Lake organisms. Those that go where the water takes them. Those that live on the lake bottom. BENTHOS = animals crustaceans, worms molluscs, insects
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1 Lake organisms Those that go where they choose Aquatic organisms may be classified as: Those that go where they choose ( ) Those that go where the water takes them ( ) Those that live on the lake bottom ( ) 2 3 Those that go where the water takes them Those that live on the lake bottom Living things = plankton Animals = zooplankton Plants = phytoplankton Bacteria = bacterioplankton Dead stuff = detritus Internal = autocthonous (produced in the lake) External = allocthonous (washed in from watershed) BENTHOS = animals crustaceans, worms molluscs, insects 4 5
2 Benthos ( ) (growth factor) (Food Conversion Rate; FCR) Those that live on the lake bottom - cont. PLANTS (macrophytes) (attached algae; periphyton) NRRI image 6 7 Those that live on the lake bottom - cont. BACTERIA & FUNGI sewage sludge, aufwuchs (slime ( ) of algae, fungi, bacteria) Plants phytoplankton primary production Algae ( ) Phytoplankton (float freely in the water) Periphyton (attached to aquatic vegetation, rocks, wood and other substrates) Benthic algae (grow on the lake bottom/sediments); also sometimes called periphyton 8 9
3 Plants phytoplankton major groups 1 Greens ;, (filaments), (colonies); starch storage Diatoms silica, (paleolimnology); ; ; lipid storage Plants phytoplankton major groups 2 Blue-greens cyanobacteria inedible ( ); bloom ; N 2 - fixers; P-storage; toxic forms Annie Fannie Mike outreach/importance.php NRRI image NRRI Image Plants phytoplankton major groups 3 Dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, chrysophytes (golden brown algae) Flagella bloom (red and brown; harmful algal blooms; Pfisteria hysteria) Algae major growth forms NRRI Image 12 13
4 Too much can yield a nasty bloom Phytoplankton succession There are always many species abundant somewhere in the water column or littoral zone outreach/importance.php Phytoplankton succession cont. spring diatom P N 2 less edible- ( ), diatom 16 Chlorophyll-a: a good estimator of algae ( ) (primary production) ( spectrophotometer fluorometer) (accessory pigments) major groups of algae 17
5 But increased algae isn t always bad... (base of food web) But not always the fish you want Schematic from NALMS The lake and reservoir restoration guidance manual. 2 nd edition. North American Lake Management Society and USEPA Office of Water, Washington, D.C. EPA-440/ August Attached algae periphyton Periphyton Epilithic ( ) Epiphytic ( ) Epipelic ( ) Epipsammic ( ) Attached algae periphyton cont. phytoplankton, watershed biofilter (unproductive lakes) Plants macrophytes growth forms Floating-leaf:, Submergent: (several meters); Emergent: ; ; ; 20 21
6 Macrophytes- floating leaved Macrophytes- submergent Higher aquatic plants (macrophytes)- emergent 24 25
7 Plants macrophytes key features Plants macrophytes key features Ecological importance:, (sediment nitrogen and phosphorus) phytoplankton ( ) Microbes importance Zooplankton Major groups Bacterioplankton Microbial loop: major food chain pathway through microzooplankton Nutrient (C, N, P) recyclers (water & sediments) Pathogens (disease-causing) Fecal coliform bacteria = indicator of human feces E.coli more specific But only a warm-blooded animal indicator Ciliated protozoans ( ) Rotifers ( ) Crustaceans (arthropods; ) Cladocerans Copepods Migrating benthos (Mysids, Neomysids, Diaporeia, etc) Insects 28 29
8 Zooplankton - ciliated protozoans Protozoa = Kingdom Protista bacterioplankton unproductive systems Zooplankton ciliated protozoans Zooplankton - Rotifers Size: <150 microns ( 10 ) ( algae, bacteria, protozoans, detritus) Zooplankton key features - cladocerans Cladocerans (e.g. water fleas ) Size: microns Migration 10 ( ) Keratella Kellicottia Polyarthra 32 33
9 Zooplankton key features - copepods Calanoids, Cyclopoids and Harpacticoids : Size: ( cladocerans) Cyclopoids ( ),, Big zooplankton - diversity (filter feeding) Raptorial predators Amphipods ( ) : Mysids (oppossum shrimp), Diaporeia and other amphipods (sideswimmers/scuds; Hyallela for toxicity testing) Chaoborus (phantom midge extremely predacious) Leptodora 34 Mysid Chaoborus Scuds Diporeia 35 Big zooplankton - ecology zooplankton (>100 m) Benthos worms 36 37
10 Fish species Bass pike macrophytes Walleyes Lake trout carp Fish feeding guilds Planktivores zooplankton Benthivores benthos Piscivores fish Detritivores (biofilm) Omnivores Fish thermal guilds Fish thermal guilds - coldwater : Individually And at the population level Coldwater prefer temperatures below 15 C Upper lethal temperature is ~ 24 C Includes trout, salmon, sculpins
11 Fish thermal guilds - coolwater Fish thermal guilds - warmwater Coolwater Prefer temps between 18 and 23 C Upper lethal temp is ~31-32 C Warmwater Prefer temps above 25 C Upper lethal temperature exceeds 33 C Includes basses and sunfish Includes perch, walleye, suckers Food chains and webs - simple Organisms can be organized into food chains & food webs of varying complexity Food webs - sublime Probably more realistic ecologically, but perhaps useless to managers But be aware of notso-obvious complexities 44 45
12 Food and energy transfers in lakes Metabolism Metabolism Organisms need: CHNOPS, trace metals metabolism : Autotrophic (self-feeding) produce organic matter by yourself Heterotrophic (other-feeding) eat living or dead organic matter (inorganic) (organic) 48 49
13 Energy metabolism - Autotrophic Energy metabolism - Heterotrophic DIC CO 2 : dissolved inorganic carbon POC Particulate organic carbon POC + DOC Particulate + dissolved organic carbon DIC Dissolved inorganic carbon Photosynthetic using light energy to fix CO 2 Plants (aerobic); certain anaerobic bacteria Chemosynthetic using chemical energy to fix CO 2 Certain aerobic bacteria (oxidize NH 4, H 2 S, Fe +2, CH 4, and more) Aerobic respiration - uses O 2 Algae, plants, animals, many bacteria Anaerobic fermentation - uses nitrate, sulfate, Various groups of bacteria that may only survive in the absence of oxygen, or may switch their metabolism based on the presence or absence of oxygen 50 51
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