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1 Public Perceptions of Labeling Genetically Modified Foods Rutgers University has made this article freely available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. [ Citation to Publisher Version: No citation available. Citation to this Version: Hallman, William K., Cuite, Cara L. & Morin, Xenia. Public Perceptions of Labeling Genetically Modified Foods, Retrieved from doi: /t33n255n. Terms of Use: Copyright for scholarly resources published in RUcore is retained by the copyright holder. By virtue of its appearance in this open access medium, you are free to use this resource, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings. Other uses, such as reproduction or republication, may require the permission of the copyright holder. Article begins on next page SOAR is a service of RUcore, the Rutgers University Community Repository RUcore is developed and maintained by Rutgers University Libraries
2 Public Perceptions of Labeling Genetically Modified Foods Working Paper William K. Hallman, Ph.D. Cara L. Cuite, Ph.D. Xenia K. Morin, Ph.D. Release date: November 1, 2013 For more information: Dr. William K. Hallman Professor and Chair Department of Human Ecology Rutgers University 55 Dudley Road New Brunswick, NJ (848)
3 Introduction This working paper contains findings from an October 2013 online U.S. national survey on public perceptions of labeling of genetically modified (GM) foods. Labeling of GM food and food ingredients is an issue that has been garnering national attention as a result of a 2012 ballot initiative in California (Proposition 37) and an upcoming 2013 initiative in Washington State (Initiative 522), as well as legislative actions in at least 20 other states that would require labeling of GM foods. Proponents and opponents of GM labeling have spent tens of millions of dollars in the last two years attempting to influence public opinion. The question is whether Americans are paying attention. Genetic modification of food, sometimes referred to as genetically engineered (GE) foods or genetically modified organisms (GMOs), involves the transfer of one or more genes to a plant or animal using the tools of biotechnology with the purpose of expressing a desired trait, such as pest resistance or herbicide tolerance to increased productivity. With more than 170 million acres planted in GM crop varieties, the United States remains the largest producer of GM agricultural products, harvesting about 43% of the world's GM crops. According to USDA Crop Acreage reports, in 2013, 94% of the soy, 90% of the cotton, and 90% of the corn produced in the United States were GM varieties featuring the two principal traits of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance, or combinations of the two. Moreover, 95% of the sugar beets grown by farmers in the US (more than a million acres) were herbicide resistant GM varieties. In addition, American farmers grew millions of acres of GM herbicide resistant canola and alfalfa, and virus resistant squash and papaya. Corn, soy, canola, sugar beets, and cotton seed oil are the source of some of the most common ingredients used by American food processors. GM varieties are also often mixed with conventional varieties during shipping, processing and storage. As a result, experts say that the majority of processed foods in the United States likely contain an ingredient from a GM crop, such as corn starch, high fructose corn syrup, canola oil, soybean oil, soy flour, lecithin, or 2
4 cotton seed oil. Currently, there is no U.S. requirement that these foods be labeled as GM foods or food ingredients derived from GM crops. To better understand current consumer attitudes, the survey results presented in this working paper focus on consumer perceptions, awareness and knowledge of GM foods and GM food labeling. Methods The current survey was conducted from October 23 27, 2013 by GfK Custom Research, using their national Internet based survey response panel, KnowledgePanel. Of the 2,442 individuals randomly selected to participate, 1,148 (excluding breakoffs) responded to the invitation and qualified for the survey, yielding a final stage completion rate of 47.0% and a qualification rate of 100.0% percent. The data reported here have been weighted to be nationally representative, with a ± 3.61% margin of error. Appendix 1 provides top line frequencies for the survey questions presented in this paper. Results American consumers knowledge and awareness of GM foods are low. More than half (54%) say they know very little or nothing at all about genetically modified foods, and one in four (25%) say they have never heard of them. The survey results also showed that Americans say they read food labels. Approximately 82% of the respondents reported that they sometimes, frequently or always read food labels. However, whether consumers say they want GM food labels depends on how you ask the question. To better understand public sentiment regarding food labeling in general and GM food labels specifically, the researchers asked about labeling in several ways. Before introducing the idea of GM foods, the survey participants were asked simply What information would you like 3
5 to see on food labels that is not already on there? In response, most said that no additional information was needed on food labels. Only 7% of respondents raised GM food labeling on their own. A similar number (6%) said they wanted more information about where the food product was grown or processed. To put consumer opinions about the importance of GM food labels into context, the researchers asked respondents to rate how it was to them to have various kinds of information on food labels. In response, 59% said that it was very or extremely to have information about whether the product contains GM ingredients on a label. This is about the same percentage who indicated that it was similarly to have information about whether the product was grown using hormones (63%), pesticides (62%), or antibiotics (61%), whether it was grown or raised in the United States (60%), and whether the product contains allergens (59%). To better understand this answer, they were then asked if US food labeling required GM food labels. Only about a quarter (26%) of Americans realize that current regulations do not require GM products to be labeled. Finally, when asked directly whether GM foods should be required to be labeled, 73% said yes. Despite the abundance of products with GM ingredients in the U.S., the survey results suggest most consumers are unaware of them. The study found that fewer than half of Americans (43%) are aware that such products are currently for sale in supermarkets, and only about one quarter (26%) believe that they have ever eaten any food containing GM ingredients. In fact, GM soy products were introduced to the market more than 15 years ago, and because most processed foods are likely to contain an ingredient derived from a GM crop, most Americans have consumed such products. The survey found that even those who say they are aware of the presence of GM foods in American stores are unclear about which foods are available. While three quarters correctly recognized that GM corn products are on store shelves, and 59% realized that GM soybeans are 4
6 available, more than half mistakenly believed that GM tomatoes, wheat, and chicken products are in supermarkets, more than 40% believe that GM apples and rice are on the market, and more than a third believe that GM salmon and GM oranges are currently on offer. These latter products are not on supermarket shelves in the U.S (See Figure 1). While most Americans say they are unfamiliar with GM foods, the majority indicate that they hold at least some negative perceptions of GM foods. Fewer than half (45%) agreed that they thought it was safe to eat GM foods (with only 8% strongly agreeing GM food was safe to eat), 63% said they would be upset if they were served GM food in a restaurant without knowing it, and 54% said that they would be willing to pay more for food that was not genetically modified. Conclusions The results of the survey provide some insight into the current state of Americans awareness and perceptions of genetically modified foods, and their interest in having those foods labeled as such. Knowledge and awareness of GM foods is low, and so perhaps not surprisingly, very few people volunteer that they are interested in GM food labeling information if they are not specifically prompted to think about them. However, when asked about them, the majority of Americans report feeling that GM food labels are ; although our data also indicate that they feel about as strongly about the importance of other potential food labels, including labels indicating the use of hormones, pesticides and antibiotics on agricultural products. Finally, most Americans appear to have some negative feelings about GM foods. As a result, when asked directly if they think GM food labels should be required, nearly threequarters of Americans agree. 5
7 Figure 1: Perceived Availability of GM Foods in U.S. Supermarkets Among those that Believe that GM Foods are Currently Available 6
8 Appendix 1: Frequency Tables Beyond just looking at the brand name, how often do you read food labels? Frequency Cumulative Never Rarely Sometimes Frequently Always Total Missing Refused
9 What information would you like to see on food labels that is not currently required to be there? [Open ended, recoded] GM Ingredients Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Large Print Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Where the Food was Grown or Produced Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System
10 Nutrition Information Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Portion Sizes Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Irradiation Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System
11 Pesticides Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Artificial Colors/Flavors/Additives Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Preservatives Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System
12 Chemicals Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Additional Ingredient Information Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Organic Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System
13 Natural Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Gluten Free Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Allergens Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System
14 Other Frequency Cumulative Yes Missing System Additional Information is Not Needed Frequency Cumulative I do not feel that additional information is needed on food labels Refused Missing System Total
15 [was grown using pesticides] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
16 [was grown or raised locally] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
17 [contains genetically modified ingredients] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
18 [was grown or raised organically] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
19 [was grown or raised in the United States] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
20 [was grown or raised outside of the United States] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
21 [was grown or raised using traditional cross-breeding methods] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
22 [is natural] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
23 [was humanely raised] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
24 [was raised using antibiotics] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
25 [was raised using hormones] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
26 [was raised using vaccines] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
27 [contains allergens] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
28 [is fair trade] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
29 [contains artificial colors] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
30 [has a low impact on the environment] How is it to you that the following information be on a food label? Whether the food: Frequency Cumulative Not at all Slightly Somewhat Very Extremely Total Missing Refused
31 Before this survey, were you aware that genetically modified foods existed? Frequency Cumulative Yes No Total Missing Refused How much do you know about genetically modified food? Frequency Cumulative Nothing at all Very little Some A fair amount A great deal Total Missing Refused
32 [I think it is safe for me to eat genetically modified food.] Please indicate if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, etc with the following statements about genetically modified food. Frequency Cumulative Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Total Missing Refused
33 [I would pay more for food that was NOT genetically modified.] Please indicate if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, etc with the following statements about genetically modified food. Frequency Cumulative Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Total Missing Refused
34 [I would be upset if I were served genetically modified food in a restaurant without knowing it.] Please indicate if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, etc with the following statements about genetically modified food. Frequency Cumulative Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Total Missing Refused As far as you know, are there any foods containing genetically modified ingredients in supermarkets right now? Frequency Cumulative Yes No I am not sure Total Missing Refused
35 [Corn] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System [Soy] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System
36 [Rice] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System [Tomatoes] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System
37 [Soybeans] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System [Chicken] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System
38 [Canola oil] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System [Papaya] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System
39 [Wheat] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System [Salmon] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System
40 [Sugar] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System [Oranges] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System
41 [Apples] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System [Squash] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System
42 [Refused] Which of the following genetically modified food products are currently available to American consumers? Frequency Cumulative No Yes Total Missing System As far as you know, have you ever eaten any food containing genetically modified ingredients? Frequency Cumulative Yes No I am not sure Total Missing Refused
43 Are foods that contain genetically modified ingredients required by law to be labeled as such in the US? Frequency Cumulative Yes No I am not sure Total Missing Refused Current regulations do not require genetically modified foods to be labeled in the US. Do you think that genetically modified foods should be required to be labeled? Frequency Cumulative Yes No I am not sure Total Missing Refused
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