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1 Only a few more classes together! Week 13: Nov. 20 -Ch Modern human origins and dispersal Week 14: Nov. 27 and 29 -Ch. 12 -Quiz - Ch 10, 11, and a little of 12 - THURSDAY Week 15: Dec. 4 and 6 -Ch. 13 Week 16: Dec. 11 and 13 -Ch. 13/14 -Final 1

2 Extra credit Essay 2 Prep Possible points: 25 points DUE WednesDAY, NOV 28 BEFORE MIDNIGHT 2

3 Hominin evidence review 3

4 Hominin evidence review 4

5 Hominin evidence review Practice for quizzes and final 5

6 Hominin evidence review Practice for quizzes and final 6

7 Homo sapiens AMH = Anatomically modern Homo sapiens (AMH) Cranial -high vertical forehead, protruding chin, -rounded skull -smaller face, teeth cranial capacity: 1350 cm cubed Postcranial -longer limbs, gracile bones (less robust) 7

8 Competing models of AMH dispersal Multiregional Model (MRM) -European, Asian, and African premodern humans simultaneously evolved into AMH Gene flow = high -prevented speciation Predictions: -premodern to AMH transitional fossils in each region -continuity of behavior (tool industries) -genetics show transition from earlier forms to AMH in each region 8

9 Competing models of AMH dispersal Replacement Model(s) Complete: emerged in Africa, then dispersed and completely replaced premodern humans. Partial: " but interbred with non-african populations Gene flow = low Predictions -earliest fossils come from Africa...etc -AMH behavioral adaptations are distinct from other hominins -most genetic diversity Africa dwindles outside of Africa 9

10 Fossil evidence for AMH 200 kya in Africa Omo Kibish, Ethiopia 115 kya in the Middle East Skhul Cave, Israel 45 kya AMH in Southeast Asia Niah Cave, Indonesia 30 kya in Australia Lake Mungo, Australia 16 kya in the New World... 10

11 Archaeological evidence for AMH Neandertal and overlapping premodern humans used mostly Mousterian culture -thrusting spears -infrequent, intentional burials (few grave goods) AMH sites associated with Upper Paleolithic industries Symbolic behavior increased in prominence 11

12 Molecular evidence for AMH Mitochondrial DNA: earliest maternal ancestor to all modern humans sourced to African populations 200 kya Ancient DNA: most ancestral DNA sourced to Africa Non-African populations have 1-4% Neandertal DNA Populations south of Siberia have more Denisovan DNA 12

13 Competing models of AMH dispersal MRM predictions -premodern to AMH transitional fossils in each region -continuity of behavior -genetics show transition from earlier forms to AMH in each region Replacement Model predictions -earliest forms come from Africa...etc -AMH distinct behavioral adaptations -most genetic diversity Africa dwindles outside of Africa Most current genetic evidence rules out complete replacement 13

14 14

15 15

16 Upper Paleolithic culture and technology UP (75-17 kya) innovations -big game hunting -projectile weapons -elaborate burials -body ornamentation, clothing 16

17 Upper Paleolithic culture and technology Magdalenian (17 kya) Atlatl (spear-thrower) and other projectiles Burins -chisel-tool used to modify wood, bone, softer material -tool-ception: tool made to make tools 17

18 Upper Paleolithic culture and technology Upper Paleolithic art Portable art -engravings, beads, ocher -Venuses: females depicted realistically, with exaggerated sexual characteristics 18

19 Upper Paleolithic culture and technology Upper Paleolithic art Cave art -evidence of symbolic behavior -new technology for aesthetic purposes 19

20 Upper Paleolithic culture and technology Africa Blombos cave; kya -Beads, ocher, deliberate burials Europe Lascaux and Grotte Chauvet; 35 kya -cave art 20

21 Chapter 11 -Origins and dispersal of modern humans Trend across the hominins: 2 mya = multiple hominin genera 200 kya = multiple species of Genus Homo 40 kya = multiple subspecies 0 ya = just Homo sapiens 21

22 The Pleistocene Epoch 22

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