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1 Contributor contact details Preface Fundamentals p. 1 Introduction to biofilms in urology p. 3 Introduction p. 3 What is a biofilm and why do they form? p. 4 Biofilm formation and structure p. 5 p. xv p. xxiii Biofilms in general medicine p. 12 Biofilms in urology p. 14 Biofilm shedding and migration: infection spread and recurrence p. 22 Resistance to host factors and antibiotics p. 23 Current and future biofilm prevention and treatment strategies p. 25 Future trends p. 30 Conclusions p. 31 Sources of further information and advice p. 31 References p. 32 In vivo models for ureteral stents p. 42 Introduction p. 42 Commonly used animal models p. 45 Conclusion and future trends p. 54 References p. 55 Models for the assessment of biofilm and encrustation formation on urological materials p. 59 Introduction p. 59 Development of urinary encrustation p. 62 Assessment of biomaterial encrustation - in vitro models p. 65 Dynamic flow-through models p. 66 Batch flow or `static' models p. 71 Dynamic continuous flow models p. 73 The MBEC-BEST™ assay p. 76 Conclusions p. 77 References p. 78 Materials and design of urological devices p. 83 Ureteral stents: design and materials p. 85 Introduction p. 85 Current stent biomaterials p. 88 Stent coatings p. 93 Stent design p. 95 Drug-eluting stents p. 97 Conclusions and future trends p. 98 References p. 99 Metal stents in the upper urinary tract p. 104

2 Introduction p. 104 Types of metal stents in the upper urinary tract p. 105 Applications of metal stents p. 109 Insertion techniques p. 118 Complications and problems p. 121 Virtual endoscopy and metal stents p. 123 Extra-urinary drainage of the upper urinary tract p. 125 Future trends p. 126 References p. 129 Coated ureteral stents p. 134 Introduction p. 134 Methods p. 137 Results p. 139 Discussion p. 151 Conclusions p. 154 Acknowledgement p. 154 References p. 155 Proteus mirabilis biofilm formation and catheter design p. 157 Introduction p. 157 Virulence factors p. 158 Epidemiology of Proteus mirabilis infections p. 162 The process of crystalline biofilm formation on catheters p. 163 Antimicrobials in the prevention of catheter encrustation p. 170 Factors that modulate the rate of Proteus mirabilis biofilm formation on catheters p. 175 Urease inhibitors p. 178 Catheter design p. 179 Future trends p. 183 Conclusions p. 184 Sources of further information and advice p. 185 References p. 185 Self-lubricating catheter materials p. 191 Introduction p. 191 Silicone chemistry p. 192 Self-lubricating silicone biomaterials p. 197 Performance characteristics of self-lubricating silicone biomaterials p. 199 Bioactive lubricious silicones p. 201 Biomimetic lubricious silicones p. 203 Toxicity and regulatory issues p. 203 Conclusions p. 205 References p. 206 Temporary urethral stents p. 208

3 Introduction p. 208 Indications for the use of stents p. 209 Non-degradable temporary urethral stents p. 211 Biodegradable urethral stents p. 214 Future trends p. 221 References p. 222 Penile implants p. 226 Introduction p. 226 Historical aspects of penile prosthesis development p. 227 Biomaterials in current use p. 230 Device infection p. 232 Erosion resistance p. 234 Summary p. 235 Future trends p. 236 References p. 237 Urological tissue engineering p. 241 Artificial biomaterials for urological tissue engineering p. 243 Introduction p. 243 History of synthetic biomaterials used in urology p. 244 Synthetic scaffolds p. 245 Smart biomaterials p. 247 Future trends p. 251 References p. 252 Natural biomaterials for urological tissue engineering p. 255 Introduction p. 255 Historical application of natural biomaterials p. 256 Fundamental biomaterials p. 257 Collagen-based extracellular matrices p. 261 Future trends p. 274 Sources of further information and advice p. 275 References p. 275 Nanotechnology and urological tissue engineering p. 281 Introduction p. 281 Rationale for nanomaterials in engineering tissue p. 282 Use of nanomaterials as biomaterials p. 283 Use of nanomaterials for aiding cell tracking p. 287 Use of nanomaterials to improve drug delivery p. 290 Conclusions p. 292 Future trends p. 292 Source of further information and advice p. 294 References p. 294

4 Assessing the performance of tissue-engineered urological implants p. 299 Introduction p. 299 The bladder p. 301 Evaluation of engineered or regenerating tissues in vitro p. 304 Bladder tissue engineering and regeneration p. 310 Conclusions and future trends p. 314 References p. 315 Regenerative pharmacology and bladder regeneration p. 322 Introduction p. 322 Endogenous bladder regeneration p. 324 Construction of a tissue or organ p. 327 Development of an engineered bladder p. 328 Implantation of the bladder construct in preclinical studies p. 330 Preliminary clinical experience with neobladders p. 331 Conclusions p. 332 Acknowledgement p. 332 References p. 332 Autologous cell sources for urological applications p. 334 Introduction p. 334 Fully differentiated cells for urological reconstruction p. 337 Stem/progenitor cells for urological reconstruction p. 342 Cell tracking technology p. 348 Conclusions p. 351 Acknowledgements p. 351 References p. 351 Embryonic stem cells, nuclear transfer and parthenogenesis-derived stem cells for urological reconstruction p. 357 Introduction p. 357 Principles of tissue engineering p. 358 Stem cells: overview p. 360 Embryonic stem cells p. 361 Nuclear transfer p. 363 Parthenogenesis p. 367 Induced pluripotent stem cells p. 369 Conclusions and future trends p. 370 References p. 371 Amniotic fluid and placental stem cells as a source for urological regenerative medicine p. 378 Introduction p. 378 Amniocentesis p. 378 Differentiated cells from amniotic fluid p. 379 Mesenchymal stem cells from amniotic fluid p. 379

5 Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells p. 382 Conclusions p. 390 References p. 390 The use of adipose progenitor cells in urology p. 395 Introduction p. 395 Nomenclature and origin of adipose progenitor cells p. 397 Isolation procedures p. 397 Molecular characterization p. 399 Differentiation capacity of adipose-derived-stem cells p. 402 Applications in the field of urology p. 404 Future trends p. 411 References p. 412 Regenerative medicine of the urinary sphincter via an endoscopic approach p. 422 Introduction p. 422 Neurophysiology of stress urinary incontinence p. 424 Stem cell source for the injection therapy of stress urinary incontinence p. 427 Role of muscle-derived stem cells in the delivery of neurotrophic factors p. 433 Injection technique p. 434 Current results of clinical studies p. 436 Conclusions p. 438 Acknowledgements p. 438 References p. 439 Regenerative medicine of the urinary sphincter via direct injection p. 445 Introduction p. 445 Challenges with muscle precursor cell transfer p. 446 The direct myofiber implantation procedure p. 447 Direct injection of muscle precursor cells using minced muscle p. 450 Conclusions and future trends p. 451 References p. 451 Regenerative medicine for the urethra p. 454 Introduction p. 454 Synthetic scaffolds p. 455 Biological (natural) polymers p. 456 Conclusions p. 464 Acknowledgement p. 465 References p. 465 Penile reconstruction p. 470 Introduction p. 470 Basic principles of penile tissue engineering p. 471 Engineering of functional corporal tissue p. 473 Engineered penile prosthesis p. 476

6 Reconstruction of the tunica albuginea p. 478 Summary and future trends p. 478 Acknowledgement p. 479 References p. 479 Tissue engineering in reproductive medicine p. 482 Tissue engineering of the vagina p. 482 Methods of vaginal tissue reconstitution p. 483 Tissue engineering of the uterus p. 486 Methods of uterine tissue reconstitution p. 487 Tissue engineering of the ovarian tissue p. 491 Method for culturing follicles p. 495 Conclusions p. 496 Acknowledgements p. 497 References p. 497 Regenerative medicine of the kidney p. 502 Introduction p. 502 Basic components of renal tissue engineering p. 503 Approaches for the regeneration of renal tissue p. 505 Cell-based therapy for kidney disease p. 511 Summary p. 512 Acknowledgement p. 513 References p. 513 Stem cells and kidney regeneration p. 518 Introduction p. 518 Endogenous stem cells p. 519 Exogenous stem cells p. 521 Conclusions p. 526 References p. 527 Techniques for engineering bladder tissue p. 532 Introduction p. 532 Cells used in tissue engineering p. 534 Biomaterials used in tissue engineering p. 539 Bladder repair and replacement: current and future technologies p. 541 Summary and conclusions p. 545 References p. 545 Index p. 550 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.

Urinary catheters - a matter of convenience? Aniruddha Chakravarti Consultant Urological Surgeon

Urinary catheters - a matter of convenience? Aniruddha Chakravarti Consultant Urological Surgeon Indications Any absolute? Relative Retention - ISC vs IDC? Incontinence - containment devices/drugs/nursing