Defecography: a still needful exam for evaluation of pelvic floor diseases
|
|
- Solomon Bell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Acta Biomed 2016; Vol. 87, Supplement 3: Mattioli 1885 Review Defecography: a still needful exam for evaluation of pelvic floor diseases Silvia Eleonora Gazzani 1, Emanuela Angela Marcantoni 1, Giovanni Capretti 1, Vincenzo Trunfio 1, Emanuele Bacchini 1, Giulia Artioli 1, Ilaria Paladini 1, Valeria Seletti 1, Gianluca Milanese 1, Sandro Barbalace 1, Daniele Borgia 2, Paolo Bresciani 1 1 Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiological Sciences, University of Parma, Parma Hospital, Parma, Italy; 2 ASL Lecce, Italy Summary. The aim of this discussion is to describe what is a defecography, how we have to perform it, what can we see and to present the main physio-pathological illnesses of pelvic floor and anorectal region that can be studied with this method and its advantages over other screening techniques. Defecography is a contrastographic radiological examination that highlights structural and functional pelvic floor diseases. Upon preliminary ileum-colic opacification giving to patient radiopaque contrast, are first acquired static images (at rest, in maximum voluntary contraction of the pelvic muscles, while straining) and secondarily dynamic sequences (during evacuation), allowing a complete evaluation of the functionality of the anorectal region and the pelvic floor. Defecography is an easy procedure to perform widely available, and economic, carried out in conditions where the patient experiences symptoms, the most realistic possible. It can be still considered reliable technology and first choice in many patients in whom the clinic alone is not sufficient and it is not possible or necessary to perform a study with MRI ( Key words: defecography, pelvic floor, rectum, anal canal Introduction Defecography is a contrastographic radiological examination that highlights structural and functional pelvic floor diseases. Upon preliminary ileum-colic opacification giving to patient radiopaque contrast, using a remote controlled fluoroscopy, are first acquired static images (at rest, in maximum voluntary contraction of the pelvic muscles, while straining) and secondarily dynamic sequences (during evacuation), allowing a complete evaluation of the functionality of the anorectal region and the pelvic floor. The aim of this discussion is to describe what is a defecography, how we have to perform it, what can we see and to present the main physio-pathological illnesses of pelvic floor and anorectal region that can be studied with this method and its advantages over other screening techniques. Introduction to anatomy and physiology of the pelvic floor Pelvic floor is an anatomical region divided into three compartments: anterior, intermediate and posterior (or anorectal, the site of disturbed defecation); it is a system made up of muscle-aponeurotic structures capable of providing support to the pelvic viscera and to participate in the operation of two main structures: the endopelvic fascia and levator ani (1). Under physiological conditions and rest conditions, the anal canal is closed and the rectum has smooth contours, with anal sphincter in proportion; the position of the anorectal junction at rest can be considered
2 Defecography: a still needful exam for evaluation of pelvic floor diseases 35 to be a comprehensive indicator of the tone and elasticity of the pelvic floor muscle because the structures are constantly contracted, even when they are in a rest condition. Their tone is interrupted only during defecation and urination, hence the role that this examination has in evaluation of pelvic organ prolapse (2). In the phase of straining, before evacuation, continence of the external anal sphincter is demonstrated. At the beginning of defecation the pelvic floor drops, with the downward displacement of the anorectal junction, which should not exceed 3 cm in normal conditions, while the anterior rectal wall positions itself forward, not exceeding 2 cm deep; then the anal canal opens and rectum emptys (Fig. 1). After the phase of straining, the internal sphincter and the levator ani are contracted, the anal canal closes, the anorectal angle becomes more acute and the pelvic floor, together with the anorectal junction, are raised compared to their rest position. Technical study Defecography proves to be a useful completion to clinical examination, studying in a sitting position, the Figure 1. Normal Exhibit: anorectal angle of 90 with regular physiological excursion in functional tests and regular opening in the depletion phase state in which symptoms are usually perceived, structural abnormalities of the anorectal compartment (enterocele, rectocele, sigmoidocele, intussusception and prolapse) and functional (pelvic floor dyssynergia or anismus) allowing to lay the basis for the therapeutic management. The execution of the contrast-examination requires adequate preparation of the patient, which begins 4 hours before the examination, with the administration of an enema evacuation; necessary condition for a correct running of the investigation, is the opacification of the intestinal loops of the pelvic cavity, which is obtained after oral administration of 400 cc of Prontobario diluted with 30 cc of water mixed with 50 cc of Gastrografin. For the anatomical and functional evaluation of anorectal structures, a fecal-like density preparation consisting of 200 cc of a mixture of water, two bottles of Prontobario (powder) and 50 cc of Gastrografin is provided to complete rectal filling. The examination includes the acquisition of radiographs in lateral view during restraint and dynamic phase; the images obtained are evaluated based on anatomical landmarks and technical-functional parameters summarized in Table 1. The study of pelvic floor conditions can also be undertaken with other imaging techniques, such as transrectal ultrasound, anal manometry, and electromyography (3). Currently there is an increasing use of dynamic defecorm, an examination that can provide with excellent degree of accuracy a morphological and functional assessment of pelvic structures; as defecography, it provides real time information on anatomy, muscles and pelvic floor structures, with multiplanar representations of the districts surveyed, without using ionizing radiation (4). DefecoRM however is less available and more expensive than the conventional defecography, it requires the acquisition of images in the supine position for a long time, often with a certain discomfort for the patient, while open MRI are not easily available. Defecography too has different limitations, one of which connected to the low contrast resolution and the two-dimensionality of the study that can fail in the soft tissues demonstration because of the overlap of the viscera containing contrast in the vicinity of the anal canal or rectum, as the intestinal loops; moreover exposure to radiation is present.
3 36 S.E. Gazzani, E.A. Marcantoni, G. Capretti, et al. Table 1. Patients which are generally addressed these examinations are represented by men over fifty years of age and menopausal women, for which the radiation problems are limited; therefore, in line with the most important works of literature, we believe that MRI may be considered the method of choice in women of childbearing age, while defecography is to be considered as the choice for remaining patient population (2). Pathology and defecography The disorders of defecation include a broad spectrum of diseases with clinical manifestation often nonspecific, the symptoms are sometimes not reported since described as embarrassing and are difficult to interpret because of the non clear proctologic relevance as gynecological or urological. These diseases tend to be chronic and patients, to promote the evacuation, tend to excessively strive, further damaging the function of the pelvic floor and favoring the development of structural abnormalities. Rectocele This condition, that consists of an anterior bulge of the rectal wall of more than 2 cm in the anteroposterior diameter, is almost only present in females, caused by the weakness of the anterior rectal wall; the rectovaginal septum is damaged by labor or willful constipation, rare are the congenital causes. Clinical manifestations are caused by incomplete emptying of the rectum; some patients apply digital rectal or vaginal maneuvers to complete evacuation. At rest the conformation of the ampoule is normal, at the beginning of defecation the abdominal pressure crushes ampoule on the pelvic floor and makes it slip forward, adherent and herniating in vagina, generating saccular of figerform protrusion in which fecal material accumulates. Image shows, at the maximus straining, the anterior wall ampoule protrusion related to the anal canal axis. There are 3 degreees of compromission: little (less than 2 cm), medium (2-4 cm) and severe (more than 4 cm). Excessive straining may also cause posterior bulges of the rectum because of hernias of the levator ani on posterolateral pelvic floor (Fig. 2). Prolapse This condition is distinguished, by the extension inside the viscus, in intrarectal, rectoanal and extern; it is also differenziated in simple (if only mucosa protrudes) and complete/intussusception, due to how many layers of viscera are involved. Patient shows constipation, tenesmus, haematochezia, incontinence, rectal blockage and meccanical obstruction due to the intrarectal prolapsed wall which creates a plug obstructing the stool transit, causing barium paste to stagnate inside the viscus after examination.
4 Defecography: a still needful exam for evaluation of pelvic floor diseases 37 Young adults are most prevalent involved, maybe due to an associate psicologic cause. This kind of muscle overtone is classified in primitive or secondary to abscess, fistula and fissure. The incomplete release of the muscle, shown as an imprint on the posterior recto-anal transition zone, leads to reduct opening of the ano-rectal angle during the evacuation, that remains at about 90 degrees, obstructing the ampoullar emptying (Fig. 3); this condition may also conduct to prolapse Figure 2. Anterior Rectocele: during evacuative highlights modest intracanalicolar prolapse associated with rectocele front middle grade, with a maximum of 3.4 cm in diameter that determines modest barium entrapment At the and of expulsion, also in a normal patient, is possibile to see a folding of the internal mucosa layer with thickness lower than 3 mm. If this thickness, more often seen at the anterior wall of rectum, is more than 3 mm but less than 1 cm, we can diagnose a simple prolapse; if this thickness is more than 1cm we have a complete prolapse, in which all layers are involved. In case of intussusception the wall is completely involved starting from 6-8 cm above the anal canal, and it is possibile to see an expansion of the canal itself due to a circular infolding of the rectal wall invaginated into the lumen, that can be so dramatic to pass through the anus and prolapse externally; the rectum pulls the anterior peritoneum caudally, covering the rectum and resulting in a deep pouch that can contain small bowel (i.e., enterocele) Overtone IIt is a type of stenosis of the anorectum caused by a spasm of a component of the external ani sphincter muscle, described by Wasserman in 1964; it s a disorder of defecation determinated by the reduction or impossible relaxation of pubo-rectal muscle. Figure 3. Overtone: poor opening of anus-rectal angle with constant notch on the rear wall
5 38 S.E. Gazzani, E.A. Marcantoni, G. Capretti, et al. (Fig. 4) or lesion on the mucosa of this zone, like solitary sore of rectum, that may evolve in retracting scar. Enterocele - Sigmoidocele Figure 5. Obstructive Enterocele: during evacuative phase significant obstructive enterocele with commitment ileal loops at the level of the anal canal and compression of the rectal walls It consists in herniation of a peritoneal sac into the pouch of Douglas, containing ileal loops (enterocele) or part of the sigmoid (sigmoidocele). This condition is almost exclusively found in female subjects, due to gynecological procedures such as hysterectomy, ureteropexy or pelvic surgical procedures. Patient describes a sense of pelvic oppression during evacuation and incomplete emptying of the rectum, not associated with obstructed defecation. It is also described as a functional enterocele, caused by the drop of ileal loops during the ejection phase, and ascent at the end of it (Fig. 5). It is called true or obstructive enterocele when loops fall below the pubo-coccygeal line and compress the upper wall of the tank ampullary arranging, in the woman, between the rectum and the vagina. For a good study of this kind of pathology it is important to have a sufficient opacification of the intestine, showing a widening of the space between rectum and vagina due to the interposition of ileal loops or sigmoid, evident during the increase of abdominal pressure. Occasionally enteroceles become evident only when the rectum has been completely emptied and sufficient space is left for the small bowel loops to herniate. If the herniated bowel protrudes on the anterior rectal wall, there s an associated rectal prolapse. Perineum descending syndrome Figure 4. Overtone with Anterior Rectocele: during evacuative phase detects poor modification of anus-rectal angle as overtone, which is established with a modest intracanalicolar prolapse with accompanying anterior fingerform rectocele In a situation of pelvic floor muscle hypotonia patients present a difficult evacuation, incomplete emptying of the rectum, and/or incontinence. This condition is usually found in elderly women; risk factors are chronic stypsis, neurologic dysfunction, perineal trauma, multiparity and surgical procedures. We can observe a descendant of anorectal junction more than 3,5 cm during straining, that, itself, indirectly represents the perineal descent caused by increased intraabdominal pressure during straining, associated with relaxation of the puborectalis and pelvic muscles. The difference of depth, related to bony landmark (bis-ischiatic line or coccygeal tip), during resting po-
6 Defecography: a still needful exam for evaluation of pelvic floor diseases 39 sition and, most caudal, during straining of evacuation, shows the severity of the condition; also an anorectal angle more than 130 at rest that increases to more than 155 during straining, indicates anomalies. If the patient has a chronic process, a prolonged strain is necessary for evacuation, leading to a weakening of the pelvic muscles due to the stretching, that can also demage the nervous structures, causing pain and incontinence. Ano-rectal dyssynergia In a picture of inappropriate contraction of the puborectalis muscle during evacuation, instead of physiologic relaxation, we can see a spastic pelvic floor syndrome. Clinical manifestations are increasing of evacuation time (more than 30 seconds is highly predictive) and incomplete emptying, sometimes associated to focal pathological alterations such as solitary ulcers, fistulas, and thrombotic hemorrhoids, but some cases are idiopathic. Specific features are a lack of pelvic floor descent during straining and evacuation and paradoxical contraction of the levator ani; less specific is the aberrantly deep impression of the puborectalis sling on the posterior rectal wall at rest, caused by the presence of a hypertrophic levator ani muscle, that can be observed also in asymptomatic subjects in which the measurement of the anorectal angle changes is not significant. be still considered reliable technology and first choice in many patients in whom the clinic alone is not sufficient and it is not possible or necessary to perform a study with MRI (5-9). References 1. Maccioli F, et al. Studi funzionali del pavimento pelvico. Il giornale italiano di Radiologia Medica 2015; 2: Maglinte D, et al. Funtional imaging of the pelvic floor. Radiology 2011; 258: Silva A, et al. Pelvic floor disorders: what s the best test? Abdom imaging 2013; 38: Faccioli N, et al. Defecography: a practical approach. Diagn Interv Radiology 2010; 16: Reginelli A, et al. Role of conventional radiology and MRI defecography of pelvic floor hernias. BMC Surgery 2013; 13 (suppl 2): S De Filippo M, Gira F, Corradi D, et al. Benefits of 3D technique in guiding percutaneous retroperitoneal biopsies. Radiol Med 2011 Apr; 116(3): doi: /s Epub 2011 Feb Pescarolo M, Sverzellati N, Verduri A, et al. How much do GOLD stages reflect CT abnormalities in COPD patients? Radiol Med 2008 Sep; 113(6): doi: /s Epub 2008 Jul Bertolini L, Vaglio A, Bignardi L, et al. Subclinical interstitial lung abnormalities in stable renal allograft recipients in the era of modern immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 2011 Sep; 43(7): doi: /j.transproceed Cataldi V, Laporta T, Sverzellati N, De Filippo M, Zompatori M. Detection of incidental vertebral fractures on routine lateral chest radiographs. Radiol Med 2008 Oct; 113(7): doi: /s Epub 2008 Sep 13. Conclusions Defecography is an easy procedure to perform widely available, and economic, carried out in conditions where the patient experiences symptoms, the most realistic possible. We therefore believe that it can Correspondence: Silvia Eleonora Gazzani Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiological Sciences, University of Parma, Parma Hospital, Via Gramsci, Parma (Italy) eleonora.gazzani@gmail.com
3D Dynamic Ultrasound In Obstructed Defecation
3D Dynamic Ultrasound In Obstructed Defecation By Ramy Salahudin Abdelkader Assist. Lecturer of General Surgery Cairo University Introduction Pelvic floor is complex system, with passive and active components
More informationHigh-field (3T) magnetic resonance defecography with functional assessment of the evacuation phase: A pictorial essay
High-field (3T) magnetic resonance defecography with functional assessment of the evacuation phase: A pictorial essay Poster No.: C-430 Congress: ECR 2009 Type: Educational Exhibit Topic: Abdominal and
More informationJNM Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
ㅋ JNM Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility J Neurogastroenterol Motil, Vol. 17 No. 4 October, 2011 pissn: 2093-0879 eissn: 2093-0887 http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2011.17.4.416 How to Interpret
More informationThe use of conventional defecography in clinical practice
The use of conventional defecography in clinical practice Poster No.: C-1564 Congress: ECR 2014 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: A. Šmite, R. Laguns ; Lielvarde/LV, Riga/LV Keywords: Pelvic floor dysfunction,
More informationThe use of conventional defecography in clinical practice
The use of conventional defecography in clinical practice Poster No.: C-1564 Congress: ECR 2014 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: A. Šmite, R. Laguns ; Lielvarde/LV, Riga/LV Keywords: Pelvic floor dysfunction,
More informationFecal Incontinence. What is fecal incontinence?
Scan for mobile link. Fecal Incontinence Fecal incontinence is the inability to control the passage of waste material from the body. It may be associated with constipation or diarrhea and typically occurs
More informationLAPAROSCOPIC REPAIR OF PELVIC FLOOR
LAPAROSCOPIC REPAIR OF PELVIC FLOOR Dr. R. K. Mishra Elements comprising the Pelvis Bones Ilium, ischium and pubis fusion Ligaments Muscles Obturator internis muscle Arcus tendineus levator ani or white
More informationThe American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES Downloaded from https://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3IJrtBKuSsQVRz8fA4yAY0a8W1YLRn6mHykFpaZ5LFvI= on 03/16/2018
More informationApplied Anatomy and Physiology of the Pelvic Floor. Dr David Tarver Consultant Radiologist, Poole
Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Pelvic Floor Dr David Tarver Consultant Radiologist, Poole Pelvic Floor 1. Sacrospinous Ligament 2. Levator Ani A Puborectalis B. Pubococcygeus C. Iliococcygeus 3.
More informationFunctional disorders of the ano-rectal compartment - the diagnostic role of dynamic MRI
Functional disorders of the ano-rectal compartment - the diagnostic role of dynamic MRI Award: Magna Cum Laude Poster No.: C-2490 Congress: ECR 2017 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: A. P. Caetano, D.
More informationDiagnosis of Impaired Defecatory Function with Special Reference to Physiological Tests
Defecatory Dysfunction Diagnosis of Impaired Defecatory Function with Special Reference to Physiological Tests JMAJ 46(9): 373 377, 2003 Masatoshi OYA, Masashi UENO, and Tetsuichiro MUTO Department of
More informationMRI defecography. Anatomic and functional Cine-based evaluation of the pelvic floor dysfunction.
MRI defecography. Anatomic and functional Cine-based evaluation of the pelvic floor dysfunction. Poster No.: C-2583 Congress: ECR 2015 Type: Scientific Exhibit Authors: J. A. SAAVEDRA ABRIL, J. Galicia-Alba,
More informationAnorectal Diagnostic Overview
Anorectal Diagnostic Overview 11-25-09 3.11.2010 2009 2010 Anorectal Manometry Overview Measurement of pressures and the annotation of rectal sensation throughout the rectum and anal canal to determine:
More informationAccidental Bowel Leakage (Fecal Incontinence)
Accidental Bowel Leakage (Fecal Incontinence) What is Accidental Bowel Leakage (ABL)? Accidental bowel leakage is the inability to control solid or liquid stool. This is the inability to control gas and
More informationSurgical Management for Defecation Dysfunction
Defecatory Dysfunction Surgical Management for Defecation Dysfunction JMAJ 46(9): 378 383, 2003 Tatsuo TERAMOTO Professor, 1st Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University Abstract: Typical
More informationSummary and conclusion. Summary And Conclusion
Summary And Conclusion Summary and conclusion Rectal prolapse remain a disorder for which no single ideal treatment was approved for all cases. Complete rectal prolapse (procidentia) is the circumferential
More informationGuide to Pelvic Floor Multicompartment Scanning
Guide to Pelvic Floor Multicompartment Scanning These guidelines have been prepared by Giulio A. Santoro, MD, PhD, Head Pelvic Floor Unit, Section of Anal Physiology and Ultrasound, Coloproctology Service,
More informationOriginal article Pathophysiology and diagnosis of descending perineum syndrome in children
Original article Pathophysiology and diagnosis of descending perineum syndrome in children MIChAel D. levin State Geriatric Center, Netanya, Israel Abstract: The purpose of this study is to offer a safe,
More informationWhat the radiologist needs to know!
What the radiologist needs to know! Clare Molyneux Sam Treadway Sathi Sukumar Wal Baraza Abhiram Sharma Karen Telford University Hospital of South Manchester Manchester UK Introduction Indications Investigations
More informationBy:Dr:ISHRAQ MOHAMMED
By:Dr:ISHRAQ MOHAMMED Protrusion of an organ or structure beyond its normal confines. Prolapses are classified according to their location and the organs contained within them. 1-Anterior vaginal wall
More informationMagnetic resonance follow-up protocol for patients after stapled transanal rectal resection for intussusception and rectocele
Magnetic resonance follow-up protocol for patients after stapled transanal rectal resection for intussusception and rectocele Poster No.: C-2659 Congress: ECR 2013 Type: Scientific Exhibit Authors: S.
More informationMRI defecography: technique, indications and clinical findings not only in obstructed defecation syndrome
MRI defecography: technique, indications and clinical findings not only in obstructed defecation syndrome Poster No.: C-1061 Congress: ECR 2016 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: A. Di Piazza, M. Costanzo,
More informationGynecology Dr. Sallama Lecture 3 Genital Prolapse
Gynecology Dr. Sallama Lecture 3 Genital Prolapse Genital(utero-vaginal )prolapse is extremely common, with an estimated 11% of women undergoing at least one operation for this condition. Definition: A
More informationPelvic Floor Ultrasound Imaging. Prof HP Dietz (Sydney) A/Prof KL Shek (Sydney) Dr R Guzman Rojas (Santiago de Chile) Dr Kamil Svabik (Prague)
Pelvic Floor Ultrasound Imaging Workshop IUGA 2015 Nice Faculty: Prof HP Dietz (Sydney) A/Prof KL Shek (Sydney) Dr R Guzman Rojas (Santiago de Chile) Dr Kamil Svabik (Prague) The use of translabial ultrasound
More informationWorld Journal of Colorectal Surgery
World Journal of Colorectal Surgery Volume 6, Issue 5 2016 Article 8 Sigmoidocele: A Rare Cause Of Constipation In Males Noor Shah MD Milind Kachare MD Craig Rezac MD Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical
More informationMCOMPASS ANAL MANOMETRY AN OVERVIEW
MCOMPASS ANAL MANOMETRY AN OVERVIEW ANAL MANOMETRY MEASURES PRESSURE ALLOWS INTERPRITATION SENSATION RAIR RECTAL COMPLIANCE MOTIVATION OF THE PATIENT FUNCTION OF THE PUDENDAL NERVE WHEN TO USE ANAL MANOMETRY
More informationMCOMPASS ANAL MANOMETRY AN OVERVIEW
MCOMPASS ANAL MANOMETRY AN OVERVIEW ANAL MANOMETRY MEASURES PRESSURE ALLOWS INTERPRITATION SENSATION RAIR RECTAL COMPLIANCE MOTIVATION OF THE PATIENT FUNCTION OF THE PUDENDAL NERVE WHEN TO USE ANAL MANOMETRY
More informationPrediction and prevention of stress urinary incontinence after prolapse surgery van der Ploeg, J.M.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Prediction and prevention of stress urinary incontinence after prolapse surgery van der Ploeg, J.M. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van
More informationPelvic Prolapse. A Patient Guide to Pelvic Floor Reconstruction
Pelvic Prolapse A Patient Guide to Pelvic Floor Reconstruction Pelvic Prolapse When an organ becomes displaced, or slips down in the body, it is referred to as a prolapse. Your physician has diagnosed
More informationImaging of Pelvic Floor Weakness. Dr Susan Kouloyan-Ilic Radiologist Epworth Medical Imaging The Women s, Melbourne
Imaging of Pelvic Floor Weakness Dr Susan Kouloyan-Ilic Radiologist Epworth Medical Imaging The Women s, Melbourne Outline Overview and Epidemiology Risk Factors, Causes and Results Review of Relevant
More informationConstipation. (Medical Aspects)
Constipation (Medical Aspects) By Dr. Ehab Abdel Khalik MD. Anatomy of the anorectum The rectum is 12-15 15 cm. long. It connects with the sigmoid colon by the rectosigmoid junction which is believed to
More information2. Pelvic Floor Anatomy: The primary supportive structures of the pelvis consist of the pelvic fascia and pelvic floor musculature.
MR Imaging of the Female Pelvic Floor Katarzyna J. Macura, MD, PhD The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 21287 kmacura@jhmi.edu
More informationORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION 686 DISEASES OF THE COLON &RECTUM VOLUME54: 6 (2011)
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Prospective Multicenter Trial Comparing With in the Assessment of Anorectal Dysfunction in Patients With Obstructed Defecation F. Sergio P. Regadas, Ph.D. 1 Eric M. Haas, M.D. 2 Maher
More informationManagement of Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction. Fiona Paul, DNP, RN, CPNP Center for Motility and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Management of Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction Fiona Paul, DNP, RN, CPNP Center for Motility and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders DEFECATION Delivery of colon contents to the rectum Rectal compliance
More informationHIGH RESOLUTION AND HIGH DEFINITION ANORECTAL MANOMETRY: USEFULNESS, LIMITATIONS, WHEN AND WHY. José María Remes Troche.
HIGH RESOLUTION AND HIGH DEFINITION ANORECTAL MANOMETRY: USEFULNESS, LIMITATIONS, WHEN AND WHY José María Remes Troche. Digestive Phisiology and Motility Lab University of Veracruz, Mexico DISCLOSURE:
More informationRectal Prolapse: A 10-Year Experience
24 The Ochsner Journal Volume 7, Number 1, Spring 2007 25 Rectal Prolapse: A 10-Year Experience Figure 2. Physical examination. A. Concentric folds of prolapsed rectum. B. Radial folds of hemorrhoids (mucosal
More informationIna S. Irabon, MD, FPOGS, FPSRM, FPSGE Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy
Ina S. Irabon, MD, FPOGS, FPSRM, FPSGE Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy Comprehensive Gynecology 7 th edition, 2017 (Lobo RA, Gershenson
More informationA Constipation Scoring System to Simplify Evaluation and Management of Constipated Patients
A Constipation Scoring System to Simplify Evaluation and Management of Constipated Patients Feran Agachan, M.D., Teng Chen, M.D., Johann Pfeifer, M.D., Petachia Reissman, M.D., Steven D. Wexner, M.D.,
More informationThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine (April 2018) Vol. 71 (3), Page
The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine (April 2018) Vol. 71 (3), Page 2742-2750 Role of dynamic MRI in assessment of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Females Nada Ahmed Hussein, Naglaa Hussein Shebrya, Nermeen
More informationHemorrhoids. Carlos R. Alvarez-Allende PGY-III Colorectal Surgery
Hemorrhoids Carlos R. Alvarez-Allende PGY-III Colorectal Surgery Overview Anatomy Classification Etiology Incidence Symptoms Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Management Anatomy Anal canal
More informationOutlet syndrome: is there a surgical option?'
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Volume 77 July 1984 559 Outlet syndrome: is there a surgical option?' M R B Keighley MS FRCS P Shouler FRCS Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Birmingham
More informationSaint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia Modern technologies in treatment of fecal incontinence in children Komissarov Igor Alexeevich- Ph.D, M.D, Prof. Kolesnikova
More informationDiagnostic and therapeutic approach to obstructed defecation syndrome W31, 16 October :00-12:00
Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to obstructed defecation syndrome W31, 16 October 2012 09:00-12:00 Start End Topic Speakers 09:00 09:05 Introduction Giulio Aniello Santoro 09:05 09:20 Anatomy of the
More informationClinical Curriculum: Urogynecology
Updated July 201 Clinical Curriculum: Urogynecology GOAL: The primary goal of the Urogynecology rotation at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is to train physicians to have a broad knowledge
More informationPelvic Support Problems
AP012, April 2010 ACOG publications are protected by copyright and all rights are reserved. ACOG publications may not be reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission from the copyright
More informationJohn Laughlin 4 th year Cardiff University Medical Student
John Laughlin 4 th year Cardiff University Medical Student Prolapse/incontinence You need to know: Pelvic floor anatomy in relation to uterovaginal support and continence The classification of uterovaginal
More informationReview Article Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, Body Excreta Incontinence and Continence
Cronicon OPEN ACCESS GYNAECOLOGY Review Article Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, Body Excreta Incontinence and Continence Abdel Karim M El Hemaly 1 * and Laila ASE Mousa 1 1 Professor of Obstetrics and gynaecology,
More informationFecal Incontinence. Inability to retain feces or bowel movements, resulting in involuntary passage of feces or bowel movements
Fecal Incontinence (Involuntary Passage of Feces or Bowel Movements) Basics OVERVIEW Inability to retain feces or bowel movements, resulting in involuntary passage of feces or bowel movements GENETICS
More informationPREPARING FOR ANORECTOAL MANOMETRY. ManoScan Anorectal Manometry System
PREPARING FOR ANORECTOAL MANOMETRY ManoScan Anorectal Manometry System WHAT IS ANORECTAL MANOMETRY? Anorectal manometry is a test used to evaluate the function and coordination of the sphincter and pelvic
More informationClinical Policy Bulletin: Defecography
Defecography Page 1 of 10 Clinical Policy Bulletin: Defecography Revised April 2014 Number: 0718 Policy I. Aetna considers defecography (evacuation proctography) medically necessary in members with constipation
More informationProlapse and Urogynae Incontinence. Lucy Tiffin and Hannah Wheldon-Holmes
Prolapse and Urogynae Incontinence Lucy Tiffin and Hannah Wheldon-Holmes 66 year old woman with incontinence PC: 7 year Hx of urgency, frequency, nocturia (incl. incontinence at night), and stress incontinence
More informationDefecation proctography and translabial ultrasound in the investigation of defecatory disorders
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008; 31: 567 571 Published online 11 April 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/uog.5337 Defecation proctography and translabial ultrasound in
More informationUNDERSTANDING X-RAYS: ABDOMINAL IMAGING THE ABDOMEN
UNDERSTANDING X-RAYS: ABDOMINAL IMAGING THE ABDOMEN Radiology Enterprises radiologyenterprises@gmail.com www.radiologyenterprises.com STOMACH AND SMALL BOWEL STOMACH AND SMALL BOWEL Swallowed air is a
More informationFunction of the anal sphincters in patients with
Function of the anal sphincters in patients with intussusception of the rectum B. FRENCKNER AND T. IHRE Gut, 1976,17, 147-151 From the Department of Clinical Physiology and the Department of Surgery, Serafimer
More informationPelvic static MR vs MR-defecography in the study of woman's pelvic floor disorders
Pelvic static MR vs MR-defecography in the study of woman's pelvic floor disorders Poster No.: B-0043 Congress: ECR 2015 Type: Scientific Paper Authors: A. ambrosi, G. De Franco, F. Lorusso, M. Cascarano,
More informationBest Practice Statement on Evaluation of Obstructed Defecation. The symptoms of constipation and obstructed defecation are common in women with
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Best Practice Statement on Evaluation of Obstructed Defecation INTRODUCTION The symptoms of constipation and obstructed defecation are common in women with pelvic floor
More informationPELVIC FLOOR ULTRASOUND
PELVIC FLOOR ULTRASOUND How, When, Why Part 1: Phyllis Glanc MD Sunnybrook Health Science Center University of Toronto Phyllis.Glanc@sunnybrook.ca www.phyllisglanc.com (current exact handout) Disclosures
More informationFluoroscopic defecography: how to perform and interpret
Fluoroscopic defecography: how to perform and interpret Poster No.: C-1469 Congress: ECR 2016 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: A. C. Silva, D. D. T. Maglinte ; Porto/PT, Indianapolis, IN/US Keywords:
More informationBenign anorectal diseases
Benign anorectal diseases Symptoms Bleeding Pruritus Discharge Fecal incontinence Diarrhea Constipation False need to defecate Examinations Clinical exam Anuscopy Rectosigmoidoscopy Endosonography MRI
More informationRobotic Ventral Rectopexy
Robotic Ventral Rectopexy What is a robotic ventral rectopexy? The term rectopexy refers to an operation in which the rectum (the part of the bowel nearest the anus) is put back into its normal position
More informationPELVIC FLOOR DYSFUNCTION
gastrointestinal tract and abdomen PELVIC FLOOR DYSFUNCTION Michael A. Valente, DO, FACS, FASCRS, and Tracy L. Hull, MD, FACS, FASCRS One of the most complex and potentially frustrating groups of patients
More informationElderly Man With Chronic Constipation
Elderly Man With Chronic Constipation Linda Nguyen, MD Director, Neurogastroenterology and Motility Clinical Assistant Professor Stanford University Overview Normal bowel function Defining Constipation:
More informationKaranvir Virk M.D. Minimally Invasive & Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery 01/28/2015
Karanvir Virk M.D. Minimally Invasive & Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery 01/28/2015 Disclosures I have none Objectives Identify the basic Anatomy and causes of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Examine office diagnosis
More informationAn Analysis of Factors Associated with Increased Perineal Descent in Women
Original Article Journal of the Korean Society of J Korean Soc Coloproctol 2012;28(4):195-200 http://dx.doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2012.28.4.195 pissn 2093-7822 eissn 2093-7830 An Analysis of Factors Associated
More informationConstipation. H. David Vargas, MD. Overview
Constipation H. David Vargas, MD Overview Constipation is a very common complaint affecting upwards of 15% of all Americans. Fortunately, constipation usually is simple to avoid and easy to treat when
More informationPregnancy related pelvic floor dysfunction- suggested teaching presentation for Midwives
Pregnancy related pelvic floor dysfunction- suggested teaching presentation for Midwives 1 Aims of this self assessment competency To equip Midwives with the knowledge and skills to teach pelvic floor
More informationGI Physiology - Investigating and treating patients with pelvic floor dysfunction. Lynne Smith Department of GI Physiology NGH Sheffield
GI Physiology - Investigating and treating patients with pelvic floor dysfunction Lynne Smith Department of GI Physiology NGH Sheffield Aims o o o To give an overview of lower GI investigations To demonstrate
More informationDr. Aso Urinary Symptoms
Haematuria The presence of blood in the urine (haematuria) is always abnormal and may be the only indication of pathology in the urinary tract. False positive stick tests and the discolored urine caused
More informationDana Alrafaiah. - Amani Nofal. - Ahmad Alsalman. 1 P a g e
- 2 - Dana Alrafaiah - Amani Nofal - Ahmad Alsalman 1 P a g e This lecture will discuss five topics as follows: 1- Arrangement of pelvic viscera. 2- Muscles of Pelvis. 3- Blood Supply of pelvis. 4- Nerve
More informationSurgical repair of vaginal wall prolapse using mesh
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE Interventional procedure consultation document Surgical repair of vaginal wall prolapse using mesh Vaginal wall prolapse happens when the normal support
More informationPelvic Floor Disorders. Amir Darakhshan MD FRCS (Gen Surg) Consultant Colorectal and General Surgeon
Pelvic Floor Disorders Amir Darakhshan MD FRCS (Gen Surg) Consultant Colorectal and General Surgeon What is Pelvic Floor Disorder Surgical perspective symptoms of RED, FI or prolapse on the background
More informationCONSTIPATION. Atan Baas Sinuhaji
CONSTIPATION Atan Baas Sinuhaji Sub Division of Pediatrics Gastroentero-Hepatolgy Department of ChildHealth,School of Medicine University of Sumatera Utara MEDAN DEFECATION REGULAR PATTERN CONSTIPATION
More informationToning your pelvic floor WELCOME
Toning your pelvic floor WELCOME Introductions Amelia Samuels, Physiotherapist, Active Rehabilitation Physiotherapy Supporting the Continence Foundation of Australia Continence Foundation of Australia
More informationBen Herbert Alex Wojtowicz
Ben Herbert Alex Wojtowicz 54 year old female presenting with: Dragging sensation Urinary incontinence Some faecal incontinence HPC Since May 14 had noticed a mass protruding from the vagina when going
More informationUterine prolapse & Fistulas. Raja Nursing Instructor RN, DCHN, Post RN. BSc.N
Uterine prolapse & Fistulas Raja Nursing Instructor RN, DCHN, Post RN. BSc.N 31/03/2016 Objectives 1. Review the anatomy & physiology of female reproductive system 2. Discuss the causes, pathophysiology,
More informationRole of enterocoele in obstructed defecation syndrome: proposal of a new radiological and surgical classification
Original article Role of in obstructed defecation syndrome: proposal of a new radiological and surgical classification CLAUDIO MORANDI - BEATRICE BREVEGLIERI - CLAUDIO MORATTI LUCA VERGANTI - PIETRO TORRICELLI
More informationUrogynecology Curriculum for the PGY III and IV Resident
Urogynecology Curriculum for the PGY III and IV Resident Sinai Hospital of Baltimore Maryland Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology I. Educational Purpose: The dedicated Urogynecology rotation is intended
More informationOutpatient Rehabilitation Services
Outpatient Rehabilitation Services Shapiro Building, 2nd Floor 330 Brookline Avenue Boston, MA 02215 (617) 754-9100 bidmc.org/pelvicfloorpt Outpatient Rehabilitation Services ALL ABOUT YOUR Pelvic Floor
More informationACCIDENTAL BOWEL LEAKAGE: A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO EVALUATION. Tristi W. Muir, MD Chair, Department of OB/GYN Houston Methodist Hospital
ACCIDENTAL BOWEL LEAKAGE: A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO EVALUATION Tristi W. Muir, MD Chair, Department of OB/GYN Houston Methodist Hospital Accidental Bowel Leakage What Gets the Woman into Your Office 67%
More informationARTIFICIAL MESH REPAIR FOR TREATMENT OF PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE
Pelvic Floor Unit / Department of Gynaecology Ward 17, Singleton Hospital, Sketty, Swansea, SA2 8QA 01792 205666 Secretary Direct Line: 01792 285688. Fax: 01792 285874 ARTIFICIAL MESH REPAIR FOR TREATMENT
More informationCitation Acta medica Nagasakiensia. 2003, 48
NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Ac Title Author(s) Surgical Strategy for Low Imperfora Anal Transplantation or Limited Pos Obatake, Masayuki; Yamashita, Hidek Norihisa; Nakagoe, Tohru Citation Acta medica
More informationBowel and Bladder Dysfunction (BBD) Naida Kalloo, MD Pediatric Urology Children s National
Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction (BBD) Naida Kalloo, MD Pediatric Urology Children s National What is Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction? Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and bowel movement disorders Majority
More informationDuc M. Vo, MD, FACS Northwest Surgical Specialists
Duc M. Vo, MD, FACS Northwest Surgical Specialists Disclosures none Outline Definition Etiologies Exam findings Additional testing Medical management Surgical options What is fecal incontinence? Recurrent
More information5/29/2015. Objectives. Functions of the PFM. Various phases of PFM. Evaluation of the PFM
The Physical Therapist s Approach to the Female Pelvic Floor Musculature Examination and Treatment. Presented By: Evelyne Burtis, DPT Objectives Core and pelvic floor muscles (PFM) Functions of the PFM
More informationLab Monitor Images Dissection of the Abdominal Vasculature + Lower Digestive System
Lab Monitor Images Dissection of the Abdominal Vasculature + Lower Digestive System Stomach & Duodenum Frontal (AP) View Nasogastric tube 2 1 3 4 Stomach Pylorus Duodenum 1 Duodenum 2 Duodenum 3 Duodenum
More informationTHE PELVIC FLOOR, EPISIOTOMY AND PERINEAL REPAIR AND VAGINAL/RECTAL MEDICATIONS
THE PELVIC FLOOR, EPISIOTOMY AND PERINEAL REPAIR AND VAGINAL/RECTAL MEDICATIONS MID2010 LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 - REVIEW THE ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC FLOOR Superficial layers cavernosus Deep layer Coccygeus
More informationLook Beyond the Surface and Get the Complete Pelvic Floor Picture
Pelvic Floor Look Beyond the Surface and Get the Complete Pelvic Floor Picture Endovaginal ultrasound. Levator ani defect seen on the right side (arrows). A=anus, B=bladder, LA=levator ani, U=urethra.
More informationThe pelvic floor is a system of muscles, ligaments, and tissues that keep your pelvic organs firmly in place.
The pelvic floor is a system of muscles, ligaments, and tissues that keep your pelvic organs firmly in place. Think of it as the hammock of muscle that holds up your uterus, vagina, bladder, small intestine,
More informationDYNAMIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING USED IN EVALUATION OF FEMALE PELVIC PROLAPSE: EXPERIENCE FROM NINE CASES
DYNAMIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING USED IN EVALUATION OF FEMALE PELVIC PROLAPSE: EXPERIENCE FROM NINE CASES Tony Wing-Cheong Chi and Shin-Hong Chen 1 Department of Radiology, Min-Sheng General Hospital,
More information-15. -Alaa Albandi. -Dr. Mohammad Almohtasib. 0 P a g e
-15 -Alaa Albandi - -Dr. Mohammad Almohtasib 0 P a g e In this last lecture, we will talk about the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal. Sigmoid colon It has a mesentery called pelvic mesocolon or sigmoidal
More informationSTRUCTURAL BASIS OF MEDICAL PRACTICE EXAMINATION 3. October 16, 2015
STRUCTURAL BASIS OF MEDICAL PRACTICE EXAMINATION 3 October 16, 2015 PART l. Answer in the space provided. (12 pts) 1. Identify the structures. (2 pts) A. B. A B C. D. C D 2. Identify the structures. (2
More informationMagnetic Resonance Imaging of Perianal Fistulas
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Perianal Fistulas Poster No.: C-0317 Congress: ECR 2014 Type: Authors: Keywords: DOI: Educational Exhibit A. P. Sathe, E. Soh, K. Y. Seto, B. Yeh, D. W. Y. chee, R. Quah,
More informationConstipation. Information for adults. GI Motility Clinic (UMCCC University Medical Clinics of Campbelltown and Camden) Page 1
Constipation Information for adults GI Motility Clinic (UMCCC University Medical Clinics of Campbelltown and Camden) Page 1 Contents Role of the large intestine..3 Mass movements in the large intestine..4
More informationPreview from Notesale.co.uk Page 1 of 34
Abdominal viscera and digestive tract Digestive tract Abdominal viscera comprise majority of the alimentary system o Terminal oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, suprarenal
More informationVincent Letouzey, MD, PhD
How to protect the perineum and prevent obstetric perineal trauma Standards of OASIS diagnosis: Primary (clinical) and Secondary (ultrasound) Vincent Letouzey, MD, PhD Obst/Gyne Dept Nîmes University Hospital
More informationApplication of Anorectal Dynamics in the Treatment of Colon Disease Packing
Application of Anorectal Dynamics in the Treatment of Colon Disease Packing Zongyue Gao 1, 2, a, Yuyan Liu 1, 2, b, Chunxia Wan 1, 2, c 3, d* and Xiaoli Zhou 1 Henan Province Hospital of TCM, 450000, Henan,
More informationA Nursing Assessment Tool for Adults With Fecal Incontinence
Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2000, 279- A Nursing Assessment Tool for Adults With Fecal Incontinence Christine Norton, MA, RN, and Sonya Chelvanayagam, MSc, RN Abstract Fecal incontinence
More informationCHERRY BAKER AND TRACEY GJERTSEN BSC MCSP HCPC INTRODUCTION TO DIAMOND TRAINING REHAB AND PERFORMANCE FOR PELVIC POWER
CHERRY BAKER AND TRACEY GJERTSEN BSC MCSP HCPC INTRODUCTION TO DIAMOND TRAINING REHAB AND PERFORMANCE FOR PELVIC POWER What is it? Where is it? Breathing Graded relaxation Incontinence Stress Incontinence
More information