Trends of Average Food Supply in the European Union

Transcription

1 Elmadfa I,Weichselbaum E (eds): European Nutrition and Health Report 24. Forum Nutr. Basel, Karger,, vol 8, pp 1 11 Trends of Average Food Supply in the On the Basis of the FAO Food Balance Sheets The food balance sheets (FBS) of the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) are agricultural statistics which are available for numerous countries in the world. They are available from 1961 on and for each following year, currently until 21. Due to the fact that the method used for the assessment of food supply is equal for each country, FBS deliver internationally comparable data and are a unique source for showing international trends in food supply. However, FBS can only show national and international trends within one country but cannot show any differences between regions, different age groups, ethnic groups or men and women. Only per capita average food supply can be shown by FBS. Supply data obtained by agricultural statistics are in general clearly higher than the actual intake. The total food supply is calculated from production, imports, stock changes and exports. Per caput average supply, i.e. the utilisation side is then determined by considering feed, seed, losses through processing, storage and transportation, as well as waste and other use [FAO, 21]. The average intake can still not be calculated. Considering all the positive and negative aspects of FBS, they are still very useful for showing trends within the past four decades and are thus used in this chapter. The FBS for the (EU) are from the 1 member countries who were members already at the beginning of 24. For Belgium no separate data exists, but only supply data for Belgium and Luxembourg combined. It has to be considered that the data derived from FBS do not always correspond to national agricultural statistics. In Denmark for example, the data derived from FAO FBS differ from the nationally published supply data. In the following figures of this chapter, the highest and lowest level of supply of different food groups (table 1) in the participating countries are presented, as well as the EU calculated average (EU 1). The developments in food supply are given in five year intervals starting in During these four decades the highest and lowest food supply levels were usually observed in different countries. More detailed figures can be found in Annex (Illustrations of Food Supply Data, Based on FBS Data). Fruit The average fruit supply in the EU increased during the past four decades and still shows an increasing tendency (71 to 114 kg/capita/year; fig. 1). This is a positive and desirable development. Still the supply cannot be regarded as sufficient (see chapter General Discussion ). Austria is the only country where the average fruit supply was lower in 21 than in 1961 (126 compared to 134 kg/capita/ year). It was still higher than the average of the EU. Greece (14 kg), Italy (14 kg), Portugal (132 kg), Spain (123 kg) and Germany (12 kg/capita/year) had availabilities above the EU average in 21 as well. All the other participating countries had a mean supply below the average of the EU. The lowest supply of fruit was observed in Hungary (62 kg), Belgium/Luxembourg (84 kg), the UK (91 kg/capita/year) and Finland (94 kg). The highest supply in the EU was reported in Vegetables The amounts of vegetables available in European countries differ notably from each other; a south-north gradient can be observed (fig. 2). The highest vegetable supply was observed in Greece (272 kg/capita/year) in 21, followed by Portugal (188 kg), Italy (178 kg) and

2 Table 1. List of commodities classified by major food groups Fruits Vegetables Cereals Sugar and sweeteners Pulses Oilcrops Vegetable oils Animal fats Red meat Poultry Fish and seafood Milk (excluding butter) Eggs Melons, Watermelons, Apples, Apricots, Avocados, Cherries, Figs, Grapes, Mangoes, Papaya, Peaches, Pears, Persimmons, Pineapples, Plums, Quinces, Blueberries, Cranberries, Gooseberries, Raspberries, Strawberries, Kiwi, Other fruits (fresh), Dates, Figs (dried), Prunes Currants, Raisins, Other dried fruits Beets, Carrots, Turnips, Rutabagas or Swedes, Onions (green), Onions (dry), Artichokes, Tomatoes, Asparagus, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Celery, Kale, Lettuce, Spinach, Beans (green), Broad beans (green), Chilli peppers, Garlic, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, Eggplant, Peas (green), Pumpkins, Squash, Gourds, Okra, Radishes, Other vegetables Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, Maize, Rice, Mixed grains, Buckwheat, Sorghum, Millet, Quinoa, Other cereals Sugar (raw equivalent), Sweeteners (other), Honey Beans (dry), Broad beans (dry), Peas (dry), Chick peas, Cow peas, Pigeon peas, Lentils, Vetches, Lupins, Other pulses Soybeans, Coconuts (incl. copra), Oil palm fruit, Groundnuts, Olives, Rape and mustard seed, Sunflower seed, Cottonseed, Linseed, Hempseed, Sesame seed, Other oilcrops Rape and mustard seed oil, Sunflower seed oil, Cottonseed oil, Linseed oil, Hempseed oil, Sesame seed oil, Copra and coconut oil, Palm kernel oil, Palm oil, Soybean oil, Olive oil, Maize oil Butter, Ghee, Other animal fats, Fish liver oil, Whale oil Beef and veal, Buffalo meat, Pig meat, Mutton and lamb, Goat meat Chicken meat, Goose meat, Duck meat, Turkey meat Freshwater fish, Demersal fish, Pelagic fish, Crustaceans, Molluscs, Aquatic mammals meat, Aquatic plants Cow milk, Goat milk, Sheep milk, Buffalo milk, Skim milk, Evaporated (unsweetened, whole), Condensed (sweetened, whole), Evaporated (unsweetened, skim), Condensed (sweetened, skim), Dried (whole), Dried (skim), Cream, Cheese, Hard cheese, Semi-soft cheese, Soft cheese Hen eggs, Other eggs Source: FAO, 21. Fruit (kg/capita/year) Vegetables (kg/capita/year) Fig. 1. Average supply of fruit in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: A/GR (1961), GR (1966), I (1971), A/I (1976), GR (1981), A (1986), GR ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: FIN ( ), UK (1976), P (1981), FIN (1986), H ( ). Spain (14 kg). This high vegetable supply is characteristic for the countries of Southern Europe. The average vegetable supply in France (13 kg) was slightly above the EU average of 126 kg/capita/year in 21. All the other participating countries were below this European average. The lowest vegetable supply was observed in Fig. 2. Average supply of vegetables in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: E (1961), GR ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: FIN ( ), N/FIN (1991), N ( ). the Scandinavian countries with 63 kg/capita/year in Norway, 7 kg in Finland and 74 kg in Sweden (data from 21). In the EU an increase from an average of 94 kg per capita in 1961 to 126 kg in 21 was observed. All participating countries showed an increase in vegetable 2

3 Potatoes (kg/capita/year) Cereals (kg/capita/year) Fig. 3. Average supply of potatoes in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: D (1961), BL (1966), BL/D (1971), E (1976), BL (1981), P ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: GR ( ), I ( ). Fig. 4. Average supply of cereals in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: H ( ), I ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: S ( ), DK (1976), S ( ), FIN (1996), E/D (21). supply, apart from France (1 to 13 kg/capita/year) and Spain (162 to 14 kg). The most significant increase in vegetable supply was observed in Greece (11 to 227 kg/capita/year). Potatoes Figure 3 shows that the mean potato supply in the EU decreased from 1 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 78 kg in 21. This trend can be observed among nearly all participating countries, except for Portugal, Greece and the UK. The most significant increase was observed in Greece with a supply of 73 kg/capita/year in 21 compared to 32 kg in 1961 but it was still below that of the EU. The mean potato supply in Portugal has increased from 88 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 123 kg in 21. This was the highest supply among the participating countries in 21 followed by Belgium/Luxembourg (113 kg) and the UK (111 kg/capita/year). However, the peak level of potato supply in Portugal was observed in 1987 and has decreased since that time. A noticeable point is the meaningful increase of the supply of potatoes in 1986, the year of the entry to the EU. In 198 the mean potato supply in Portugal was 9 kg and in kg/capita/year. In the UK the average supply has increased continuously in the past 4 years (98 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 111 kg in 21). Beside Portugal, Belgium/Luxembourg and the UK, the average potato supply of Spain (83 kg) and Denmark (82 kg/capita/year) was slightly above that of the EU in 21 as well. All the other European countries had mean supplies below it. Italy showed the lowest mean potato supply of 4 kg/capita/year in 21, followed by Sweden with 3 kg. France, Austria, Finland, Hungary, Norway and Greece had about the same supply (between 67 and 73 kg/capita/year) and were thus slightly below the mean supply of the EU. The average potato supply in Germany was identical with that of the EU. Cereals The mean cereal supply in the EU has decreased in the past 4 years from 126 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 116 kg in 21 (fig. 4). This decreasing trend is to be valuated negatively as cereals are very important sources for dietary fibres and many vitamins, minerals and trace elements. The average supply in Austria and France in 21 (118 and 117 kg/capita/year, respectively) was about equal to that of the EU. In both countries the mean cereal supply is lower than in However, an increasing tendency was observed from the early 197s in France and from the early 199s in Austria. Italy had the highest cereal supply in 21 (162 kg/ capita/year). Italy is followed by Greece with an average supply of 14 kg/capita/year in 21 which was below the amount of 1961 (167 kg) as well. The mean cereal supply further decreased in Hungary (which had the highest supply in 1961), Spain, Finland and the UK. The mean supply in Spain fell from 144 kg/capita/year in 1961 to only 11 kg in 21 which was below the EU average. The supply data of the UK and Finland of 21 (13 and 113 kg/capita/year, respectively) were lower than those of 1961 (11 and 137 kg, respectively) as well, but they have shown an increasing tendency within the past few years. Their mean supply is however still below that of the EU. The rest of the participating countries showed 3

4 Sugar and sweeteners (kg/capita/year) Pulses (kg/capita/year) Fig.. Average supply of sugar and sweeteners in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: DK ( ), H (1996), BL (21); LS lowest supply in the EU: GR ( ), P ( ), E ( ), I ( ). Fig. 6. Average supply of pulses in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: E (1961), GR (1966), P (1971), GR ( ), GR/E (1986), GR (1991), E (1996), UK (21); LS lowest supply in the EU: DK ( ), S (1981), DK (1986), S (1991), A ( ). an increase during the observation period. In Portugal a slight increase of cereal intake was recorded (123 kg/capita/year in 1961 compared to 132 kg in 21). In Norway and Denmark the increase was larger (1 kg/ capita/year in 1961 to 128 kg in 21 and 11 kg in 1961 to 127 kg in 21, respectively). In these three countries the average supply was, in 21, above that of the EU. Germany and Sweden had a mean supply below that of the EU but both showed an increasing tendency as well which was more meaningful in Sweden (77 kg/capita/ year to 13 kg) than in Germany (97 to 12 kg). Sugar and Sweeteners In the EU the mean sugar and sweeteners supply increased from 34.3 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 4.2 kg in 21 (fig. ). The trends in the different participating countries were very diverse. Noticeable increases were observed in Greece (1.3 to 3.8 kg), Portugal (18.8 to 34.1 kg), Spain (2. to 32.6 kg), Italy (24.7 to 31.6 kg), Austria (4.9 to.1 kg), Germany (34.7 to 46.6 kg), Hungary (3.2 to.4 kg), Belgium/Luxembourg (27.7 to 2.2 kg) and France (4.9 kg/capita/year). Denmark ( 1 kg), Norway ( 46 kg) and Sweden ( 47 kg/capita/ year) had about the same supply in 21 as in The UK and Finland showed considerable decreases (1.9 to 38.9 kg and 4.2 to 36.7 kg/capita/year, respectively). The highest supply in 21 was found in Belgium/ Luxembourg. Pulses Figure 6 shows that the average supply of pulses in the EU scarcely changed in the period of 1961 to 21 (3. and 3.7 kg/capita/year, respectively). Different from the EU as a total, the supply amounts have changed in its member states. The largest decreases were observed in the three countries which had the highest amounts of pulses available in 1961: Spain (9.8 to.7 kg), Greece (7.9 to 4. kg) and Portugal (7 to 3.9 kg/capita/year). Italy showed a slight increase from 4.8 kg/capita/year in 1961 to. kg in 21. The UK showed a substantial increase between 1961 and 21. The average pulses supply in all the other participating countries was clearly below that of the EU. The lowest supply was observed in Austria with.9 kg/capita/ year, followed by Norway (1 kg), Denmark (1.1 kg), Finland (1.4 kg), Germany and Sweden (1.6 kg both) and France with 2 kg/capita/year. In most of these countries the mean supply slightly increased in the period of 1961 to 21 with the exception of France (2. to 2 kg) and Norway (2 to 1 kg/capita/year). In Denmark the supply of pulses was practically zero until 1979, suddenly rose up to 1.14 kg/capita/year in 198 and stayed at about the same level during the following years. Oilcrops Oil-bearing crops are plants whose seeds, fruits or mesocarp and nuts are mainly used for extraction of culinary and industrial oils, excluding essential oils. Consequently, dessert or table nuts, such as walnuts, are excluded because although they are high in oil content, they are not used mainly for extraction [FAO, 21]. The average oilcrops supply in the EU increased from 1.6 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 4 kg in 21 (fig. 7). The highest supply of oilcrops was recorded in Greece with 1.1 kg/capita/year in 21 compared to 6.1 kg in

5 Oilcrops (kg/capita/year) Vegetable oils (kg/capita/year) Fig. 7. Average supply of oilcrops in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: GR ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: FIN ( ), H ( ), H/DK (1996), FIN (21). Fig. 8. Average supply of vegetable oils in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: GR ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: H ( ), FIN ( ), DK ( ). Spain and the UK had an average supply above the EU mean in 21 with 6 and 4.3 kg/capita/year, respectively. All the other countries were below the EU average. A decrease in oilcrops supply was only observed in one country, in Portugal (2.8 to 2.4 kg/ capita/year). Vegetable Oils The supply of vegetable oils showed an increasing trend in the EU (fig. 8). Between 1961 and 21 the amount of vegetable oil available in the EU doubled from 1.7 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 21. kg in 21. The increase shows a continuous curve progression. Denmark was the only country which showed a decrease in vegetable oil supply. This trend significantly differs from that of all the other countries. In Denmark the average supply in 1961 was 11.9 kg/capita/year and fell to a mean supply of 6.9 kg in 21. This was the lowest supply among all participating countries in 21. All the other countries showed an increase in vegetable oil supply. The highest increases were observed in Italy, Spain, Hungary and Norway. Norway had a supply of only 1.6 kg/capita/year in 1961 (the lowest supply of this year) and increased up to 1.6 kg ( 13.8), nearly the decuple of the initial value. Further, Norway showed big fluctuations in vegetable oil supply during these years, especially from the early 196s to the early 199s. Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium/ Luxembourg and the UK showed about the same increases of approximately 1 12 kg/capita/year between 1961 and 21. The increase during this time was slightly lower in Finland, with 7.8 kg/capita/year, but was relatively high referring to its initial value of 3.4 kg in The average supply of vegetable oils in 1961 in Portugal was about 7 kg/capita/year lower than in 21. It showed an increase until about 199 and a decreasing tendency from that time on. The lowest increase in vegetable oil supply was observed in Sweden with 3.6 kg/ capita/year. However, it has to be considered that compared to its neighbour countries Finland and Norway it showed a relatively high initial supply of 13. kg/capita/ year in 1961 and still had the highest supply among the Scandinavian countries in 21 with 17 kg/capita/year. The highest amounts of vegetable oils in 21 were available in Spain, Greece and Italy with about 28 kg/ capita/year and were thus far above the EU average. The average supply in Germany was slightly above the EU average, that of all the other countries was below it. Olive Oil The olive oil supply was as expected very high in the Mediterranean countries Greece, Italy and Spain as well as in Portugal. Greece had the highest supply of 18.6 kg/ capita/year in 21 compared to 14.6 kg in It is followed by Italy (9 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 13.1 kg in 21) and Spain (8.2 to 12.1 kg/capita/year). Portugal showed a decrease in the supply of olive oil (6.6 to 4.4 kg/capita/year). In 21 the European average was 4.4 kg/capita/year (compared to 2.9 kg in 1961) but was mainly determined by the four countries mentioned above. Apart from France, with an average supply of 1. kg, the rest of the participating countries had a mean olive oil supply of less than 1 kg/capita/year. This result may mean that only a small number of inhabitants use olive oil.

6 Animal fats (kg/capita/year) Red meat (kg/capita/year) Fig. 9. Average supply of animal fats in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: DK ( ), H ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: E (1961), E/GR (1966), GR ( ). Fig. 1. Average supply of red meat in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: UK (1961), A (1966), D (1971), A ( ), D (1986), A ( ), DK (21); LS lowest supply in the EU: E/P (1961), P ( ), N (1991), UK ( ). Animal Fats In the EU no significant change in animal fat supply during the past four decades has been found. Only a slight increase was observed during the observation period (12.8 to 14 kg/capita/year) (fig. 9). In general, the supply of animal products and thus animal fats is too high. The average supply of animal fats in the countries with a high supply of vegetables and vegetable oils was, as expected, lower than the EU average. These countries are Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal. Also in Finland and the UK the average supply in 21 was below that of the EU. In contrast to these two countries, which showed a meaningful decrease in animal fat supply between 1961 and 21 (UK: 19.2 to 6.9 kg; Finland: 21.6 to 11.4 kg/capita/year), Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal showed a substantial increase. In Greece the average supply rose from 1.9 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 3.1 kg, in Italy from 3.4 to 1.8 kg, in Spain from 1. to 4.7 kg and in Portugal it quadrupled from 3.3 to 12.9 kg/capita/year. The mean supply of all the other countries was above the EU average, although most of them showed a decreasing tendency. Hungary had the highest supply of animal fat in 21 (37 kg/capita/year), followed by Denmark (27. kg) and Belgium/Luxembourg (24.9 kg). Norway showed a noticeable decrease in the supply of animal fats from 29.3 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 14.8 kg in 21, which was only the half of the initial value. It showed big fluctuations, particularly during the period of the early 196s to the early 199s. Red Meat The supply of meat and meat products in general and particularly of red meat is high in industrial countries. Bovine meat (kg/capita/year) Fig. 11. Average supply of bovine meat in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: F ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: GR (1961), P (1966), H ( ). The average supply of red meat in the EU increased from 4 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 66 kg in 21 (fig. 1). This increasing tendency was observed in all participating countries except for the UK, Hungary and Germany. The UK showed a continuous decrease whereas in Germany and Hungary the supply increased until the late 198s and then showed a meaningful decrease. Bovine Meat According to figure 11 the average bovine meat supply in the EU in 1961 was about 19 kg/capita/year, increased until 1991 up to about 23 kg and showed a decreasing tendency between 1992 and 21, where the average per capita supply was 18.6 kg/capita/year. The decrease in bovine meat supply during this last decade may be related to the appearance of BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy). The peak level 6

7 of its prevalence was observed between 1991 and 1994 in Great Britain. The UK, the country with the highest BSE incidence, already showed a decreasing tendency before the first occurrence of the mad cow disease. The largest decrease however took place in In 1987 and the following years, no notable decrease was observed. The peak level of bovine meat supply was observed in From the start of the observation period 1961 until about 199 the average bovine meat supply in Germany was nearly identical with that of the EU. Since the early 199s it has fallen far below the EU average. Austria and Finland too showed an average supply which was nearly identical with that of the EU and had about the same curve progression even during the BSE crisis. In France, the mean supply of bovine meat increased until 1991 with a peak level of 34. kg/capita/year. After 1991 the supply fell to about 28 kg/capita/year in 21. The curve progression of bovine meat supply in Denmark showed a very discontinuous trend. An increase was observed until the late 196s, a decrease until the early 198s and then a further increase up to the year 21, with a decrease in the curve during the BSE crisis. The average supply in 21 of 24.4 kg/capita/year was much higher than that in 1961 of 16.6 kg. A noticeable increase in bovine meat supply was observed for Greece, Spain and Portugal. These three countries had the lowest availabilities (.2, 6 and 6.2 kg/ capita/year) in Greece even exceeded the EU average with 22.1 kg/capita/year in 21, Spain (14.7 kg) and Portugal (14.3 kg) stayed below it. Sweden was in 21 at about the same level as in 1961 ( 2 kg/capita/year), but with an increasing tendency within the last decade of the observation period. Norway and Italy showed a continuous increase during this period. Still, the mean supply in 21 with 17.9 kg/capita/year was slightly higher than that of 1961 with 1.7 kg. The lowest supply of bovine meat in 21 was noticed in Hungary with kg/capita/year. Pork The average pork supply in the EU nearly doubled during the four decades of evaluation (from 23 to 44.4 kg/ capita/year; fig. 12). The supply increased in most participating countries. In the UK it did not change significantly during this time and the supply was exactly the same in 21 than in 1961 (.4 kg/capita/year). The most significant increases were observed in Spain and Greece, followed by Italy and Portugal. The mean supply in Spain Pork (kg/capita/year) Fig. 12. Average supply of pork meat in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: H ( ), A ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: GR ( ), GR/P (1981), P (1986), GR (1991), N/UK/GR (1996), N (21). increased from 8 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 66. kg in 21, in Greece from 4.4 to 3.2 kg (in both cases the 8-fold of the initial value). In Italy the mean supply rose from 7.8 kg/capita/year in 1961 to 42. kg in 21 (6-fold) and in Portugal from 9.1 to 41.9 kg (4-fold). In all the other participating countries the amount of pork available increased as well. Hungary was the only country which showed a decrease during these four decades. In 1961 it had the highest supply of pork with 46.9 kg/ capita/year, in 21 it was 43.2 kg and even below the EU average. In Germany the average supply has decreased since the late 198s. It was however still higher in 21 (2.4 kg) than in 1961 (37. kg/capita/year). The highest availabilities in 21 were recorded in Austria (71. kg), Denmark (7.3 kg), Spain (66. kg) and in Germany (2.4 kg/capita/year). The mean pork supply of these countries was clearly above the EU average; that of all the other countries was lower than that of the EU. Mutton and Goat Meat The total amount of mutton and goat meat available in the EU barely changed during the observation period and only showed a slight decrease from 3.4 kg/capita/ year in 1961 to 3.1 kg in 21 (fig. 13). The by far highest supply of mutton and goat meat was recorded in Greece. The average supply increased from 9.2 kg/ capita/year in 1961 to 12.9 kg in 21 whereby the peak level was reached in the years around 197 with about 16 to 17 kg. Greece was followed by Spain with an average supply of 6.1 kg/capita/year in 21 (compared to 3.7 kg in 1961), Norway with.6 kg in 21 (compared 7

8 Mutton and goat meat (kg/capita/year) Poultry (kg/capita/year) Fig. 13. Average supply of mutton and goat meat in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: UK (1961), GR ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: DK/S (1961), FIN/A (1966), A (1971), FIN ( ), FIN/H (1986), FIN (1991), H (1996), FIN (21). Fig. 14. Average supply of poultry in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: F (1961), H ( ), E ( ), H (1986), E (1991), UK (1996), H (21); LS lowest supply in the EU: N ( ), FIN (1971), N ( ). to 4.3 kg in 1961) and the UK, which showed a significant decrease (from 11.6 kg/capita/year in 1961 to.4 kg in 21). With a mean supply in 21 of 3. and 3.4 kg/ capita/year, respectively, France and Portugal were slightly above the EU average. Sweden, Germany, Denmark, Austria and Italy had an average supply between.9 and 1. kg/capita/year; a slight increase was observed in these countries. The lowest supply was recorded in Finland with.3 kg/capita/year in 21, in Hungary it was.8 kg. Poultry The supply of poultry showed on average an increasing tendency during the past four decades. This increase was not only observed in the whole EU (.6 to 21.1 kg/ capita/year) but in each single participating country as well (fig. 14). The largest increases were observed in Portugal (1.6 to 27.4 kg), Spain (2.7 to 26.8 kg), the UK (6.3 to 28.9 kg), Hungary (9.4 to 31.3 kg) and Greece (1. to 19.1 kg/capita/year). The average supply in Hungary, the UK, France, Portugal, Spain and Belgium/ Luxembourg was in 21 above that of the whole EU, that of all the other participating countries was below it. The lowest availabilities of poultry were recorded in the Scandinavian countries (between 7 and 14 kg/capita/ year). The highest supply was found in Hungary (31.3 kg/ capita/year). Fish and Seafood According to figure 1 the amount of fish available continuously increased during the observation period in each of the participating countries and the EU in general. Fish and seafood (kg/capita/year) Fig. 1. Average supply of fish and seafood in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: P ( ), N (1981), P ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: H ( ). The EU average rose from 17.4 to 26.2 kg/capita/year ( %). This increasing tendency is desirable as an increased supply of fish is associated with a decreased prevalence of CVD, due to their high content of omega- 3-fatty acids. The highest increases in absolute numbers were observed in Portugal and Spain with a plus of 2 kg/capita/year each (6 to 76 kg and 26 to 4 kg/ capita/year, respectively). The highest relative increase was observed in Finland with a plus of 8% (17.8 to 32.1 kg/capita/year). In 21, Portugal showed the highest supply, followed by Norway (1 kg/capita/year) and Spain. The average fish supply in France, Finland and Sweden was higher than that of the EU as well. All the other countries were below the EU average. The lowest supply in 21 was observed in Hungary (4.4 kg/capita/year). 8

9 Milk, excl. butter (kg/capita/year) Fig. 16. Average supply of milk excl. butter in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: FIN ( ), S ( ); LS lowest supply in the EU: P ( ), H (1996), E (21). Eggs (kg/capita/year) Fig. 17. Average supply of eggs in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: BL (1961), UK (1966), D (1971), H ( ), H/F (1996), H (21); LS lowest supply in the EU: P ( ), FIN (21). Milk (Excluding Butter) The average milk supply in the participating countries either increased or did not change in the period of 1961 to 21. The EU average increased from 183 to 246 kg/ capita/year (fig. 16). The increase was particularly high in countries which initially had a relatively low supply, such as Portugal (61 to 227 kg), Greece (11 to 242 kg), Italy (14 to 247 kg) and Spain (83 to 16 kg/capita/ year). The average supply in Finland, Sweden and the UK barely changed during the observation period, in all the other countries it increased comparably to that of the whole EU. The highest supply of milk in 21 was observed in Sweden and Finland with about 36 kg/ capita/year, followed by Austria, France and Norway with a mean supply between 267 and 291 kg/capita/year. Germany, Denmark, Greece and Italy were around the EU average. The lowest supply was observed in Spain (16 kg), followed by Hungary with 176 kg/capita/year. Eggs The average eggs supply in the EU increased until the mid 198s with a peak level of 14.3 kg/capita/year, and then showed a decreasing tendency, with a mean supply of 12.6 kg/capita/year in 21 (compared to 11.2 kg in 1961; fig. 17). With the exception of the UK which showed a significant decrease during the observation period (14.9 to 1. kg/capita/year), most participating countries showed an increasing tendency. The average supply significantly increased in Hungary (9.3 to 16.8 kg), Denmark (1. to 16.3 kg), France (1.6 to 1.6 kg), Greece (.7 to 9.2 kg), Portugal (3.3 to 1.7 kg) and Spain (7.9 to 12 kg/capita/year). However, following the EU trend, the supply showed a decreasing tendency during the last years of the observation period. In all the other countries the supply did not significantly change. Germany is an exception as comparable to the total EU its supply increased until the mid 198s and then showed a decreasing tendency. The average intake in 21 with 12. kg/capita/year hardly differed from that of 1961 with 12.7 kg. The highest supply was observed in Hungary, followed by Denmark and France, the lowest in Finland, followed by Greece and Norway. Beer Figure 18 shows that in the EU the average beer supply increased continuously during the observation period from 3 l/capita/year in 1961 to 74 l in 21. The most significant increases were observed in Portugal ( 9 l), Finland ( 8 l) and Spain ( l/capita/year). In relative numbers, the highest increase was observed in Portugal as well, where in 21 (64 l) the 13-fold increase in amount of beer compared to 1961 ( l/capita/year) was available. Portugal was followed by Greece and Spain (both -fold), and Italy (4-fold). The mean beer supply in these countries was still below that of the EU as well as the mean supply of France, Sweden and Norway. All the other participating countries had a mean supply higher than that of the EU average. The highest availabilities in 21 was recorded in Austria and Denmark (both 118 l), and Germany (11 l/capita/year). Wine The EU shows a decreasing tendency in wine supply.the average supply was 33 l/capita/year in 21 9

10 Beer (l/capita/year) Wine (l/capita/year) Fig. 18. Average supply of beer in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: BL ( ), D ( ), DK (21); LS lowest supply in the EU: P ( ), GR (1971), I ( ) Fig. 19. Average supply of wine in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: F ( ), I (1971), F/P (1976), F ( ), I (21); LS lowest supply in the EU: FIN ( ). compared to 46 l in 1961 (fig. 19). All participating countries which had a higher supply than the EU average showed a significant decrease. France showed the most significant decrease with 119 l/ capita/year in 1961 compared to 4 l in 21, followed by Italy (18 to l), Spain (9 to 37 l) and Portugal (6 to 2 l/capita/year). Greece was the only country with an average supply below the EU mean and still showed a further decrease (34 l/capita/year in 1961 compared to 26 l in 21). All the other countries showed a significant increase during the observation period. The highest increase was observed in Denmark with a mean supply of 34 l/capita/year in 21, about the EU average, compared to only 3 l in Table 2 shows the trends in food supply in the EU indicated as g per capita per day instead of kg per capita and year. Table 2. Trends in food supply in the EU, in g/capita/day Food group (g/capita/day) Fruit Vegetables Potatoes Cereals Sugar and sweeteners Pulses Oilcrops Vegetable oils Animal fats Red meat, total: Bovine meat Pork Mutton and goat meat Poultry Fish and seafood Milk (excl. butter) Eggs Beer Wine Calculated Total Alcohol Supply On the basis of the FBS data, the average alcohol supply was calculated, using the German database (Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel II.3). In the EU the supply of alcohol increased from about 11.3 g/capita/day in 1961 up to 14.9 g in 1976 but then decreased to a level of 12.2 g in 21 (fig. 2). During the first 2 years of the observation period France had the highest alcohol supply among all participating countries. In the following years Germany showed the highest amount of alcohol available, in 21 it was Denmark. The lowest supplies were mainly observed in Norway and Greece. In 1961 Finland had the lowest alcohol supply but showed a notable increase in the following four decades. Also the difference between the lowest and the highest level clearly changed. In 1961 the highest alcohol supply was nearly 7 times higher than the lowest; in 21 it was only about 3 times higher. Development of the Proportion of Macronutrients in Total Energy Supply On the basis of the FBS and by using the German database (Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel II.3) the 1

11 Alcohol (g/days) F 34% 1961 A 2% P 14% F 41% 21 A 2% P 1% CHO % CHO 42% Fig. 2. Average supply of alcohol in the EU. HS highest supply in the EU: F ( ), D/F (1976), D ( ), DK (21); LS lowest supply in the EU: FIN (1961), N (1966), GR ( ), GR/N (1981), N (1986), GR ( ), N/GR (21). Fig. 21. Development of the proportion of macronutrients in the daily diet (EU). P Protein; CHO carbohydrates; F fat; A alcohol. Table 3. Development of the proportion of macronutrients in the daily diet of the participating countries Protein CHO Fat Alcohol Protein CHO Fat Alcohol %E %E %E %E %E %E %E %E Austria Belgium/Luxembourg Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Norway Portugal Spain Sweden UK EU CHO Carbohydrates. proportion of macronutrients in total energy supply was calculated. The total energy supply by food increased in the EU during the observation period from 14.6 to 17.1 MJ/capita/day. Figure 21 illustrates the consequences of an increasing consumption of animal products on the contribution of the different macronutrients to total energy supply. The proportion of fat increased and that of carbohydrates decreased between 1961 and 21. The proportion of protein and alcohol remained at a consistent level. Table 3 shows the development of the proportion of macronutrient supply in all participating countries. Like in the total EU, the average per capita supply of fat increased in most of the participating countries, whereas the supply of carbohydrates decreased during the observation period of 1961 to 21. The share of protein and alcohol in total energy supply did hardly change. 11