_ X = 100. Distribution of IQ scores. How much of this variation is due to genotypic differences among individuals? What is the heritability?

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2 _ X = 100 Low High Distribution of IQ scores How much of this variation is due to genotypic differences among individuals? What is the heritability?

3 Maze learning in rats: selection for maze bright and dull strains of rats (R.C. Tryon 1942) 1. Used a 17 unit (multiple T ) maze 2. Counted up the number of errors made across multiple trials in the maze (19 trials) 3. Errors were counted as number of entries in a blind alley 4. Rats making the fewest errors were mated among themselves; rats making the most errors were mated among themselves

4 Number of errors in maze test

5 Generation 0 Generation 4 MB MD Generation 8 MB MD Number of errors in maze test

6 The response to directional selection for maze learning indicates that the heritability of maze learning is above zero What is the mode of inheritance of individual differences in maze learning?

7 MB MD F 1 rats F 2 rats

8 Maze learning appears to exhibit typical complex or polygenic inheritance

9 Are the maze bright and maze dull rats good and bad, respectively, at other tasks? In other words is their intelligence general or specific? In three out of five different measures of learning ability, rats of the dull strain performed at levels equal to or Superior to rats from the bright strain.

10 Mental retardation _ X = 100 Low High Distribution of IQ scores

11 MENTAL RETARDATION DSM4 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Disorders, American Psychiatric Association) 1. Score of 70 or below on a standard IQ (intelligence quotient) test 2. Adaptive functioning: how well the individual meets age and culture specific standards 3. Age of onset before 18 Degrees of severity: Mild: Moderate: Severe: Profound: below 20

12 Genetic abnormalities and mental retardation SINGLE GENE DISORDERS: 1. Phenylketonuria (PKU) used to be the leading single cause of mental retardation 2. X-linked (GDI1, PAK3,Oligophrenin, FMR2) 3. Angelman syndrome 4. Fragile-X syndrome 5. Duchenne muscular dystrophy 6. Picks disease 7. Galactosemia CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS 1. Downs syndrome: trisomy Turner syndrome: XO 3. Klinefelter syndrome: XXY, XXXY 4. Triplo X syndrome: XXX

13 Genetic abnormalities and mental retardation SINGLE GENE DISORDERS: 1. Phenylketonuria (PKU) used to be the leading single cause of mental retardation 2. X-linked (GDI1, PAK3,Oligophrenin, FMR2) 3. Angelman syndrome 4. Fragile-X syndrome 5. Duchenne muscular dystrophy 6. Picks disease 7. Galactosemia CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS 1. Downs syndrome: trisomy Turner syndrome: XO 3. Klinefelter syndrome: XXY, XXXY 4. Triplo X syndrome: XXX

14 Evidence that genetics influences intelligence in man 1. Genetic abnormalities: single gene and chromosomal aberrations are associated with impairments in intelligence 2. Normal variation in intelligence: Similarities between relatives?

15 Demonstrating a genetic component to behavior 1. Family studies: Examine similarities between family members. The closer the genetic relationship, the more similar family members are predicted to be 2. Adoption Studies: Compares biological with adopted family members. Biologically related individuals are predicted to be more similar than adopted relatives. 3. Twin studies: Identical twins compared to fraternal twins. Identical twins predicted to be more similar

16 Parent-child correlations for IQ in three adoption studies Study Adoptive Children Fathers Mothers Biological children Fathers Mothers Biological mothers and their children adopted by other parents Minnesota Minnesota Texas

17 Conclusion: Despite variability among studies, biological relatives are more similar than adoptive ones.

18 Test Twins Intra-pair heritability Correlation Stanford MZS (19) 0.69 Binet IQ MZT (50) DZT (50) 0.62 Otis IQ MZS (19) 0.73 MST (50) DZT (50) 0.62 Dominoes MZS (34) 0.73 IQ MZT (37) 0.75 DZT (38) 0.69 MZS Monozygotic raised separately MZT Monozygotic raised together DZT Dizygotic raised together

19 HUMAN EVOLUTION 1. FOSSILS 2. GENETICS

20 Phrenology is the study of the structure of the skull to determine a person's character and mental capacity. The Viennese physician Franz-Joseph Gall ( )was an early phrenologist. Bumps and indentations on the skull, according to Gall, reflect specific areas of the brain that determine a person's emotional and intellectual functions. It remained popular, especially in the United States, throughout the 19th century and was highly praised by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Horace Mann, Thomas Edison, and Alfred Russell Wallace.

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23 Where do we come from? Human origins 1. Relationships to other animal groups 2. Relationships to other primates 3. Early humans and their ancestors: Fossil history 4. Temporal and spatial aspects of human ancestors

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27 Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

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30 Australopithecus afarensis Ethiopia mya No stone tools Small cranial capacity

31 Australopithecus africanus mya South Africa No stone tools

32 Australopithecus robustus 2-1 mya Southern Africa No stone tools

33 Australopithecus boisei East Africa 2-1mya No stone tools

34 Homo habilis 2-1mya East Africa Stone tools

35 Homo rudolfensis 2-1mya East Africa Stone tools

36 Homo erectus Widespread Africa, Asia

37 Homo neandertalensis 1856 Neander Valley-Germany: various interpretations such as a race before humans, a pathological specimen of man Now known to be a specialized hominid restricted to Western Europe and Mediterranean, living in rock shelters and caves.

38 Homo sapiens

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40 Chimpanzee Teeth Brow Cranial size Sagittal crest Gorilla

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46 Proposed history for the development of human language 6-7 million years ago Proto-hominids Simple hand gestures. Vocalizations of alarm, emotions, etc. 4-5 million years ago Australopithecine hominids. Advent of bipedalism: appearance of more sophisticated hand signalling 1-2 million years ago Homo habilis and Homo erectus Hand gestures become fully syntactical, vocalizations start to become symbolical, stark increase in brain size 100,000 years ago Homo sapiens uses vocal language, zenith of brain development, hand gestures play secondary role

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54 chimpanzee A. africanus H. erectus H. sapiens

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