The two pie-charts show the percentages of different gases in each. Complete the second pie-chart, using the information from the table.

Transcription

1 Biology B2 Foundation Questions Q1. (a) Breathed-out air is different from breathed-in air. The two pie-charts show the percentages of different gases in each. Complete the second pie-chart, using the information from the table. (3) Use the information above to complete the following sentences. The air you breathe out contains more... than the air you breathe in. The air you breathe out contains less... than the air you breathe in. (Total 5 marks) Q2. Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below. coal dinosaurs extinct fossils rocks Many animals and plants which once existed have died out. Page 1

2 They are now.... We know about them because their remains formed... which are found in.... (Total 4 marks) Q3. (a) The air you breathe in and the air you breathe out are different. Use the names of gases from this box to complete the three spaces. argon carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen water vapour Compared to the air you breathe in, the air you breathe out contains: more... more... less... (3) The process of aerobic respiration takes place in your cells. (i) Complete the space in the word equation for this process oxygen carbon dioxide + water (ii) Complete the space to give the main energy transfer which takes place in this process. chemical energy... energy Page 2

3 (iii) What is the name of the organ where oxygen from the air passes to your blood? (c) The athlete is taking part in vigorous exercise. Complete the two spaces in the passage. The cells in our muscles respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise. This results in...debt and the production of... acid. (Total 8 marks) Q4. (a) (i) Complete the word equation for the process of aerobic respiration. Glucose +... carbon dioxide + water (ii) Which organ removes carbon dioxide from your body? Page 3

4 ... Use names from the box to complete the two spaces in the passage. carbon dioxide lactic acid nitrogen oxygen water Anaerobic respiration can occur when an athlete does vigorous exercise. This is because there is not enough... in the body. The product of anaerobic respiration is.... (Total 4 marks) Q5. (a) In sexual reproduction a sperm cell joins with an egg cell. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. bladder kidney liver lung ovary testis (i) The organ in which a sperm cell is made is the... (ii) The organ in which an egg cell is made is the... What name is given to the process in which sperm cells and eggs cells join together?... (c) Two new cells are formed from one cell by asexual reproduction. Page 4

5 How, genetically, does the nucleus of new cell C compare with: (i) the nucleus of the other new cell B; (ii) the nucleus of the original cell A? (Total 5 marks) Q6. The pie chart shows the composition of the air we breathe in. Page 5

6 The table shows the composition of the air we breathe out. Gas Percentage Carbon dioxide 5 Nitrogen 80 Oxygen 15 (a) Complete the pie chart below for the composition of the air we breathe out. Remember to label the chart. (3) Use the information from the two pie charts to give two differences between the air we breathe in and the air we breathe out. the air we breathe in contains more.... the air we breathe out contains more.... (c) Name the process in the body which produces carbon dioxide. (Total 6 marks) Page 6

7 Q7. The diagram shows a timeline for the evolution of some dinosaurs. The mass of each dinosaur is shown in the brackets by its name. (a) Name one dinosaur which lived between 100 and 150 million years ago. Which dinosaur did Ornitholestes evolve from? (c) Apart from body size and mass, give one other difference between Lagosuchus and Alamosaurus. Page 7

8 (d) (i) Which dinosaur had the largest mass? (ii) What happened to the mass of dinosaurs during evolution? (e) We know about dinosaurs from their fossils. Describe one way in which fossils are formed (f) Complete the sentence by using the correct words from the box. billion complex large million simple thousand The theory of evolution states that all species of living things have evolved from... life forms which first developed more than three... years ago. (Total 8 marks) Q8. We use enzymes in industry. These are some of the properties of enzymes: they work at low temperatures and this can save energy they work at atmospheric pressures and therefore use less expensive equipment they are easily broken down by high temperature or the wrong ph they are soluble in water, so it is difficult to separate them from water-soluble products they are very expensive to buy. Page 8

9 (a) Use the information above to answer this question. (i) Give two advantages of using enzymes in industry (ii) Give two disadvantages of using enzymes in industry (4) Different enzymes have different jobs: protease enzymes break down proteins so that they are easier to digest lipase enzymes break down fats carbohydrase enzymes break down starch into sugar for energy drinks isomerase enzymes break down glucose into fructose which is much sweeter. Which enzyme is used: Page 9

10 (i) (ii) (iii) to help to get greasy stains out of clothes?... in making slimming foods?... in making baby foods?... (3) (Total 7 marks) Q9. Energy for living organisms comes from the Sun. Complete the sentences by using the correct words from the box. animals carbohydrates carbon dioxide oxygen plants water Light energy is captured by green.... They use this energy to make.... To do this, they also use.... (Total 3 marks) Page 10

11 Q10. The diagram shows a timeline for the evolution of some groups of animals. All the groups shown below the line for Present day are extinct. No copyright clearance for this image - replacement coming soon (a) Use information from the diagram to answer these questions. (i) Name the four groups of animals which developed legs (ii) Name the two groups of animals which developed wings (iii) Which group of animals shown on the diagram evolved first?... (i) The animal labelled X has been extinct for over 50 million years. How do we know that it once lived? (ii) Complete the sentence by using the correct words from the box. Page 11

12 diseases enzymes hormones plants predators rocks Animals may become extinct because of new... and new.... (Total 6 marks) Q11. The diagrams show one of the experiments performed by a scientist called Mendel. He bred sweet pea plants. In the sentences below, cross out the two lines which are wrong in each box. Page 12

13 Mendel proposed that flower colour was controlled by inherited factors. The first generation plants show that the red factor is The second generation plants show that the white factor is We now call inherited factors These factors are passed from generation to generation in The red-flowered sweet pea plants did not all grow to the same height. This was due to factors. (Total 5 marks) Page 13

14 Q12. Fossils give us evidence for the theory of evolution. The diagrams show how a fish became a fossil. (a) In the sentences below, cross out the two lines which are wrong in each box. (4) Give one way in which fossils provide evidence for the theory of evolution (Total 5 marks) Page 14

15 Q13. The diagram shows how a leaf of a green plant makes glucose. (a) Use words from the box to complete the labels on the diagram. You may use each word once or not at all. carbon dioxide chlorophyll glucose heat light oxygen water (5) (i) Compete the following sentence. Glucose in food is a type of.... When we eat it, it gives us energy. Page 15

16 (ii) The plant turns some of the glucose into starch. Why is starch useful to the plant? (iii) What does the plant do with the rest of the glucose?... (c) (i) What is the name of the process outlined in the diagram?... (ii) Give one way that leaves are adapted to do this process.... (Total 10 marks) Q14. (a) Complete the following passage Chromosomes carry genetic information. Chromosomes are made up of.... Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes. There are twenty-two matching pairs but the final pair does not always match. It is these two that determine the gender, or sex, of the human. If you are a... the final pair of chromosomes matches. If you are a... Page 16

17 the final pair of chromosomes does not match. Draw a labelled diagram to show that there is an equal chance of parents producing a baby boy or girl. Use the symbols X and Y for the chromosomes. (4) (Total 6 marks) Q15. Photosynthesis takes place in green plants. (a) Name the substance that combines with water in photosynthesis. Where does water enter the plant? (c) Name two products of photosynthesis. Page 17

18 (d) Variegated leaves have areas that are green and areas that are white. Some students used variegated leaves to investigate photosynthesis. They covered a variegated leaf with a black paper shape. The leaf was left in a sunny place. They tested the leaf for starch. The results were compared with a leaf that was not covered. Area of the leaf tested Start present after test covered uncovered Green area no yes White area no no Explain why starch was present in only one of the tests. (4) (Total 8 marks) Page 18

19 Q16. Paula is training for a marathon. When she runs, her heart beats faster than it does when she is resting. Complete the sentences, using words from the box. blood breathe carbon dioxide glucose heat nitrogen oxygen respire When she is running, Paula s muscle activity increases. To do this, her muscle cells... at a faster rate to give her more energy. Her muscles need to be supplied with... and... more quickly. Her heart beats faster to increase the flow of... which carries the products... and... away from her muscles. (Total 6 marks) Q17. (a) Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Why does a person usually inherit two alleles of each gene?. Some humans are albino (they have white hair and pale skin). This condition is Page 19

20 caused by a recessive allele, n. The other allele, N, causes a coloured pigment to be made. There are three possible combinations of these alleles: NN Nn nn (i) Which one of these combinations will an albino person have? (ii) Two non-albino parents can sometimes have an albino child. Which one of the following combinations of alleles must these two parents have? Tick ( ) the box next to the correct answer. Tick one box only. Parent 1 Parent 2 NN NN NN Nn Nn Nn nn nn (Total 3 marks) Q18. The diagram shows an animal cell. Page 20

21 (a) (i) Name structures A and B by choosing the correct words from the box. cell membrane cell wall cytoplasm nucleus vacuole Structure A... Structure B... (ii) Which structure named in the box controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell? Distance P to Q on the diagram is the diameter of the cell. This distance was measured on three cells using a microscope. The results were as follows: cell 1: 63 micrometres cell 2: 78 micrometres cell 3: 69 micrometres Calculate the average diameter of these cells. Show clearly how you work out your final answer. Page 21

22 Average diameter =... micrometres (Total 5 marks) Q19. Bread contains starch, protein and fat. (a) Complete each sentence by choosing the correct words from the box. amino acids fat fatty acids protein starch sugar Amylase speeds up the digestion of.... The product of this digestion is.... Protease speeds up the digestion of.... The product of this digestion is.... (4) Why do molecules of starch, protein and fat need to be digested? (c) In which part of the digestive system does the digestion of starch begin? Draw a ring around your answer. large intestine mouth small intestine stomach Page 22

23 (d) What do we call substances like amylase and protease which speed up chemical reactions?..... (Total 8 marks) Q20. Complete each sentence by choosing the correct terms from the box ADH DNA XX XY YY dominant female male recessive strong weak A gene is made up of a substance called.... Genes are found on chromosomes and most human cells contain... pairs of chromosomes. In females the two sex chromosomes are..., but in males the two sex chromosomes are.... Alleles are alternative forms of a gene. Two healthy parents can sometimes have a child with a genetic disorder such as cystic fibrosis. This is because cystic fibrosis is caused by a... allele. The two parents are healthy because they also have the... allele. (Total 6 marks) ## Read the article from a recent newspaper. King Kong with inch-wide teeth who Page 23

24 walked alongside early man. Gigantopithecus blackii, R F Zallinger The largest ape that walked on Earth was a prehistoric animal that weighed up to 540 kg. It was 3 metres tall and had inch-wide teeth. This giant ape roamed bamboo forests until years ago. It is quite likely that the giant ape lived at the same time as early humans. (a) What evidence might scientists have that the great ape existed? The drawing is an artist s impression of what the giant ape might have looked like. Why do scientists not know exactly what the animal looked like? (c) Scientists do not know why this giant ape became extinct. Page 24

25 Suggest two reasons why this giant ape became extinct (Total 4 marks) Q22. The diagram shows a yeast cell. Label structures A and B on the diagram. Choose your answers from the list in the box. cell membrane cell wall nucleus vacuole (Total 2 marks) Page 25

26 Q23. Green plants are able to make their own food. Complete each sentence by drawing a ring around the correct answer in the box. diffusion a) Green plants make their own food during the process of photosynthesis respiration This process can be summarised by the equation: mineral salts carbon dioxide + water glucose + light oxygen chlorophyll c) The energy needed for this process is trapped for the plant by glucose light chlorophyll d) Some of the food made by plants is stored as insoluble glucose starch (Total 4 marks) Page 26

27 Q24. The diagram shows a cell from the lining of the lung. This cell is specialised to allow gases to pass through quickly. (a) Use words from the box to label structures A, B and C. cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm mitochondria nucleu s (3) (i) Which feature of this cell allows oxygen to pass through quickly? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your choice. It is thin. It has a large nucleus. It has many mitochondria. (ii) Complete the sentence by drawing a ring around the correct answer in the box. Page 27

28 diffusion Oxygen passes through this cell by osmosis respiration (Total 5 marks) Q25. The diagram shows an industrial process. Containers X and Y contain enzymes. (a) Starch syrup slowly trickles into container X. The enzymes in container X convert the starch into glucose (sugar). The enzymes in container Y convert the glucose into fructose. The equation shows what happens in containers X and Y. Enzyme A Enzyme B starch glucose fructose Choose words from the box to name enzyme A and enzyme B. Page 28

29 carbohydrase isomerase lipase protease Enzyme A... Enzyme B... Fructose syrup is much sweeter than glucose syrup. Why do manufacturers of slimming foods use fructose syrup rather than glucose syrup? (c) Here are some of the properties of enzymes: they all work at atmospheric pressures they are easily broken down by high temperature or the wrong ph they are soluble in water, so it may be difficult to separate them from products they are expensive to buy they work well at C. Use only the information above to answer these questions. (i) Give two advantages of using enzymes in industry (ii) Give two disadvantages of using enzymes in industry Page 29

30 (Total 7 marks) Q26. The diagram shows bushes in a hedge growing near to a house. The bushes were the same species and the same age. (a) (i) The student said, I have noticed that the short bushes grow next to the house. I think that the more light the bushes get, the faster they will grow. Draw lines to match each of the student s statements to the correct term. Draw only two lines. (ii) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis. Page 30

31 ... +water (+ light energy)... + oxygen The student decided to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. She used the apparatus shown in the diagram. She measured the rate of photosynthesis by counting the number of gas bubbles given off each minute. (i) Suggest how the student varied the intensity of the light received by the pondweed. (ii) The student s results are shown on the graph. Page 31

32 Describe the pattern shown on the graph. (iii) This is what the student wrote for her conclusion. Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis of the pondweed. Why was her conclusion incomplete? (Total 8 marks) Q27. The diagram shows a spider plant during one type of reproduction. Page 32

33 Complete the sentences using words from the box. asexual characteristics chromosomes gametes genes mitosis sexual (a) The colour and shape of the leaves of a spider plant are known as... The shape of the leaves is controlled by... (c) The thread-like structures inside the nucleus of the cells are called... (d) The spider plant produces new cells in the runner by a process called... (e) This type of reproduction is called... reproduction. Page 33

34 (Total 5 marks) Q28. The diagram shows a group of muscle cells from the wall of the intestine. (a) On the diagram, use words from the box to name the structures labelled A, B and C. cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm nucleus (3) How are these muscle cells adapted to release a lot of energy? (Total 5 marks) Page 34

35 Q29. Diagram 1 shows the nucleus of a body cell as it begins to divide by mitosis. Diagram 1 (a) Use a word from the box to label Diagram 1. alleles chromosomes gametes Complete Diagram 2 to show what the nucleus of one of the cells produced by this mitosis would look like. Diagram 2 (c) Stem cells from a recently dead embryo can be grown in special solutions. Some facts about stem cells are given below. Page 35

36 Stem cells from an embryo can grow into any type of tissue. Stem cells may grow out of control, to form cancers. Large numbers of stem cells can be grown in the laboratory. Stem cells may be used in medical research or to treat some human diseases. Patients treated with stem cells need to take drugs for the rest of their life to prevent rejection. Collecting and growing stem cells is expensive. Use only the information above to answer these questions. (i) Give two advantages of using stem cells (ii) Give two disadvantages of using stem cells (Total 6 marks) Q30. (a) The diagrams show cells containing and surrounded by oxygen molecules. Oxygen can move into cells or out of cells. Page 36

37 Into which cell, A, B, C or D, will oxygen move the fastest? Write your answer, A, B, C or D, in the box. Draw a ring around the correct word to complete each sentence. diffusion (i) Oxygen is taken into cells by the process of osmosis. respiration breathing (ii) Cells need oxygen for photosynthesis. respiration Page 37

38 membranes (iii) The parts of cells that use up the most oxygen are the mitochondria. nuclei diffusion (iv) Some cells produce oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. respiration (Total 5 marks) Q31. Diagram 1 shows a cell from a leaf. Diagram 1 (a) How is the leaf cell specialised to carry out photosynthesis? Tick ( ) one box. Page 38

39 It has a permanent vacuole. It has many chloroplasts. It has cytoplasm. It has many mitochondria. Diagram 2 shows another type of plant cell. Diagram 2 Give two ways in which this cell is different from an animal cell (Total 3 marks) Q32. A gardener grows tomatoes. He wants to find out how to get the biggest mass of tomatoes. Page 39

40 He plants different varieties of tomato against different walls in his garden. Use these results to answer the questions. (a) The gardener wants his test to be fair. Name one condition which he should keep the same for all his tomato plants. The table shows the gardener s results. Variety of tomato plant Wall they were planted against Mean mass of tomatoes produced in kilograms per plant Sungold Sungold Sungold Sungold Nugget Champion North West South East East East (i) To obtain the biggest mass of tomatoes, against which wall is it best to grow Page 40

41 the tomato plants? Tick ( ) one box. North wall South wall East wall West wall (ii) To obtain the biggest mass of tomatoes, which variety of tomato plant would it be best to grow? (c) From the information in the table, the gardener s test was not fair. Give one way in which the test was not fair. (Total 4 marks) Q33. A woman gives birth to triplets. Two of the triplets are boys and the third is a girl. The triplets developed from two egg cells released from the ovary at the same time. The diagram shows how triplets A, B and C developed. Page 41

42 (a) Which stages on the diagram show gametes? Draw a ring around your answer. 1 and 2 2 and 3 3 and 7 1 and 7 Embryo B is male. Which of the following explains why embryo B is male? Tick ( ) one box. Cell P has an X chromosome; cell R has an X chromosome. Cell P has a Y chromosome; cell R has an X chromosome. Cell P has an X chromosome; cell R has a Y chromosome. Page 42

43 (c) The children that develop from embryos A and C will not be identical. Explain why. You may use words from the box in your answer. egg genes sperm (d) Single cells from an embryo at Stage 7 can be separated and grown in a special solution. (i) What term describes cells that are grown in this way? Draw a ring around your answer. lleles screened cells stem cells (ii) What happens when the cells are placed in the special solution? Tick ( ) two boxes. The cells divide The cells fertilise The cells differentiate The cells separate (iii) Give one use of cells grown in this way. Page 43

44 (iv) Some people might object to using cells from embryos in this way. Give one reason why. (Total 9 marks) Q34. Enzymes have many uses in the home and in industry. (a) Which type of organism is used to produce these enzymes? Tick ( ) one box. Mammals Microorganisms Plants Babies may have difficulty digesting proteins in their food. Baby food manufacturers use enzymes to pre-digest the protein in baby food to overcome this difficulty. Use words from the box to complete the sentences. amino acids amylases proteases sugars (i) Proteins are pre-digested using enzymes called Page 44

45 .... (ii) This pre-digestion produces.... (c) A baby food manufacturer uses enzyme V to pre-digest protein. He tries four new enzymes, W, X, Y and Z, to see if he can reduce the time taken to pre-digest the protein. The graph shows the time taken for the enzymes to completely pre-digest the protein. The manufacturer uses the same concentration of enzyme and the same mass of protein in each experiment. (i) How long did it take enzyme V to pre-digest the protein? minutes (ii) Which enzyme would you advise the baby food manufacturer to use? Page 45

46 Draw a ring around your answer. enzyme V enzyme W enzyme X enzyme Y enzyme Z Give a reason for your answer. (iii) Give two factors which should be controlled in the baby food manufacturer s investigations. Tick ( ) two boxes. Oxygen concentration Temperature Light intensity ph (Total 8 marks) Q35. Enzymes have many uses in the home and in industry. (a) Which type of organism is used to produce these enzymes? Tick ( ) one box. Mammals Microorganisms Page 46

47 Plants Babies may have difficulty digesting proteins in their food. Baby food manufacturers use enzymes to pre-digest the protein in baby food to overcome this difficulty. Use words from the box to complete the sentences. amino acids amylases proteases sugars (i) Proteins are pre-digested using enzymes called.... (ii) This pre-digestion produces.... (c) A baby food manufacturer uses enzyme V to pre-digest protein. He tries four new enzymes, W, X, Y and Z, to see if he can reduce the time taken to pre-digest the protein. The graph shows the time taken for the enzymes to completely pre-digest the protein. The manufacturer uses the same concentration of enzyme and the same mass of protein in each experiment. Page 47

48 (i) How long did it take enzyme V to pre-digest the protein? minutes (ii) Which enzyme would you advise the baby food manufacturer to use? Draw a ring around your answer. enzyme V enzyme W enzyme X enzyme Y enzyme Z Give a reason for your answer. (iii) Give two factors which should be controlled in the baby food manufacturer s investigations. Tick ( ) two boxes. Oxygen concentration Page 48

49 Temperature Light intensity ph (Total 8 marks) Page 49