per copy, is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Springer-Science+Business Media, LLC. The fee code for users ofthe Transactional Reporting Service is: [ /03 $20.00]. Library of Congress Catalog ing in Publication Data Ross, lvan A. Medicinal plants of the world: chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses / by lvan A. Ross.--2nd ed. p.cm. lncludes bibliographical references and index. 1. Medicinal plants--encyclopedias. 1. Title. RS164.R '32--dc

4 Preface Since the publication of the first edition of Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modem Medicinal Uses in 1999, there has been a significant growth in the amount of new data on the herbs covered in this volume. The references used to compile this new edition have more than doubled. As a biologist with the US Food and Drug Administration I have been involved in toxicological research. On one occasion, while investigating herbal products sold in the United States as foods or food supplements, I realized that there was an abundance of information on plants that are commonly used as food and medicine. However, the material available was not compiled to optimally serve my interest. Most such books addressed the subject as folklore, and their information was not prepared as an educational resource on plant materials that are used as foods and food supplements by the general public. As a result, to obtain a fair knowledge of any specific plant, information from several books and journal articles had to be put together. It is this experience that guided me to compile Medicinal Plants of the World. The feedback I have received from readers of the first edition has inspired me to update the information on this important collection of plants. No current text describes the traditional medicinal uses, the chemical constituents, the pharmacological activities, and the clinical trials of those plants that are commonly used around the world as medicine. The objectives that guided the writing of this book were to create a reference for research scientists, phytochemists, toxicologists, physicians, pharmacists, and other health care providers; to integrate traditional and modern pharmacopoeias in order to develop a more efficient medicine; to build confidence and self-reliance in the use of medicinal plants; to revive an awareness of the importance of plants as sources of medicine; and to encourage their utilization and conservation. Around the world, and even within countries, different names are used for the same plant, and different plants may be referred to by the same name. In an effort to familiarize readers with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature system, the code's Latin binomial is used for each plant. The common names, together with the countries with which they are associated, are also listed. Color illustrations of the plants are provided to assist in their identification by those who are not familiar with the botanical name or any of the common names. For the non-botanist, the chapter on nomenclature and descriptive terminology, the botanical description, and the origin and distribution of each plant will be useful in the practical identification of the plants. Since medical doctors are often reluctant to prescribe medicinal plants without supporting scientific data, the sections on pharmacological activities and clinical trials, as well as those on chemical constituents, constitute most useful references. These sections will also be of value to scientists with an interest in drug development. The section on traditional medicinal uses, listed by countries, will provide support and build confidence and self-reliance in the traditional uses of medicinal plants. Throughout, the book prev

5 VI PREFACE sents vital information that will find much use by students, practitioners, or researchers interested or engaged in the development, evaluation, or use of herbal medicines. The text presumes that the reader has had little to no experience or knowledge of medicinal plants. A bibliography of approximately 3000 references is presented for readers interested in more detailed information. It represents a diversity of disciplines that reflect the complexity of the field and the variety of interests in medicinal plants. I t is my hope that readers will find in Medicinal Plants of the Warld a wealth of practical ideas and theoretical information that will expose new information and little-known facts, as well as the significant applications of plants in medicine, thereby helping us become healthier people, better students, teachers, farmers, clinicians, researchers, and entrepreneurs. Ivan A. Ross, phd

6 Contents Preface... v Contents of Companion Volume... xiii List of Color Plates xv 1 Nomenclature and Descriptive Terminology... 1 Compound Leaves Leaf Shapes... 4 Leaf Margins... 4 Leaf Tips Leaf Bases... 7 Attachment to Stem... 7 Leaf Surfaces Types of Inflorescence... 8 Dry Fruits Fleshy Fruits Abbreviations and Chemical Constituents Abrus precatorius Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Allium sativum Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References vii

7 viii CONTENTS 4 A/De vera Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Annona muricata Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Carica papaya Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Cassia a/ata Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Catharanthus roseus Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References

8 CONTENTS ix 9 Cymbopogon citratus Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Cyperus rotundus Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Curcuma longa Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Hibiscus sabdariffa Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References

9 x CONTENTS 14 Jatropha curcas Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Lantana camara Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References..., Mucuna pruriens Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Mangifera indica Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Manihot esculenta Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References

10 CONTENTS XI 19 Momordica charantia Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Moringa pterygosperma Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Persea americana Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Phyllanthus niruri Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Portulaca oleracea Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References

11 XII CONTENTS 24 Psidium guajava Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Punica granatum Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Syzygium cumini Common Names Botan ical Descri ption Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Tamarindus indica Common Names Botanical Description Origin and Distribution Traditional Medicinal Uses Chemical Constituents Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Trials References Glossary Index About the Author

12 Contents of Companion Volume (Vol. 2) 1 Allium cepa 2 Althaea officinalis 3 Anacardium occientale 4 Ananas comosus 5 Angelica sinensis 6 Azadirachta indica 7 Echinacea angustifolia 8 Ephedra sinica 9 Eucalyptus globulus 10 Ginkgo biloba 11 Glycyrrhiza glabra 12 Hypericum perforatum 13 Laurus nobilis 14 L ycopersicon esculentum 15 Matricaria chamomilla 16 Morinda citrifolia 17 Musa sapien tum 18 Myristica fragrans 19 Nelumbo nucifera 20 Pimp in ella anisum 21 Ricinus communis 22 Tanacetum parthenium 23 Tribulus terrestris 24 Vitex agnus-castus xiii

13 List of Color Plates Color plates appear as an insert following page 240. Plate 1. Abrus precatorius (see full discussion in Chapter 2). Plate 2. Allium sativum (see full discussion in Chapter 3). Plate 3. Aloe vera (see full discussion in Chapter 4). Plate 4. Annona muricata (see full discussion in Chapter 5). Plate 5. Carica papaya (see full discussion in Chapter 6). Plate 6. Cassia alata (see full discussion in Chapter 7). Plate 7. Catharanthus roseus (see full discussion in Chapter 8). Plate B. Cymbopogon citratus (see full discussion in Chapter 9). Plate 9. Cyperus rotundus (see full discussion in Chapter 10). Plate 10. Hibiscus rosa~sinensis (see full discussion in Chapter 12). Plate 11. Hibiscus sabdariffa (see full discussion in Chapter 13). Plate 12. Jatropha curcas (see full discussion in Chapter 14). Plate 13. Lantana camara (see full discussion in Chapter 15). Plate 14. Mucuna pruriens (see full discussion in Chapter 16). Plate 15. Mangifera indica (see full discussion in Chapter 17). Plate 16. Momordica charantia (see full discussion in Chapter 19). Plate 17. Moringa pterygosperma (see full discussion in Chapter 20). Plate lb. Persea americana (see full discussion in Chapter 21). Plate 19. Phyllanthus niruri (see full discussion in Chapter 22). Plate 20. Portulaca oleracea (see full discussion in Chapter 23). Plate 21. Psidium guajava (see full discussion in Chapter 24). Plate 22. Punica granatum (see full discussion in Chapter 25). Plate 23. Syzygium cumini (see full discussion in Chapter 26). Plate 24. Tamarindus indica (see full discussion in Chapter 27). xv