4.1 Cycling of Matter Date: Cycling of Organic and Inorganic Matter. Build your Own Notes:

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1 4.1 Cycling of Matter Date: Build your Own Notes: Use these topics as guidelines to create your own notes for 4.1 from pages Study Notes/Questions Cycling of Organic and Inorganic Matter Matter is classified as Organic matter always contains Inorganic matter is not from Photosynthesis is the process. Cellular respiration is the process that..

2 4.1 Activity 1. ( a) Explain the difference between organic and inorganic compounds. (b) Give two examples of each. 2. Why is carbon dioxide not an organic compound? 3. (a) Name and describe the process that uses the Sun s energy to produce carbohydrates. (b) Name and describe the process that produces energy from carbohydrates. ( c) Explain why these two chemical processes are considered to be the most important for life on Earth.

3 4. Identify the following compounds as organic or inorganic: (a) NaCl (b) C6H12O6 (c) CH4. (d) NH3 5. Name four nutrients necessary for life. 6. Complete # 10 on page 85 in your textbook

4 4.2 The Carbon Cycle Date: Warmup: Study Notes/Questions The Carbon Cycle is the key element in all living things 1) source of energy 2) structural parts of bodies 3) insulation, long term energy storage Sources of Carbon store carbon and release it slowly reservoirs that absorb more carbon than they release (forests, oceans) The Carbon Cycle describes process where carbon is recycled through ecosystems mostly through of one are for other keeps balance of O 2 and CO 2 in Photosynthesis: CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Carbohydrates formed are passed through releases carbon into the soil Carbon can be stored as

5 4.2 The Carbon Cycle Study Notes/Questions Cellular Respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O is released back into the atmosphere Carbon is also released from through photosynthesis and cellular respiration Summary: (two to three sentences summarizing this section) Self Reflection Questions: 1. Describe one thing that you knew about this topic before today. 2. Describe one thing you learned about this topic today. 4.2 Activity 1. Identif y the appropriate organic molecule that matches the following descriptions: (a) forms structural components of organisms (b) provides immediate energy (c) controls body functions (d) provides insulation against heat loss (e) long term storage of energy

6 2. List five sources of carbon. Identify if they are biotic or abiotic. 3. What are two uses for carbon dioxide in marine organisms? 4. Explain how trees provide a large reserve of carbon. Give examples of animals that also store carbon. 5. Why are some fossils considered to be significant reservoirs of carbon? 6. In your own words, explain why photosynthesis and cellular respiration are considered to be complementary processes. 7. Where does photosynthesis occur in plants?

7 8. Name five processes that release carbon dioxide. 9. Draw a simple diagram of the carbon cycle, using the following terms: consumers, photosynthesis, combustion, fossil fuels, decomposers. 10. Scientists are concerned about large scale clearing and burning of forests to make way for farmland and housing. Explain how the burning of forests could change the levels of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 11. How might changes in the oxygen levels in the atmosphere affect living things? 12. Describe an important role that phytoplankton play in the carbon cycle.

8 4.3 The Nitrogen Cycle Date: Warm up: Study Notes/Questions The Nitrogen Cycle All living things need nitrogen to form (for DNA) and (for proteins) Nitrogen gas makes up, but most organisms can t break molecules so Nitrogen Cycle is needed First Step A process carried out by on the roots of legumes such as peas, peanuts, soybeans and others Also in (in water) and in Plants and bacteria have (both benefit) is fixed (combined with H 2 ) to give Excess ammonia is dissolved in water as ions Second Step A process where are produced from ammonium ions Plants need both and to grow Plants use nitrates to make (building blocks of protein) and Animals get amino acids by and nucleic acids, remake their own

9 4.3 The Nitrogen Cycle Study Notes/Questions Third Step When organisms produce waste or die and decompose, the materials are broken down to release convert ammonium and nitrate back to nitrogen gas (anerobic = without oxygen) This process speeds up in such as peat bogs Summary: (two to three sentences summarizing this section) Self Reflection Questions: 1. Describe one thing that you knew about this topic before today. 2. Describe one thing you learned about this topic today. Activity Name three compounds that contain nitrogen. 2. Nitrogen gas is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. Explain why it is not useful to most organisms in its atmospheric state. 3. What are nitrogen fixing bacteria? Where are they found?

10 4. Name the nitrogen molecule that results from nitrogen fixation. Write its formula. 5. Explain the symbiotic relationship between nitrogen fixing bacteria and the plants they inhabit. 6. List four plants that carry out nitrogen fixation. 7. How do most plants get their nitrogen? How do animals get nitrogen? Explain the difference. 8. What do plants do with nitrogen? 9. Explain the difference between nitrogen fixation and nitrification. 10. Name two ways that nitrification occurs.

11 11. Farmers sometimes alternate crops that require large amounts of nitrogen, such as corn, with alfalfa that usually is less valuable in the market than corn. Explain why farmers would plant a crop that provides less economic value. 12. Draw a simple diagram of the nitrogen cycle using the following terms: nitrogen fixation, nitrification, decomposition, and denitrification. 13. For each description, indicate whether the process is nitrification, denitrification, or nitrogen fixation. (a) occurs as material decomposes (b) can be caused by lightning (c) increases levels of nitrate in soil (d) involves root nodules of legumes (e) occurs as bacteria convert ammonium ions to nitrate ions (f) occurs as bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonium ions (g) increases levels of atmospheric nitrogen

12 4.5 The Phosphorous Cycle Date: Warmup: Study Notes/Questions The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphates are important molecules in living things have sugar phosphate backbones Animals have phosphates in Cell membranes are made of (fat molecules with phosphate attached) Energy in all organisms stored in Sources of Phosphate All phosphate originates from weathering of rocks. Phosphate ions dissolve in, get absorbed by, then eaten by consumers The Short and Long Cycle Short Cycle When organisms die and decompose the and dissolve in water and are available Long Cycle When organisms die and decompose in the ocean, the phosphates and other elements These sediments eventually become remain trapped until a geological event exposes them to.

13 4.5 The Phosphorous Cycle Study Notes/Questions symbiotic fungus on roots of most plants increases solubility of phosphate Human activities add phosphate to ecosystems in several ways Summary: (two to three sentences summarizing this section) Self Reflection Questions: 1. Describe one thing that you knew about this topic before today. 2. Describe one thing you learned about this topic today. 4.5 Activity 1. Name three places where phosphorus is found in living things. 2. What is the original source of all phosphorus? 3. Explain the role of weathering and the rock cycle in making phosphorus available for living organisms.

14 4. Describe the form of phosphorus that plants can absorb. 5. How do consumers acquire their phosphorus? 6. Explain the short phosphorus cycle and the long phosphorus cycle. 7. Draw a simple diagram of the phosphorus cycle using the following terms: weathering, decomposers, ocean sediments, geological uplift. 8. Explain the symbiotic relationship of mycorrhizae with plants. 9. Phosphorus is sometimes called a limiting nutrient because without it, plants cannot grow properly. Explain how there could be a shortage of phosphorus in some soils. 10. Animal manure is often spread over agricultural fields before planting. Explain how this enhances crop growth.